as it certainly tonight talk show host used to say, why don't we get busy. i want to begin with the first photograph and recite some numbers to you as well. just to give you a sense of perspective. according to the census of 1860, there were over 990,000 black women from 15 up to 44 years of age. their 1.3 million children under 10 years of age. over 120,000 black children under one year of age, and, all of these, most of these, what have been enslaved people. thanks to research put together by the guild institute, there are things that we can say. we know that few enslaved people lived until old age. between 1830 and 1860, only 10% of enslaved people in north america were over 50 years old. half of all enslaved babies died in the first year of life. that was twice the rate of white babies. the average birthrate of slave -- weight of slave infants was less than 5.5 pounds. slave children were tiny. their average height cannot reach three feet until they were four years old. they were 5.5 inches shorter than their modern children and comparable to children in bangladesh in the slums. few slaves lived, and we said, till in old age, and even as early as 17, enslaved men were shorter than 96% of the men today. we know that they did not reach their full statures, 67 inches for men and 62.5 inches for women until their mid-20's. that's until the mid-20's. enslavement was not a joke, not in it in burton's, it was planned, carried out, with the brutality that is shocking today and, don't forget, was shocking to a good many people even back then. so shocking that you had those progressive whites who wrote articles and poems. they recognize in the process of enslavement, women were at an special disadvantage. we talked about the birth of children, the birth -- the fact that their bodies were not their own. there were those who thought to capture their spirits as well. this is the evil system. the evil system of enslavement, where brutality is an aspect but also a soul sucking arrangement and a web of laws and customs that saw it to constantly remind people of african descent, that they were not just second-class, but third. the aftermath of any slave sale was taking folk to the new locations. we come to understand, with this, well into the rain of slavery into the united states, nearly one million were transferred from this area to the south and west. at all times, it was this desire by black women to fight, to escape slavery, to live, free and equal. i give you, nelly. she is about 15 years old. another thing enslaved children were denied, were -- was a childhood. a decent, loving, learning environment. many of our children take us for granted today, but we had to fight it to get back then. i want to commend brother marvin jones who has done tremendous work in this regard in the winton triangle in some way or another. sorry. seek him out at the end of the presentation. talk to this learned man because he is done research in the united states, and outside as well, and he is a treasure in his own right. we go to nelly, 15. sorry, i'm messing up the guy? 45. she was slowly giving a direct answer when questioned because a fast answer might get you killed. her manner of speaking is grown. let's do away with the dancing happy, always jovial, dorky. she has a pre-has been living on capitol hill near symmes road walk. the one thing we notice, and for those of you come if we have any local people in the area, i know we know that's last name. just to break it down for you that's maybe unfamiliar, they were one of the most slave -- notorious slave owning families in new orleans. their fortune was on the backs of enslaved black people, horses, and tobacco. it's approximately where the community of forestville today. the next story of the underground railroad occurs on the eve of the civil war. it took about 45 minutes. jane johnson and her children were about to be taken out of the united states, she was in slave to a man called wheeler who was an american diplomat headed for nicaragua. to travel through philadelphia, the city of brotherly love, he did not want those apparition abolitionists to get a hold of his property, and while he had to go out for a short time, he locked her in the hotel room and said don't talk to anybody. he underestimated the resolve of black women. she was able to get a note to a brother who was active on the underground railroad. in a very short amount of time, this scene occurred. you can see jane johnson, another african-american abolitionist. this was published in 1872 on account of the incident in 1855. others had conspired to protect her. for some time prior to this, pennsylvania had an anti-slavery law, if you will, six months in the state and, basically, a black person could be free. slave owners were distressed at that. this is one reason why jane and her children found themselves locked in a hotel room. she was able to finally, as they got on the boat, moments from being taken away. and william still is there in the front. the man holding back a slave owner is a quaker. when the black folk got away, it seemed as though the legal system and the proslavery element, turned the rap on him so he was locked up. black women suffered greatly during slavery, that his nose apprise. -- that is no surprise. there is one aspect of this that we often don't talk about that is that those black women who fled to union lines and their reception was not always what you might think. african-american women were not always safe. some union officers and soldiers sexually assaulted and rates these african-american