The sitin movement and how that galvanizes the movement. It gets it really moving again by the late 1950s. Once again, it was College Students who get that movement rolling in 1960 and 1951. In 1960 and 1961. To the point where there are tens of thousands of people involved. We see that rolls over into freedom rights of 1961. We see that continuing, culminating on the march on washington in 1963. And the gigantic birmingham demonstration where there is the fantastic letter from the birmingham jail. What we are going to do today is take a step back. What is happening between 1961 and 1964 for sncc in particular. After it was created after the sit in movement, we know they were involved with the freedom rights at the end. We know they are wedded to nonviolent direct action, but what makes them do it . They will plan and execute one of the most ambitious civil rights call it a demonstration would not do it justice. One of the most incredible civil rights events of the era. They call it the mississippi summer project, but locally, it becomes known as freedom summer. We will see a large freedom summer in 1964 and another one in 1965 why freedom summer . What leads bob moses to focus so much on mississippi . Why mississippi . That is the focal point of the freedom summer effort. What was sncc doing leading up to 1964 and that summer that changed everything . Freedom summer is going to be a watershed moment for the Civil Rights Movement. Nothing will be the same after 1964. Everything is going to change. What leads them up to this point . After the freedom rides were over, the Kennedy Administration, particularly attorney general robert kennedy, really encouraged sncc to do Voter Registration. What i think the Kennedy Administration didnt realize was the group was really nothing more threatening to the white supremacist south than the voting registration of africanamericans. There is a large Voter Registration going. You have read the sources. You know africanamericans are outside of this system of the United States government. Think about it. Lets go back to james madison. What was the lesson we took away from madisons lynching of the heartland . Nathan. [inaudible] prof. Shrock there is a tremendous amount of violence that surrounds the Africanamerican Community. What was that about . [inaudible] prof. Shrock the rape of mary ball, right. Once again, White Supremacists feared its stoked by the specter of black men raping white women and all the changes that is going on in the early 20th century. We know that in marion there was this widespread notion that Law Enforcement was not doing enough and the White Community needed to step up and police those racial boundaries, because remember what is White Supremacy like in the north and the south . We see this through madisons book. Negotiate segregation even in northern states. Not typically talked about. How difficult it is from that book we see from community to community, the standards are different. Where you eat, sleep. How are you going to be treated. What happened to the professional nba players when they came to marion in the mid1960s . Bill russell was there. [inaudible] service,ere denied even so they were so famous that everyone knew them. Prof. Shrock they were given the keys to the city and went to get a hamburger that night and were denied service for a hamburger. We know this is the reality. We know the north and the south. In the north, africanamericans can vote. That is the distinction. In the south, they cannot and that is the symbol they decide to go after. It was not just mississippi. The Voter Registration project started in 1961. They went through 1963. A number of organizations are involved. Sncc, naacp, the urban league are all involved. It came from a grant. Sncc is staffed by people your age, young people. They went to one of the most dangerous, most challenging places they could find, and in 1961, that was the state of mississippi. You can see the sncc executive director james forman, a great picture of him in a southern jail. Why mississippi . You know why because you read anne moody. You know why mississippi. Mississippi is black, rural and poor. You can see the data. 1960, 68 of Mississippi Blacks live in rural areas as opposed to 39 of blacks outside the city. Nonwhite Family Income was 1444. The lowest in the country. 86 of all nonwhite families and mississippi were below the federal poverty line. 86 of every nonwhite family was below the poverty line. You can see in 1960, Mississippi Black median education, six years. Only 7 completed high school for africanamericans. Mississippi spent 21. 70 for black pupils, 81. 86 for white pupils. Mortality rate was 250 for black families as opposed to those outside of mississippi. The university of mississippi Professor James silver dubbed the state the closed society due to its incredible and almost monolithic support of segregation and protection of a system that denied africanamericans the right to vote. The voting restrictions we keep talking about. You know the history of vigilante violence in mississippi. Think about anne moody. Jump back to comingofage mississippi. What are some examples from that book of the vigilante violence against African Americans in this period . Throw it out. The emmett till murder. House burning. I think her friend jerry was beaten. Prof. Shrock he was supposedly making phone calls to white women. They beat him unconscious and left among the side of the road. That was a rumor, we dont know what happened to the family. We know the entire houses burned down. The rumor was it was white retribution for a black man sleeping with a white woman. A history of violence. What happened to anne moody when she started in the movement in 1961 and 1962 . Wasnt her family threatened . Prof. Shrock she could not go home. The sheriff knew she was there. Mom wrote letter after letter, do not come home. History of violence. As nathan pointed out, the case of emmett till. You read the data. This becomes a national sensation. 