I want to talk about old cemeteries, why they are important and what you can learn from them. Say as a caveat, a lot of the rationale behind finding researchs, mine is that is focused on old africanamerican cemeteries, very often it pertains to other cemeteries of various backgrounds, but i focused on the virginia piedmont, specifically areas in central virginia, nelson county, it has to do with where i lived and the counties i commuted through to go to work. [laughter] so, it means that if you are asking about counties not on that route, take a good guess. Within those counties, most of them are in amherst county, that is where the 150 cemeteries are that i visited and studied for this research. On the map in the lower righthand corner, dont worry there will not be a quiz but the numbers you are looking at seem to be the founding of these counties by european americans. I would also point out that if your interests are in native american Burial Grounds, those of course date back tens of thousands of years in virginia and those were not the focus of my research but of course in this region there are also hundreds and hundreds of unmarked native burials as well. So, the chronology, cemeteries, one of the most important things about them is that they function as Outdoor Museums. While they are obviously a place of personal morning of loss, more broadly when you study the more you would quickly come to realize that you can read the gravestones and they provide insight into local history. Not just family stories, but Community Stories and more broadly the stories, in my case, of race in virginia and racial relations. So, toward the end where i was selecting cemeteries to study i always tried to look at gravestones distributed in different eras. Most notably antebellum, including free blacks. Post reconstruction, jim crow, finally the era of migration for africanamerican families and continued segregation. We were reminding everyone that the cemetery was segregated for example segregated for the last 150 years you dont desegregate the cemetery. As aalways stays representation of a past era. You can integrate a cemetery moving forward, but it stays there and in the case of a lot of Public Cemeteries in virginia it stays there as a demarcation between white and black areas in Public Cemeteries. As i promised i wanted to take you through some of the steps using the examples from my research of how you can locate these cemeteries. This is usually one of the most common questions i get. Some of the tools would apply to any old cemetery, like looking at old maps, asking older members of the community if they remember asking a funeral home or a church. But in the case of 19thcentury africanamerican cemeteries, sometimes the sites of an overgrown and forgotten. This example on the lefthand side, i am standing in the middle of a thicket. That they are overgrown, sometimes they are always overgrown with things that are prickly. I dont know what it is about the state of virginia in prickly things. I have fought my way into the middle of a thicket and am standing next to a gravestone. Looking out, those are two of my students wondering if they are getting paid enough to come in and join me. This is a cemetery down in also stuck all to be stuck sta. Tv stuff alta vi this is a Slave Cemetery located half a mile from the old big house. This is a common pattern with cemeteries, they are located one quarter of a mile to half of a mile away from the Old Plantation house and very often they will have a cemetery for the plantation owners much closer to the house. In this case whats happened between the founding of the plantation and the Slave Cemetery is that the railroad went through in the 1850s and 1860s. Now you drive on a road, you go up on the Railroad Tracks and you get to a big, empty field and in the middle of the field is a thicket. A black orould be white cemetery, but if you have a field that is otherwise props crops are being planted and you have this suspicious cluster of trees or bushes, something that for some reason hasnt been taken down at some point, you always want to check that out first. We went and investigated and found the pattern on the right hand side. If you stop and think about it for a moment, its very suspicious and not have all we were expecting to see. We have numbered each stone. We are the ones that added the flags. There are lotse of different patterns in the cemetery always expected to be spaces in between the stones because you need room for the bodies. These were clustered together and as it turns out, cluster together on two different trees on opposite sides of this thicket. When i asked the more and looked into the history, i was told that in the 1950s a farmer who was grazing cattle in the area was disturbed because they kept tripping over gravestones, so he picked them up and moved them to other sides to help his clot up his cows. This is not the only time people have told me that this had happened, though this was one of the more noticeable end result because nobody ever put the stones back. Of course this is what we would want to avoid and one of the reasons why i encourage people you dont have to have a special training i will give you a badge if you want it, but i would encourage anyone to go back in your local communities and help locate these old sites so that they can be protected proactively before the stones are moved. So, in addition to these suspicious clusters of trees and a note otherwise plowed field, another pattern for old 19th or even 20th century cemeteries would be to look for the broader cultural context. Look for an old black school, old