women with immunity. -- with impunity. when other women of the family resented the violations, they too were attacked. a white northern missionary worker protested the sexual abuse of african-american women that she found there. she wrote no colored woman was safe from the brutal white lust. mothers were brutally treated to best for trying to protect their daughters. we have to understand that the struggle did not always end, even if you are able to get to union lines. there was danger, even while you carried out your desire for freedom. when we look at it. the notion of the south fighting the north is a little bit off kilter if you look at the resources of the confederacy. whether you take population, or anything, the products of food in grains, it seemed as though common sense would tell you that this is not a contest, and that's they were not likely to win. such was their addiction to slavery. they went beyond our common sense, they discarded reason in order to take chances. our bold and brave women, men, and children. we fought back anyway we could. for those of you that's no d.c., the map on the left is an early map of the district that we now call kalorama. those of you that upon out there would know the area well because it is right around kalorama park. it was a plantation and dead man -- and the man in charge was an american diplomat. he chose kalorama because it means beautiful view. those enslaved black folk that labored on the farm of john little, just about where the kalorama park is, something happened when they got news of the onslaught of the war and the coming of union troops. one of the bolder of the enslaved people was hortins sprout. little went looking for her escaped negro, she was in the union camp dressed as a man. she had no intention of coming back. in the early days of the war, and with the slave backs still being on the books, he got her back, had her briefly locked up in the d.c. city jail, a vial in -- a vile and filthy place. but, because of the emancipation, she would ultimately gain her freedom. let me introduce you to lydia hamilton smith. trusted businesswoman, housekeeper who got to know thaddeus stevens so well. we don't know the extent of their relationship, and we have nothing to support the scene in the movie abraham lincoln that shows stevens and lydia smith in bed. but, so goes it. we still need to teach the history correctly, which you would normally get if you regularly come here. one thing we can say for lydia smith, is when that you stevens died, she did spend $500 in care of his grave. there is something else she did as well, she sued his estate that his estate for $5,000. that was saying that she owed that he owed her for six years pay. she works for him in pennsylvania, and they worked on the underground railroad. recent archaeological investigations have shown that, in the buildings behind the house, there was apparently a place to hide escaped slaves. here we have an article, thaddeus stevens with his colored housekeeper and he goes on to talk about how she opened a boarding house in bc. -- in .d.c. after the civil war. that was after the civil war. can you imagine? the wife of edward bannister, one of the leading artists, and she became involved on the underground railroad. she was a proud and consistent supporter of the u.s. colored troops. it is said by many scholars, she was there and helped frederick douglass present the colors to the 54th massachusetts volunteers. even after the war, she contributed time and money taking care of the veterans of the war and the african-american widows. here, we have folks that might have been able to go another way but chose not to. can you imagine, it was her sustained support of edwin bannister, that allowed him to further his study and become one of the foremost african-american artists of the 20th century. the raising of the new capital in 1857. the washington monument would remain uncompleted during the war. the capitol dome would be fairly completed by the time the war came. d.c. was in the process of making, but it is in the capital that i want to introduce you to another young lady. she deserves to be better known, she was kate brown. she was married for a time to one of the foremost individuals in the city. on her own, she worked at the capital and was in charge of the ladies retiring room of the united states senate. she was a woman of great facility encourage. she fought for her freedom and her reputation, because there were people who did not think a black woman should work on her own to be in charge of the senate essentially. they resented her and thought to tear down her reputation. when her marriage fell apart to a man who had been a western explorer, jacob dotson, who traveled with fremont, it went to gossip, she held herself high, but against restrictive laws, and because of that, she deserves to be much better known. these are some of the things thrown in against kate brown, particularly the article on the right. she also had a risk of being tossed off of the public advances because that is the way the district was during the war. we give you the school of medicine, part of boston university. this is where rebecca lee crumpler articulated. she would become, in 1864, america's first black people -- female physician. during the war, there were people that would soft -- there are people that sauce to find the necessary tools to live their lives against the backdrop of war. how on earth could we forget christina freeman. she is a woman in her own right, operated a turnstile in the underground railroad. these