14yearold emmett till visiting from chicago, whistled at a white woman. Probably said hey baby. He was rude. By southern standards, by midwestern standards, definitely rude. Mississippi in the 1950s delivers a death sentence. Till in life and in death. That is why sncc chooses mississippi. They will chip away the white the edifice of White Supremacy. Look at the pictures. I just want you to look at the pictures. We have bob moses, sncc field secretary one of the most , important people to come to mississippi. Bob will lead efforts in mississippi through 1964. He is going to join with amzie moore, world war ii veteran, and they are going to start planning a Voter Registration drive in mississippi in 1961. What does this picture tell you . He was a veteran in world war ii. Why is that important . Nathan . Why is that important . Because the veterans were the ones that were really going for change because they thought why fight for change outside of the u. S. And then come back and still be prof. Shrock absolutely right. World war ii was the pace of speeds the pace of social change. We had some vets coming back who are not content to live in the jim crow south anymore. Moore was one of them. I love this picture, it illustrates the connection to world war ii, social change. Here we have an older activist joining with a younger activist. He was in the late 20s at the time. They join together to push for social change in the state of mississippi. We know this does not come easily. They start working well before the grant money comes. In fact, they start working to register voters in 1961. Herbert lee joins moses. September 25, 1961, Mississippi State legislator e. H. Hurst confronted lee, shot him in the head in broad daylight, killed him in front of dozens of witnesses. As you have seen time and time again, in the segregationist south in the 1950s and 1960s, he was completely exonerated. Black witnesses to the event were so afraid they were going to be killed, they lied. Lewis allen would eventually tell his story to organizers who bacon to come forward. He was so scared, he was planning on leaving mississippi and he was murdered the night before he left the state. Herbert lees widow at the funeral blamed bob moses for her husbands death. That might have stopped other people, but it does not ever stop sncc. They know the sacrifices of these people will hopefully lead to something. They officially opened their Voter Registration School August 7, 1962. In pike county. Immediately, the closed society response. They opened on august 7, three days later, shots were fired at someone trying to register to vote. As you know, because you read anne moody, the arrests begin by Law Enforcement beatings, intimidation from officials, police. White crowds threatening them, beating people trying to register to vote becomes the norm. Night riders attack Freedom Houses. Shoot up and burn offices and homes that support the Voter Registration drive. Sncc staffers, who are white and black, suffered from stress and beatings. Remember what anne moody said . She was under so much stress, she couldnt sleep, her hair was falling out. It felt that someone was choking her all the time. In 1963, the Voter Registration project did not continue funding discontinued funding for mississippi because and talked about this the checks stop , coming. The clearest result in the Voter Education project. Black voting in mississippi went from 5. 3 to 6. 7 that is it. That is what they got for two years of beatings and arrests, shootings and threats. On page 113, the struggle for black equality, this violence went unnoticed by the nation and unhindered by the federal government. Unnoticed by the nation. Unhindered by the federal government. A great picture of tom hayden getting beaten up in mississippi, trying to register voters. He went on to become famous infamous as a member of students for a democratic society. As an antiwar demonstrator during the vietnam war. How does bob moses respond . This is where we are going to pick up. Please go to page 157. Sitkoff, the struggle for black equality. Why does bob moses resurrect the council of federated organizations . Cofo. Becomes known as it becomes the Umbrella Group for freedom summer. Sncc provide all the staffing for it. Core is involved and the naacp is tangentially, but it is primarily a sncc operation. Why does bob moses bring it back . He becomes the main director but he was technically the codirector. What is moses trying to accomplish . Go ahead, caleb. He wants to prove that lacks do want to blacks do want to vote. Prof. Shrock that is right. How does he accomplish this . Nathan, go ahead. By a im pretty sure it was a false Voting Campaign to see how many people actually wanted to vote but couldnt anyway. Prof. Shrock how many people voted in the freedom election of 1963 . Just shout out the number. How many . 80,000 people voted. That is a clear demonstration that there are people in there are a few black folks in mississippi that want to vote. But, bob moses learned a really important lesson when he was working during the freedom election. At first, bob moses was opposed to bringing in white volunteers, but civil rights attorney Howard Loewenstein suggested the white volunteers be brought in. Some 60 students from yale and harvard who were white were brought in. What does this do for freedom election . What does moses realize happen s when those students from elite University Show up . It brings National Attention to the movement. What else . What does attention mean . Right, because who is there . Who is paying attention . Right. The media. Africanamericans have been disappearing in mississippi for years. Nobody paid attention in the national press. It was very frustrating for the Civil Rights Movement. Herbert lees death did not make the national press. When those students came down, bob moses saw the opportunity here. The press followed those students. With these lessons in mind, with all of the levels of violence we have seen in mississippi already that bob moses experiences for that bob moses has experienced for three years, moses decides that the way to try to crack mississippi was to bring in 1000 white, young, College