black churches. This is an example of the Rose Hill School that has been close for many decades. It closed around the time of integration. On the righthand side, the Rose Hill Church founded back in the 1880s and this was a much more recent building. When you get to a site like i did and you see what is clearly a 20th Century Church made out of concrete blocks and think that this cannot be the right place, of course the wooden churches burned a lot and had all sorts of different troubles. In another itself that does not mean that you wont find a an old and wonderful cemetery nearby. The site had a cemetery with 170 burials dating to the 19th century. Other pattern is the one that i was describing before. Many of you probably realize that Sweet Briar College was formerly a plantation. Founded by the will of a woman who died in 1900 who was herself the daughter of a slave owner who had arrived from vermont in 1811. Today, our campus is the very center area, where the yellow square is. In the lower lefthand corner, the red circle, that would be the plantation owner cemetery where Elijah Flesher and her daughter, indiana, are buried. The red triangle is where the Slave Cemetery is located. We know from records that in 1860 after elijah died, as his estate was being appraised, he owned over 145 individuals and the Slave Cemetery has 60 remaining burials today. This is the pattern, especially for so many of the old 19th century plantations that are Still Standing. While all the land may not be intact, you can ignore modernday land boundaries and look for the sort of pattern if you are looking for an old, antebellum africanamerican cemetery. Another pattern is that oath of these, white and black, are located on hilltops. Putas a common pattern to any cemetery, even to this day, on a hilltop, for many reasons, including the symbolic and the practical. All else has failed them you have not found a cemetery on a map and dont have the pattern to look for, one of the most valuable assets would be Community Members. At least 30 of my leads came from people in the community. It can start with the vaguest of rumors and in this particular instance this was a librarian at the university of virginia. She wasnt from virginia. She had only been in her house for a couple of years but someone in the neighborhood told her that they thought there was an old Black Cemetery in the backyard. Her backyard was many acres, so that didnt narrow it down. You do this work and you quickly become the cemetery lady and the person that everyone calls for male looking for these things. So, she called me up to ask if i would look for it and that was early on. This was probably the second or third year and i was confident that i had a special gift at finding the same and i said a worse i will. So, i go i go to her house germanr german sent shepherds following me. Then she said theres another thing that her neighbors had been telling her. Her neighbors had lived here a long time and maybe he knew. When i want to talk to him it turned out not only did he know, it was his Family Cemetery. And mecame back with me traipsed around and it took almost an hour and we were about to give up, going over the picture on the left this was not like hiking on a trail, there were fallen trees, ground , pits. It ground falls that picture of the gravestone was as the sun was setting that it lit up one of the stones. As is often the case in these old 19th century cemeteries, most of the stones look like this one, field stones, regularly occurring stones that have no inscription. It wasnt that we were looking for a tall, white obelisk in the woods that would be easy to find. When we found this site there were 12 burials here and the only burial that had an inscription that we could read was for a little girl named mary and. When i read it out loud, you had to crunch down, but i read the name out loud he said that that was his sister and that her burial, back in the 1920 possible she was very on was the last time he had been in the cemetery because after his sister was buried, he grew up and went into the military, left virginia for a series of decades and by the time he came back as grandmother had sold the land and the home that he had grown up in and he was told, incorrectly, by some of the neighbors, but now that the family did not own the property it would be illegal for him he would be trespassing if he went back to the cemetery. To make matters worse, in the 1970s as he got older he approached the lawyer about trying to get access to the site and she told him incorrectly that if he would pay her she would try to work the system for him. Visit with me was the first time that he had come back to the site. So many things about these cemeteries, but the first i will focus on is that the virginia statute provides access to any descendent to their cemeteries. Even Donald Trumps son, who that isineyard on land former plantation land could not deny someone access to a Family Cemetery if there was one on his land. Traditionsse oral are so very important, both that he could help me identify who this girl was as many of you realized, since she died in the 1920 possible not on the census anywhere. She was born after the 1920 census and died before 1930. This is just some of the insight that we get from these cemeteries and another reason why it is very important to proactively locate them and produce maps, so that other people know where these burials are located. Sometimes it is hard to locate these and other times they are hidden in plain sight. Some of you might recognize in the lower righthand corner, the other green thing there, the university