are the women largely forgotten by history that we try to salute in this presentation today. christina t freeman. let me introduce you to mag. a resident of all places gettysburg pennsylvania. we know it as the site of one of america's greatest battles but there was a community of black folk there before the war. notice how she has her hands covered. mag was also on the underground railroad throughout the civil war. she wore a unique emblem of permission. she wore an old overcoat and her name was also maggie bluecoat. when she went down across gettysburg, a few miles away from the maryland border, she was known to sneak across the border and assist scores of black folk in getting to freedom. the thing about her, her reputation was so widespread, her methods so efficient that the slave catchers came up to her one night, although she was free. they bound her hands in this fashion. you may know the old saying, if you can't fight run, kick. she bit, kicked, bought, and raised so much yelled at her neighbors came to her aid and she was not carried off. a young lady named ms. carter. lucy carter was a spy. you can see the name of the certain city on the left-hand side of the map, vienna, virginia. during the war, she was a spy and scout for a cavalry regiment and they give her a pass so that she could sneak back and fourth through the lines without molestation. she proved to be an apt observer of everything. there were those black women who, by destiny by -- as well as duty, found themselves in the struggle. one was sarah parker remond. her brother was one of the most noted african-americans to lecture against slavery. he would be eclipsed by douglas, because while charles was free, frederick douglass had the additional truth of his experience of having lived under slavery's lash. sarah was known to be an international lecturer against slavery, and during the war years, she continued to hurl her darts of truth against the edifice of lies. this is louisa. she was an advocate of homeless children. more than 150 years ago, they recognized the suffering of children alongside the suffering of enslaved people. she wrote and spoke and acted for the sake of humanity. again, i give you luisa d morte. this american-born slave immigrated to haiti and returned to the u.s. and helped an effort to raise money for asian -- tfor haitian schools. she crossed the mason-dixon line and deliver the oration in alexandria virginia. she performed under the name of onetta woods. imagine the courage it took to each time crawl back into the lion's mouth. performing in front of large audiences, she quoted orations at length. we lloyd garrison interviewed the speaker and described her as highly intelligent and a pleasing address. she looked good, y'all. [laughter] in new york city, louisa treated a large gathering to a reading of a celebrated poem. we wish we knew the names of all of the women that took place in the war, but we give you an image of an unknown mother. a woman for the union army, but note in her bosom she has an american flag. i believe that tells you what the sentiments of this sister were. of course, the nerve center of the confederacy, many think, was in the confederate white house in richmond. little did they know, that a courageous black woman had penetrated the internals of that house. mary elizabeth was a spy for the north during the civil war. she passed on vital secrets that she discovered while posing as an illiterate domestic on the staff of the confederate white house. she posed as woman name alan -- named ellen bond. she is inducted into the military intelligence hall of fame. she was part of the spy network of this woman. they called her crazy bet. she acted crazy but she had such an efficient spy network, that's according to some folks, it's moved fast enough, and things were well oiled enough that she could pick flowers in her garden and, three days later, they would be on general grant's desk. according to some stories. mary was able to get hold of plans of ironclad confederates, and she delivered them to the union authorities. there was danger on and off the battlefield. black woman and black children were the targets of mobs. while the people know about the race riots in the war, in new york city, and there's a movie that deals with it at the end, that things were as bloody and violent in detroit michigan. beloved sisters and loving friends, this is perhaps one of the more unusual things that we will look at today. these women. annie brown, and rebecca primus were from hartford connecticut. rebecca primus was a high school teacher in 1865, and she left the city to teach formally enslaved people in maryland and was sponsored by the aid society. there are 120 of her friends and letters, while most of rebecca's letters are missing except for the ones that she wrote to her family, but it is the nature of the letters that give us pause. apparently, there was a deep affection between rebecca and and brown. addy, a young and feverish with affection. she writes, there were no kiss -- how i did miss you last night and thought about you. i did not have anyone to tuck me up and kuisiss me. she writes, there were no kiss for that time, primarily during the war, they had a romantic or erotic relationship. if history was taught the way it should be, you would already know who this woman would be. i would not have to show you a picture. i would simply mention her name. she worked on behalf of soldiers in the black community. after the war, she becomes a leader in the black women's group. i give you rosetta douglas, the