Student volunteers to work on Voter Registration and other Civil Rights Activities in the summer of 1964. He proposes this plan to cofo. How do the members of cofo, primarily sncc and core that Staff Members how do they , respond initially to this request from moses to bring in 1000 young white volunteers . Caleb, what was their response . That is right. What would 1000 white volunteers do to the beloved community sncc created . You know their white people in sncc. Casey hayden was there. Bob zellner was there. Sncc had been founded with both blacks and whites in membership. Africanamericans had always been the majority. There was a concern that bringing in this many white volunteers with somehow significantly change and their fears were wellfounded because it has a Lasting Impact that cause significant structural change. Initially, the Staff Members vote no. This illustrates the important and the ability to convince his leaders that bob moses had. Because back and says and not interested in being a movement that is not interracial. He really pushes for this. Dave dennis will be chosen as his codirector. He was from cord. Where have we seen dave dennis . Nathan, where have we seen dave dennis . Hes in coming of age in mississippi. He was one of the core Staff Members in mississippi with anne moody. That is the dave she refers to constantly. David his wife. Dave dennis played a very Important Role and you have seen him already. He becomes codirector. They also get aaron henry to be the president. Henry had been associated with the Civil Rights Movement in mississippi for a long time. He was older, he was a pharmacist. He really represented a different strata that bob moses was trying to connect with to make freedom summer successful. Listen to what dave dennis said. It is on 159 in the middle of the second paragraph. They know that the threat of violence to these young people will bring Media Attention. Thats cold, but that was also in another sense speaking the language of the country. What we were trying to do was get a message over to the country so we spoke their language. We made sure we have the children of some very powerful people in this country over there. We didnt plan on any of this violence, but we wanted the country to respond to what was going on. Nathan . The presence of white volunteers would guarantee federal protection . Prof. Shrock that was the hope. It turns out it doesnt. But, it does get the attention of the federal government pretty dramatically. The amazing thing about all of this is as this is going on, as a backdrop some other , tremendous event that is happening in summer of 1964 and that is the signing of the Civil Rights Act, which in the long run, coupled with what will come a year later, the Voting Rights act, will fundamentally tear down jim crow segregation and voting restrictions in the south. But, when you are in the middle of the movement, you dont see its impact. Do you think the passage of the Civil Rights Act made civil rights workers feel safer . One ounce safer . It didnt change anything. They are still getting beat and threatened. That is the amazing backdrop of what is happening throughout freedom summer. But they know that bringing 1000 white volunteers is going to bring the media. They were 100 right. How does mississippi prepare for this invasion . Check out the bottom of page 159 and 160. What does mississippi do . How do they get ready for this invasion by outside agitators . Jessica, lets jump over to the other side. They set up a makeshift prison. Prof. Shrock that is right. They get ready. The state legislature doubles the highway patrol. We see a resurgence of the mississippi kkk. We know there were more than 60 crosses burned crosses were burned in more than 60 counties. Jackson expands their police force by a third, they purchase converts the fairgrounds into a prison. They purchase extra shotguns and tear gas. They purchase a six ton armored vehicle. Inn you see the volunteers mississippi you realize the amount of overkill we are talking about. The people invading mississippi are people just like you. Mississippi was preparing as if a horde of cuban communists were landing in mississippi. So the federal government wasnt aware . Prof. Shrock they were aware. Everybody was well aware of what was happening. The federal government was busy wishing it did not occur. J. Edgar hoover was busy assuring the Civil Rights Movement will not he was dubious about the Civil Rights Movement anyway. As we talked about he was busy , trying to undermine Martin Luther king, jr. By bugging his rooms and sending out letters to prominent senators that he was a communist. The fbi was pretty much actively trying to discredit king. They will not do the job to protect the Civil Rights Act. As you can well imagine, the Civil Rights Movement in sick mississippi violence , escalates even leading up to freedom summer. No volunteers yet and violence escalates. Beatings, shootings, threats. Not to mention the Mississippi Sovereignty Commission is busy at work. This was created by the state legislature of mississippi i dont know what to compare it to it was like mississippis version of the kgb. They worked to undermine Civil Rights Movement. They had paid informants in the civil rights. There were two in the freedom summer. They called them informant x and informant y. X and y fed them information the whole summer. We know they had them there. They kept phones throughout tapped phones through mississippi. Workers wereghts concerned phones are cap, they were. Youre not paranoid of summit is really out to get you. Commissiongnty convince newspaper editors to plant false stories and not to run true ones. It is a closed society. So, cofo prepares. Theyre going to bring more than a thousand primarily white volunteers and mississippi. , theyreto get ready going to have training. June 15, about a third of the volunteers, there were two Training Sessions. They will be trained in Oxford College called western college for women. It would be absorbed by miami snouts western campus as part of Miami University these buildings are still