of virginia football stadium. For those of you who have not been to scott stadium, it must hold 120,000 people, located a stones throw away from the lawn, the rotunda, the center of campus. In turn a stones throw away from , thatootball stadium arrow leads to a house that is Still Standing in the upper lefthand corner. That is located in what is today faculty housing. At university of virginia right off fontaine avenue. If you are going to the football game, you will probably drive by it. That was a plantation owned by the morey family. What this does not show any longer is that the morey family has their own cemetery a couple of hundred yards away from that plantation house. When they were in the road, fontaine avenue, the white family decided that they would relocate a little bit of a ways away. But if ittery is gone was still there it would fit the pattern i described before. With anotherery Slave Cemetery a quarter to half a mile away. Virginia is in every nook and cranny of the neighborhood. The slave cemeteries, outlined in the center of those buildings, those are dorms. The reason they are in that kind of funny shape, bracketing the empty what looks like a driveway, the driveway is the location of dozens and dozens of slave burials. The individuals who worked at the morey plantation. The extra twist to the story is that when i went to look for the you, it was one of those found the uva Slave Cemetery, right . At that time i myself lived no more than three quarters of a mile from here. I trumped over with my dog and it took me an hour and a half. First of all, someone told me it was in the wrong place. I was asking students, staff, people who worked in the cafeteria and no one had any idea what i was talking about, even though they walked around it constantly. There are no surviving stones, which does make it difficult. They knew it was a site in with a built dorms and a broad and archaeologists to survey the burials but at the time they decided they knew where they were but they did not remark them with any stones. People cannot people can be forgiven for not recognizing it, but uva did try to market with a sign but the only problem is that this marker on the lefthand side is the one that is the plaque in the center of the stonewall and that stonewall, it might be hard to see from my photograph but it is a resting spot on a very steep staircase the goes of a hill. Everyone would get up halfway on the stairs and he would sit on the bench. Of course, if use it, theres no way you will read the plaque, its below your waist level. I will come back later to this theme about marking these sites with signs that would jump out of people. If you cannot read it on the lower lefthand corner, the inscription is this area contains unmarked group unmarked graves believed to be those of the morey family slaves, and another quick example before i move on in plain sight. This is the Slave Cemetery at monticello. As many of you know who have visited monticello, World Heritage site, the Slave Cemetery they have located so far, which i am sure is just one of many, is in the middle of the parking lot. This was an unfortunate relocated decades ago. If you are visiting monticello before and after you leave that they have a nice landscape walkway that takes you to the cemetery. So, you found the cemetery and now you do have to know what these gravestones might look like and there is a tremendous amount of variability in these historic africanamerican gravestones. It is not just a testament to the attitudes towards death or aligious beliefs, its also testament to the art history of these communities. It is carved, i know its hard to see in my of anraph the stone enslaved woman on a plantation. Although i dont have time today to go through all the stone variability though i am happy to answer questions afterwards from left to right i want to highlight that on the lefthand side these little metal markers for the bane of my existence when i started these because i did not know what they were. Most of the ones i visited initially had dozens and dozens of the uninscribed stones. I would get to these metal markers and suddenly i thought i could read something, i thought there were numbers on it. The first couple of nice that i found, i wrote down all those numbers with great number that great effort. I will tell you, if you do this, dont bother, thats the patent number. These markers, invented around the turn of the 20 century to this day if i had known a little bit more about these practices i could have cut to the chase. These are provided by the funeral home. They are meant to be temporary before you buy whatever the gravestone will be but in many cases, especially with poorer families or families that moved after death, they never get around to replacing the markers. They remain. As you can tell year, because they are meant to be temporary usually the inscription is under glass come sometimes little metal letters fall out and you get one of these and you see these letters strewn far below. Number, thats not a helpful number. Otherwise, these stones, like in the center, they are handcarved, anthropomorphic images are in the center. A beautiful carving. And then the marble stone says faithful servant. It may be hard to tell the state tell the scale of the oldfashioned gps the lower righthand corner, roughly five times the size of an iphone. Marker was inble the plot of a white family who owned a school for girls in the 19th century in charlottesville. This plot is one of the old Public Cemeteries in charlottesville. The members of the media family and then this one here. Youll notice that there is no