daughter of water of frederick douglass. when you see pictures of that little baby, she looks like 1000 watt smile. she could light up the room with her smile. she died. the douglasses suffered for a long. time. everywhere rosetta went, she was never allowed to relax. she had responsibilities from the day of her birth. after the war, she turned much of her energy, aside from the black woman club movement into preparing and disseminating this. my mother, as i recall her, anna mary douglass. a woman who met douglass on the road when he was fleeing slavery. the woman that gave her essence of existence to furthering the work of frederick douglass. rosetta's mother was never able to read and write. the only thing she learned was her husband's first and name. -- and last name. she sent him laundry. she loved him with an amazing kind of love and this is in the part what rosetta douglas sprague wanted to convey about anna mary douglass, my mother as i recall her. we should all know where this is. it is right across the street and we must understand that when these men fought, they fought for their posterity and freedom and for the love of their women and children. here we have a portion of a letter written by samuel of the 55th massachusetts. writing to his wife. they are going out west. in his english, his soldier english, the rope of human progress, he conveys an very strong language that his unit is in north carolina and they know they face a great fight but as i said a moment ago, he is fighting not simply for the present but for the future, free of leather and whips. -- of fetters and whips. aged colored woman who served during the war. there were women who attached themselves to different regiments and turned into nurses as well. for white regiments as well as black and they served where they could. where they sought to make some kind of difference. lucy higgs nichols surrounded by white soldiers in fleeing from slavery and she went away with the indiana man when they returned to the new albany area where she married and lived out the rest of for life. this is in 1898 reunion. there is no doubt that there contact with men and women was able to begin to melt there -- their perhaps in born reservations and stereotypes about black people. now anne battles johnson is perhaps a different kind. she represented the upper money black people. in the deep south, who owns the slaves as her husband, william johnson, did. a reminder, there were black people who did, a small number, we watched their world crumble with the onslaught of war. i mentioned gettysburg, gettysburg, that the linchpin, that wagon will where the roads -- wagon wheel where the roads led out. there was a black community. and not only were their individuals like another lydia smith. she brought aid and bandages to suffering men who had been wounded on both sides. if you take a microscope with you, ok, there is a farm of a black man, abraham brian. -- bryant. i have talked to a couple of groups of black folk who went up there and were never told the story of abraham brian or basel biggs. we still need to get it right. and getting it right is what henrietta was all about. in philadelphia she was the , city's first female undertaker and one of the first female undertakers in the united states. you all know where i going with this. she did not just put dead bodies in her coffin. she also used these coffins to sneak black folk to the north, further north. in fact, you cannot trust him -- all of her funeral parties. some would melt into the background at a certain discrete point and they were on their way. she kept everything in the family because notice is says undertaking establishment of mr. j. t. seth, she passed it on to early 1900's when a black ospital in philadelphia was constructed they set aside based nephew ands from her niece a room in honor and i de stand it is spelled deturte. many soldiers and families would care through the pension system. a er women almost never got chance to look to observe a newspaper during the civil war years. achel saunders was a pastry store in new york city and it was the first building occupied university. she was forced to live outside. hat is to say live at her employ employer. pwhrabolish ed abolished slavery in 1827. diary. another we are amazed that we are finding diaries. emily francis davis, a young girl. if she were living she would probably be watching reality television wondering the ups and downs of the kardashians.e but those days with the stress diary that goes from is little bits of life from a hard working, she about her family and men hat went away and the emancipation proclamation. on s a fascinating window black life in the northern city. i will tell you about caroline. daughter of an undertaker, principal and civil rights activist challenged acial segregation on the city street cars in philadelphia. elped establish a ladies sanitary commission to improve the lives of soldiers training camp william penn. city street cars which at the time was against the law. people, please understa there's a hymn in the black church. for called somebody pray me. somebody kept me on their mind. to pray.took the time young people, you have to this generation was fighting for you. understand that -- you need to understand when you get you want to go and do what you want to do in body had to work and order for you to get the chance that. you have to understand that what ou take for granted today somebody died for, somebody suffered for. the pain for.e please understand that and it.pect because they were fighting for