last night last name, though it turns out she died decades after the end of slavery. She had a last name and the family but was brown buried by herself in the plot of the white family. Thatis another issue of paternalism where africanamericans who were sometimesnslaved are buried in a white family plot. It is very hard now to figure out the rest of her own family and where they are buried. Theyre definitely not buried here. Lastly, this is a more contemporary stone. The only thing that i can tell glance itt at first looks like they are completely illegible. In this case it is someone who in 1917. Im sure that will not make it all that much longer, so please do record inscriptions if you find any of these. As i mentioned in the slave graveyard, very often they are not inscribed but in about 5 of the cases they are. They can be hard to read. This one says talley callie or sally. The second part is even harder orread and is says july 10 16th, 1865. Either this woman died a couple of months after the end of war, this location is on a plantation cemetery and i like to always remind people that if an enslaved person lived after emancipation and died in the 1890s, they might decide to be buried there because their parents, their children might be buried. It very much has to do with family connection. Visions of which family members to buried together. Slave gravestones can be remarkably variable in shape and size. On the lefthand side you will notice the pattern that we saw before. It has a combination of geometric forms and letters. Other times, these are slightly later stones in reconstruction area black churches in the 1870s. The dove, a common symbol, and the heart itself. You will notice that in pretty american20thcentury cemeteries is where you start getting these euphemistic i know that it can be a and a you have to . E careful when youre cleaning this is not mistakenly placed here. This is all the liberally from whereoperty the place these things evolve and the liberally placed on top of the grave, so you do have be careful you clean. Sometimes they are not stones at all, but trees or something planted, which is the hardest from an anthropological or archaeological perspective. This makes it hard to determine who planted it and why. Cross,e here, next to a this was planted in the honor of someones father who died. This one might even be a rose bush that was the liberally of his stoneont and is obviously taking over. If you are in an old cemetery hedge, a rose bush or a get down and look in the middle of it, see if theres something there. Usually planted bushes in likeeries started out this. Small and little and they just took over. On the far right this is one of those metal markers i was mentioning. Half of which have fallen out. Someone took a tree stump and stuck it and combined the metal arket metal marker with tree stump. There are all different ways to do this. Your ins it is more of this case you can clearly see the glass is woken and was not legible at all. In addition someone has been and after those colorful flowers are fake. I was never a fan of plastic flowers before this, but when all else fails the plastic will be there for another few thousand years. Even if nothing else is left, those will come through there. On the righthand side in most cases when people are buried before modernday restrictions unfolded with all sorts of crazy things, if you were buried in basically a wooden box he would behave with the time. The depression will occur. Oddly enough, in American Culture sometimes by the mid to e 20th century this became depressions in cemeteries became an eyesore. Modernday cemeteries require all sorts of circumventions to make sure that they dont occur, but in any old cemetery its a natural process, finding depression, this is sometimes your guide for a burial location where the stone a longer remains or the stone was perhaps something would. The very best time to find these depressions is in the fall, the leaves will settle into these depressions or right after. So, you have found your cemetery and you have recorded some of the stones. What is it that you can learn from these gravestones . Cemeteries contain information about birth and death. Far more than that distribution was a placement of stones within the cemetery, very often giving of the day, estate figuring out the connection between individuals. Heres something as significant as the nickname, but i did not whene taking this picture i take these pictures as i go into a particular frame of mind in these cemeteries is that im really not paying attention to anything other than trying to get the photograph. Half the time i can see that there is poison ivy going. There was a snake once or twice, but i did not notice that at the time, which will probably for the best. In other cases its just plain remarkable. Mother of 19 children, sure enough in and around her burial are most of those 19 children and, of course, subsequent generations. Status, in the case of formally enslaved individuals, it can be a rare link to where they were enslaved. Charles sommer dialed died in 1917 but on the epitaph you can clearly see its that he was enslaved. This was a neighborhood Burial Ground near to a plantation called steubenville. The inscription reads that he spent his life of 80 years in faith. Faithful service to the family. You can guess who probably paid for the stone. On the righthand side, those of you who were here a couple of , aks ago, from Thomas Walker week or two ago one of the defendants of the enslaved community was doing descendents of the enslaved community was doing a film. He was also enslaved and that inscription is much harder to after hisit says nickname and death, well done good and faithful servant. This is the only inscribed stone in that cemetery. These slave graveyards can be very informative. As many of you know who have tried to do africanamerican geology, if they had been enslaved you know that its her toard to make the connection where people were enslaved and their full name. So, another piece of information is of course military service. The government does provide gravestones, free of charge, to individuals who served in the armed services. I picked world war i for a particular reason. These was in louisa county. Another one in albemarle county. Sometimes these give information about the unit they served in. A world war i Service Record burned in a fire back in the 1970s, where they might being stored. A quick plug for my newest project based on these gravestones, based on these gravestones of military veterans. Statues, plaque, ridges, and gymnasiums, in honor of the virginians who served. I would be remiss if i didnt conclude by talking about what isnt in the cemetery. What is a b would like to know about africanamerican funerary rituals . One of the places to look is in 19th century art. Individuals,graph in the coffin that you can see at the end of the wagon headed to the funeral . Its an even richer scene. Of it that a man visiting from new orleans this is the white perspective on a slave funeral. These of the paintings and depictions. There is actually a lot going on in this picture. I will summarize by saying that you can see this coffin lowering itself into the ground in the bottom corner. This is significant, if you only delete read the laws of the statutes at the time, you will learn the africanamerican church services, usually a white teacher had to be present. Ofs was because of the fear slave revolt. Its actually fascinating to see an africanamerican preacher doing the service by himself. I i am not in any way trying to was less oflavery an institution, but clearly their status required them to have a different level of dress compared to the other individuals who were a field hand. A white Couple Holding hands, those of the owners of the plantation. From oneinating window persons perspective of what a funeral might have looked like. In my book we talk about the other aspects. The wake, the burial itself, the funeral and the morning comes after the burial of the individual. This is one of the reasons i studied so many cemeteries. Where it was point hard to say no to someone. There might be an old black , just in case you are thinking of asking. It is hard to say no, and of course there are lots of resources, not the least of which would be the department of Historic Resources to help family members or those the community on how to protect these sites. Normally this is where i show handful of slides of my trials and tribulations of trying to developments,rom buildings, going down the list. Being here enrichment it really would have been remiss of me if i didnt just highlight some of the amazing projects ongoing in your community, which i have to say right now i personally have nothing to do with. Credit. Could take these are not my projects, but there are lots of wonderful in terms of communities i know in the state, believe it or not your historic black cemeteries ine, you are leading the way the cleanup restoration group. In the lower right corner i have the website. This is a local effort of a day when they were recently looking to restore the cemetery. If you would like to do more than one week, tomorrow night in the planes in virginia there is a lecture that is part of a film showing by a local professor at andwho has been studying working on it for a long time, the african Burial Ground here in richmond, which has a tremendous amount of controversy around it. They see you in a second project. Documenting both black and white cemeteries. Even look at more than one dozen historic cemeteries. The reason why this is so important is if you do not proactively know where these are located, somewhat often as new construction comes, it is simply that if you were building and building and did not know that there was a cemetery by the time you figure it out, it is too late. In the background you can see the houses going up. These were houses a developer bought land that used to be associated with the plantation. They started building and a force had a site plan, complicated site plan for where they would build. Years into this process they realized that they were building these houses and in the center if you look carefully at that stuff, thats now this is the pattern i was talking about, the pattern at the bottom of the depression filled with snow those are both burials and if you look clearly one of them has hasone and one of them brushed metal markers. This was an old Black Cemetery, predominantly the early 20th century. This is not a slave Burial Ground. This is an early 20thcentury africanamerican cemetery. They had moved away around world war ii. No one was left in the community to raise a hand with the developer said we need to check or have we found the cemetery yet . Storyort version of the is that myself and many other Community Members, initially fighting to get intact, it if we hadious that left it there it was basically and at theode out context, because of the houses, they would basically become like someones backyard. Instead end after contacting the said lindsay made the decision to have the cemetery move, which is possible. Him that is what the options, for example, when the. Puts a road in the site. Vdot put the road through a site. It was