you. they didn't know your name but words of the hymn they understood that somebody was .raying for them they were hoping for the success that you had, large and small. the ability to go to school. racism.d by the ability to have the honor privilege to have appear education. -- an education. on. me go carolyn was married it a leader philadelphia black who would dieoctavius in racial violence. it is just a remind er that thee battles on and off the battlefield. sarah logan frazier the daughter wesley end jermaine logan former slave and caroline abolitionist. international black men and women in the seufl war. warp.ficiently there were black people that ought adventure, that sought accomplishme accomplishment, that sought to make a difference even if it the united tside of states. maria lewis. situations.out some frank mentioned black women who men.d as here is an example with an additional whammy. not actually her. we don't have a picture of her but she was a black woman posing as a white man in a new york outfit if you try to sort that out. there was lizzy hoffman who sneaked into the union blue. we will talk about others as we go along. u.s. navy suchhe as ann stokes and others made serving on board union hospital ships. delile nk about mrs. an order of nuns in a civil war. four ve calamity in all directions where you don't have time to dwell on it but you can they made a made for tv film vanessa williams on this amazing religious woman's journey. we talked about at the end of war a young woman getting ready it fight out west. the union armies he decided the soldier's life .as for her kathy.isted as william es, i understand your skepticism and you are right. what they are not today. first female buffalo soldier. this is the founder of antisavory society goes to the sea islands. south when the 54th massachusetts makes its charge walls of fort one wagner. she had a friendship with robert gould shaw. of was from the black elite the city of brotherly love. businessman and african-american invent terror. that the e crucible 54th found itself in and she soldiers after the battle. hile she might have tended to more traditional pursuits we maria stewart in that. from the time of her adulthood spoke out with a voice about women.atus of she would be today perhaps a feminist and worked alongside william lloyd garrison. teacher.e a she knew the streets of this neighborhood extremely well. the trinity mission maria w. stewart. she is teaching in d.c. just after the civil war. she has about 20 scholars in line. he school has been recently reorganized. she understood once the smoke of battle cleared there was another battle and that would for education. other ways black women took on struggle hardly any had the cary. success marian this is her commission from the it recruit iana black soldiers. we will meet another woman an recruiter but our sister here was an official recruiter. another unofficial recruiter for 54th and 55th massachusetts joes eppe.st. pierre rp r he married and disheartened by wefrpb went from their wedding to a -- ship arried them that carried them to england because they didn't want to aise a family in a nation that tolerated slavery. that means they were fairly well also. after the outbreak of the civil they returned to boston and they have home and five children old est dies in war.cy during the civil she recruited black soldiers and worked for the sanitary precursor of the red cross. of honor winner hristine fleetwood and his pwaoeuwife freedman's nt of hospital posing with their 300 block i he believe of w street. and she was also a glowing nspiration to women who had recently fought their way out of enslavement and decided to the study of nursing. woman who e a black at least carried on the roles of as unit in which she served a nurse. patterson graduated -- over hrapland. she came to d.c. and worked mong the contraband and wound up as a teacher. wellis her ibit one of the known teachers in the colored schools the death of mary jane patterson. for years we thought she was the first female black college graduate. we know one just about her time. she would after leaving college the institute for olored youth and that is different. these women of accomplishment. early, true of sarah oberland briefly at an homage to her father. fanny jackson coppin. coppin state, anyone? another way to recognize her married name and that of her husband. to me one of the things that is described often enough about this woman had taught and worked black people during the civil war and beyond is to indication of her poverty -- we couldn't ask her do this while she was alive. but if she were to part her bodice there was a horrible scar here. when it o poor in d.c. get cold thread to move her baby basket close to the stove and ne of the coldest nights an ember, a fiery piece of coal burning into her overlet and deep into her chest. e taught under the emancipation. thousands of contrabands at hamilton. ary l. brown and others were ble to form groups that put on programs to raise money for regimental flags. of there team supporters u.s. colored troops. they had professor joseph who was the protege of francis johnson. the civil war, if you imed to march, if you had a hank hankering for dance, then you would go and listen to the music francis johnson in philadelphia. i guarantee you, had you heard you would not have been able to keep your feet from to keep your knees knocking. his rhymes and rhythms were infectious. of america's great early musicians. the ladies of , st. thomas episcopal african-american church held raise money for african-american soldiers at summit house hospital in philadelphia. less are hospital contained 522 beds and it seems that you beds you seem to be greater hospital back then but lack and white soldiers were treated in separate wards. but here we've had black women of courage section and suffering, of the price of battle. hopefully you may be familiar with elizabeth greenfield. is going to inspire the first black record company black swan e called records. she performed in europe and the the d states during american civil war. f you don't know her, here you can learn a little more about the great black swan. elizabeth taylor greenfield black swan as the or her peculiar singing capability. her voice is one of those voices if you tphrachelle had ctave range. o'clock neighborhood.at what she could do with their oice with make people's hearts crack open like they were eggs. that is why she became so sought after. she performed even in d.c. in highlight of he the social season, a woman who ad done all of these things in the united states and across the atlantic ocean. ou don't have to go across the atlantic ocean for our next willi civil , who during the war had her hands full keeping a most of one of america's famous families intact. bailey mitchell sister of frederick douglass and named one douglas ildren after lthough they didn't see each other at one point for several decades. her home has been restored and it in southern maryland. there were also black women who of war to go out we west. aybe we should change that and instead of saying go west young man, go west everybody. the unidentified woman a photo nevada.n reno, i think my wife has finally i said baby we-- are going to las vegas and some of you heard the story but toes not -- for those who have not we did gamble for about think hour and she didn't she was going to wind up at the main public library in las vegas. that she was not ready for. so she took soldier in the cause and she took that to expand her ks own personal library. i then said we are going to take flight up to reno. that was kind of like false advertising as well. we drove past the casino and i on the road to beck beckworth, california. plays called hallelujah junction because by ragged pioneers pulled up their wagonens they ready to shout hallelujah valley.ertility of that and back in d.c. we have a black battle o is at the the of fort stevens in 1864. know elizabeth thomas. she met lincoln according to her. she told many times. she was telling it on the advent 1.world war she was a celebrity and made an important contribution to the the ry of lincoln and to history of her neighborhood which would become the fort stevens community. alicia browning tan are born in money from sed the selling fruits and vegetables at the park across the street from white house. they say president jefferson was customers. early she lived until 1864 and had a chance to finally see in the district. hester everyduring the single the year the war ended and she would be a major ty activist and figure in the black women's club. across rancisco we run during the civil war mary ellen pleasant. he didn't like the other names that called her which was mammy. she had one brown eye and one blue eye. terror on the und underground railroad, donated and to john brown's raid conducted an antidiscrimination suit against one of the city's cars. there was great number in eleveeleven -- tumult in eleven, virginia during the war and some of the of contraband were found in tiny alexandria, virginia. i know some of you watching that pbs special, that might give you a sense of it. but if you lap to go -- happen down south washington street that building still stands and groups of whites and include julia ns which will better and harriett they are in front of 318-321 south washington which hospital and home for contraband. jacobs ran a school at pitt and orinoco streets. they would not be stopped. suzie king taylor the wife of one of the men of u.s.c. she became a nurse and teacher to men of her husband's resident said she could load and fire a musket as well as any man. the 1900 census showing her living in boston russell seconds husband taylor. she had gone to born and helped oracganize the boston chapter women's relief corps. we need something that to keep in mind. i read and article that the sent toederal daughters the hrolocal theaters in 10 to prevent the performance of uncle tom's cabin claiming that it was exaggerate and would have had a effect on the children who might see the drama. the sed and thought of scenes i have witnessed. i have seen many times we i was men e girl 30 or 40 handcuffed and as many women and children come every first monday at the trade office in the auction block. confederate daughters prohibit that and wholesale torture of the negro? do you ever hear of them fearing his would have a bad effect on the children? it would not seem as our land is yet civilized it is like times knee ast when rulers will and the negro has been dealt with the same since the war by and toiled ed with for 200 years or more. jane holmes slippery drake. the prairie during the ivil war going to canada to keep away. elizabeth thorn scott flood who in california that took all children in regardless of color. symbolic gravity of the situation of black women is encapsulated in there the great parent winslow homer near andersonville woman ou see a black stepping in from the darkness into the daylight. hralook to her left there african gourds growing, symbolism in that picture. not far from the appomattox the story of a woman who may have been one of the last people killed in the civil war. as you look at this map i want reynolds.n hannah she was in the wrong place at doorstep time on the of freedom. 