moved to another historic africanamerican cemetery half of a mile away. Personally i would like to not when you do it, even if you try to be as respectful as possible, you lose that step from the original community and where was located. This was a Church Cemetery located in a rural place, far from the location of the Rose Hill Church, connected to the slide that i showed you earlier. It took quite a while acting on tips to find the church. It did involve hunting dogs and hunters themselves. After this effort i worked with the church to put up a sign so that people would know what the site was or that it was a site than they found it. In this day and age, what i cited to do with the information i collected was create a website that was very much geared towards families who could locate old Burial Grounds. The monitor modernday equivalent is a website that has hundreds of millions of gravestones. The time at the time that information was not readily available. Click on the cemetery, you get us it an idea of whos in it and how large it is. On each stone you can click to get biographical information on the person buried there. Again, ifeast you have some spare time. All the green and the foliage is dying off. Taking photographs of these some of these photos are already one decade old. When you go back to these sites now you can read the photo but you cannot read it in person. Of course, if we dont share this information with people who are younger than most of us, even if all of us really care about cemeteries and want to save them, if we dont teach a nextgeneration why they should visit and learn from these cemeteries, i feel that my job is not done. I work with students getting degrees in education who are going to go off into the trenches and teach them how to integrate cemeteries and what we math inn from them humanities, theres everything from poetry in a cemetery to the calculation of birth and death to you are blue in the face. You math might take a lot of time. [applause] for those of you who are social media savvy, i do try to share this information with a variety of sources, through videos, for a long time i had a blog that was the grave site of the week to encourage people that these were more than just sites of sadness, but they were an Outdoor Museum of cultural tradition and interest. I have a client of gravestones from slave cemeteries in part to reach out to Community Members to help me interpret what the symbols mean. And then instagram full disclosure i dont do instagram but other people do it if you are interested in is a great way to raise awareness about these sites. The last line now it is really not going to like me. Hidden history, if you can buy the book thats great, if you can buy it for your friends for christmas, thats great, the one thing that i would encourage not just thank you so much, recycling bin i try to get my book i speak at a live of a lot of libraries and the most important thing to me is that Young Students who are going to do a book report, paper , whatever it is in this day and accessey should really this book because the beautiful thing about cemeteries is that every Single Community has a cemetery. Here in virginia we have tens of thousands that have not yet been. Tudied art or documented it such a great way to learn about local history that if you find my book and like a used book sale under a big pile, just grab it out and then please give it to your local library. I would really appreciate it. And i am happy to take questions. [applause] clearly cemeteries are trevor tro treasure trove of history. You mentioned the east end cemetery. A lecture next week at the university of richmond about the work on these. Owner or if a property someone buys a property and it is discovered there is a cemetery on it, what are the restrictions and impact on Property Value of that Property Owner . Ok, about that lecture ms. Rainville ok, about that lecture, im sure there is information at the blog on wordpress. To your second question, technically there is no onetoone correlation between a cemetery equaling minus or plus certain amount of worth on the property. Some of us would see it as an net increase on property. In terms of restrictions on illegal statutes, that is what would restrict what you can and cannot do. You also cannot to separate architecture or gravestones. The simple switch say it is that destroyot disturb or anything in the cemetery, but it becomes a gray area when, for example, you have one on your property and you are not doing anything to it. Lets say you have horses or cows and they are occasionally doing damage. That would certainly be a gray area of someone came forward and said this is your fault, you must do something. That i would have to turn over to a lawyer but the general thought is that you cannot just actively disturb or destroy a cemetery. The other side of the coin is where are the restrictions on putting a cemetery . You want to put a new cemetery somewhere . There there are many restrictions and you have to own at least two acres. All of this is on the website that i showed for africanamerican cemeteries, where i have pasted it out of the virginia statute. I follow ones that apply to graveyards. Do you have any information on the holland Park Cemetery . Ms. Rainville no. Was there a concern that you had about it . [inaudible] do you know where its located . So, no, but i can answer that question more broadly. If you were looking for an old cemetery the best places to start would be a local Historical Society or local courthouse. At some point even if it is a 1917 thecemetery, in bureau of statistics was created in virginia and it was required for each death and on each death certificate is what is supposed to be the indication for the place of burial. Thats not very helpful. Ask any institution that has been around for over 100 years. Then you can start looking at old maps, old topographic maps. Is a good place to start. Yes, excuse me. I have been looking at some of the old deeds for farms. My family had a couple of farms. I noticed a pattern. I dont know if this is a pattern or just something i noticed. I saw on the deed that they sold the sold the whole farm except for that little cemetery, but if there was a Black Cemetery on the farm, they never mentioned it. For either a white or Black Cemetery, until recently it was not legally required to put a cemetery on the deed. When you finally find what it is usually because the person on the deed is the original owner or it is the person who cemetery at is. Today any surveyor is hired to survey a couple of acres. Even though they have not been passed to find it. That did not used to be the case. Places we did not know there was a cemetery, it was a crapshoot. If they find it and it isnt on the deed, they do have to pay money to have it resurveyed in a legal way to be put on to the deed. It is true that for black cemeteries in the 19th century everything had to do with access to money, resources. It was far less likely that, say, an africanamerican family, unless wealthy in 1880, that they would be able to have their land surveyed and paid to get the cemetery indicated on the deed. Its always worth looking at the deed but conversely, can you fight a deed that isnt in the cemetery . That does not mean anything. The case of the plantation i was talking about in charlottesville, that 20th century cemetery . There were four others that were on the land that the developer bought. Two were slave, to work historic black cemeteries. None of them were on any deed anywhere. They wouldve had to look for it and could not have seen the deed. My question is if you are walking away in the woods, i would think i have found something pretty remote. Is there a repository for this information . Some entity i should notify or anything like that . Ms. Rainville ms. Rainville ms. Rainville yes, i am so happy to say that the first of responsible for that is with us. The state Historic Preservation duties one of the many that our tax dollars are supporting, one of the wonderful worry ey do dont there is one of jolene and handful of other accounts. Its not as though they will come out to every cemetery to do research, but conversely they have a variety of that where cemeteries are located. The other one you could look at is your local planning department. The planning department, in terms of the most likely risk to a cemetery, built on it, near it, or around it, anyone building something in this day and age wont go through your planning department. Most in virginia now have systems where they keep track of features and one features of course, the cemetery. I would contact the department and dhr. [inaudible] theres a question. Yeah, i have one question. I have an old Family Cemetery that is basically wooden. A lot of the headstones are missing. I havent been able to find them. I thought perhaps they had fallen into the grave themselves. What is the best way to try to preserve Something Like that . There, theyat are are deeply rooted. That. Ee things about one, youre right, sometimes headstones, placed at the edge of the burial shaft itself, they fall in. If that happened 50 or 100 years ago, sometimes the decay over the generations is just on around. Sometimes it is worth it to get a medal shish kebab stick. You are nowhere near the body, i promise. This is not about bobbing for bodies. It is that if a stone has fallen over i would like to reassure everyone that we are in the holiday season. If a stone has fallen over and it is just below the surface it would be well worth it to find it. Thats the first thing to do. The second thing is that there is no easy answer for how to mark an unmarked burial and one of the most longlasting things that you could do is like a tall, plastic cross. Plastic is going to last for a really long time. It is one of the longest lasting affordable things you can do. The luxury model here would be if you paid for new granite stones to be placed at the head. Maybe you could put the family name in and say maybe, an , indicating they are buried there. As an sure you realize, its very expensive. Specifically not marble or field stones, those would not last very long. Those would be some of your options, but there is no easy way other than a granite marker or some sort of plastic marker that would be sturdy or last for a long time to mark where those burials are. [inaudible] [applause] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2015] being ladylike does not require silence. Prevent us from being ourselves. Beingot believe that first lady should prevent me from expressing my ideas. [applause] betty ford spoke her mind, was prochoice, and a supporter of the equal rights amendment. She and gerald ford openly discussed her battle with breast cancer. For much of her life she struggled with dependency. Tonight, 8 p. M. Eastern on the cspan original series, influence an image. Looking at the private lives of the women who filled first lady and their influence on the presidency. Tonight, at 8 p. M. Monday, on the communicators, and as she discusses how anna eschoo discusses how congress should handle data breaches. Pillars ofe two main Cyber Security that need to be honored. Up to 90 of these
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