24 hours of the last did i of the civil war and she's killed in virginia. we cannot say that she was the last casualty but she was one of last. do notre many people who know what some of the colored women did during the war. assistede hundreds who the union soldiers by hiding them and helping them to escape. were punished for taking food to the prison stockade. went to savannah i was told one of them which was in the suburb of the city they said it was an awful place the union soldiers were in it worse than no shelter from sun or storm and the colored women would take food at night and through the em holes in the fence and soldiers ere starving and they did all they could toward relieving those men. although they knew the penalty be caught giving them aid. others assisted in various ways army. union these things suzie king taylor in write should be kept history before the people. there's never been a greater war n the united states than the one of 1861 when so many lives not men alone but noble winkle as well. -- noble women as well. we have talked about quite a few noble women. i hope you keep them in your hrarpts and minds and -- hearts you will and some of begin to looked a r -- look and your family sisters 1865.oing from 1861 to thank you very much. > interested in american history tv? visit c-span.org/history. our schedule and preview upcoming programs and museum llege lectures, tours, archive al films and mor. >> tonight on q&a in his book a ine mess author and journalist t.r. reed takes a look at taxism around the world. and went to the world bank i.m.f. and said what is a good ax code and they know and they said go to tphaoultd and here is -- new zealand. new zealand follows the of good al principle taxation which the economists to brought in the base. they used to have a tax code like ours hundreds of exemptions and deductions and very high ates and got rid of it saying your salary that is income. health employer pays insurance this is income. if you get free parking at the $20 a y that is worth month. they tax it as income. no deductions. to give to charity we are not giving you a tax break. f you do that and tax everything and give no write-offs then you can set the low.s very >> tonight 8:00 eastern on c-span's q&a. cbs broadcast a live program with senator robert ronald reaganrnor taking questions from international students in london by satellite. sunday 4:00 p.m. eastern on real meeting of cbs town the world from may 1967. is a preview. a moment ago it was defended self-determination of people. and that i could dissent. the wondering given assumption that north vietnam and south vietnam can be brought the conference table would you advocate that the national a eration front be given place in the negotiations of the conference? >> who is that directed at? >> why did you start, senator? said before that i'm in favor of the national iberation front being represented at the conference table and take a part in the discussion. they have been involved in the struggle for a long period of time. i don't think that we can arrive meaningful peace, i don't think we can have any egotiations that are really going to be very productive unless the national liberation ront is represent and i would be in favor of the national front that is progress most of the effort in the south being represented at conference table. >> governor? >> well, here we are in disagreement. i believe if there is any negotiation involved the viet that is between the viet cong and south vietnamese because the viet cong is in the position of being a ebellious and illegal force fighting against the duly authorized government of its own nation. to sit them between two nations south vietnam is tipping the scale. a oubt if we wanted to draw parallel -- >> do you think the united states should be represented then? >> no. if you are going to have a negotiation between north and vietnam. >> if you have a negotiation to end the war and north and south be represented should the united states and national liberation front be there? don't think you can have a rebel force that is engaged in the nal activity having distinction of sitting at the table at r as one of the representatives. > watch the entire program on american history tv's real america sunday at 4:00 p.m. eastern. "washington journal" live every day with news and policy issues that impact you. coming up monday morning ashington examiners and his don't wa don't wantry jordan allen discuss their new reporting america.rump's then author chris wiffle white es the impact of house chiefs of staff. then we discuss the latest report on reconstruction spending in that country. sure tobe sure to watch c-spa's washington journal live at 7:00 eastern sunday morning. join the discussion. ♪ announcer: on "lectures in history," university of washington professor margaret o'mara teaches a class about the 1968 president election and the events that impact the outcome. she talks about how the vietnam war eroded political support for johnson and helped lead to his decision not to seek reelection. she also describes month by month events that led up to the election like student protests, the rise of the black power movement, and the assassinations of martin luther king jr. and robert kennedy. her class is about an hour and 10 minutes. margaret: let's get started. welcome.

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