there. Irt of the training was here was really excited, want to see the commitment it had to the Civil Rights Movement. They tried to do change training in college. Sure made them i was hoping western college which is my alma mater. Miami is mammal motter. I hope to there would be some philosophical connection and support for the Civil Rights Movement. But the archives that show it was an economic exchange. Like many small private schools commonly needed rental money from the space. This is an economic decision made to rent space to cofo for the Training Session that would occur here at western college. Go to the text here. When you are looking at this, what kind of volunteers are going to show up for this training . What is the demographic. This gives us a Little Information here. Caleb . Young, liberal whites at toptier universities. Joel that is right. We are primarily getting more liberal students. The vast majority are white, most are coming from the northeast, the west coast, the midwest, from elite, public and private institutions. Volunteers, 97 90 of them are white. Most are middle class. Dougct, if we look at book, he didastic a study of the volunteers. If you want to dig into freedom summer, you need to dig into doug mcadams. What he found was that on average came from wealthier , these people came from wealthier families than is typical in the United States. Families that made more than the average family, relatively privileged backgrounds. Primarily white, primarily upper middleclass. 62 are men, 38 are women. And their average age was 21. The youngest volunteer was 19. Anybody here younger than 19 . These people are you. Just like you, in many ways. Volunteersg, 550 trained in two oneweek sessions. He first week was focused on Voter Registration. The second week, they had a some simple goals. They wanted to create Freedom Houses over the state of mississippi. We know core and sncc already did this. Anne moody was in Freedom Houses, but they were dangerous places to be. It is pretty good evidence that joseph you were in a Freedom House for a long time, the odds someone would come by and shoot up the house or burn it are very high. What happened when anne moody and her friends were at that Freedom House in canton . Who comes calling . White guys in a truck with guns. A relatively large group of drunk white guys in a truck with guns. Luckily they had no dogs. Because anne moody and her friends hid in the tall grass behind the house. Who knows what might have happened that night. Freedom houses, moses thought of them as the civil rights equivalent of the peace corps. We will set down these bastions of Civil Rights Activity in the middle of the segregationist, rural mississippi south, and from there, we will move our activities out. We will register voters, set up schools with a call freedom that they call Freedom Schools, they will organize direct action protest, Community Centers. All of these things will happen as these volunteers move into mississippi. But what are the tactics of sncc . They maintain their commitment to nonviolence, direct action. You know many of those staffers are beginning to question, remember anne moody after the bombing . Nonviolence might be out. They continue to use it for the summer of 1964, but you can only be threatened and beaten and jailed and see People Killed for so long before you begin to question the validity of the tactic. So what is the training . This is a great picture from the Training Session. What are they doing . You know what theyre doing, right . Caleb . As he just said, they are practicing nonviolence. But what do you do when you practice nonviolence . You try not to hit back. Joel that is right, and look at what they are doing. From what you are definitely talked about. How do you protect yourself . When you are surrounded by a crowd, how do you protect yourself . Look at what is happening on the ground. You curl up and protect your face and head. Joel that is right. Look at this, on the ground, knees tucked, arms over your head, protect your next, head, face, chest. Women, they will try to stomp on your breasts, kicking men and women in the genitals, you have to hook your limbs together. Look at those crazy outside agitators. Dont they look awful . All those welldressed, polite students watching this nonviolent demonstration. Suddenly, there are all of these black, mainly black, Staff Members telling them about the terror of mississippi, the beatings, the shootings. And they say, this is what you have to do when the mob comes for you. Remember bob zellner tried to , they tried to pull his eyeball out. Those are the stories being told. From looking at their faces, theyll kind of look happy. Do you think they understood exactly what they were getting into . Joel not at all. And that is what angered the Staff Members and they responded very aggressively. In fact some of the volunteers were taken aback at how aggressive the Staff Members were with them, and they got angry. One night they had what we would call a come to jesus meeting, where they try to hash out the differences because they could not understand the level of hate and violence they were going to encounter from the worst that mississippi had to offer. Lets once again say, mississippi would go to one of the most remarkable changes any state would go through in the years since this occurred. It has been remarkable. More black politicians are elected out of mississippi than any other state. But we have to be honest about the situation in mississippi in 1954. You had a question . 1964. Volunteers of the that showed up were blacks from the north . Joel very few. 90 of the volunteers were white. About 10 were black. It was a small percentage. They did that on purpose. They wanted white, elite kids with white, elite parents at home putting pressure on the federal government to do also, all the things you talked about where they put the new people through this stuff, had they been doing this through a while . Joel for a while . Joel absolutely. Almost all of them are like and moody. She is already a little jaded at the end of her book. Remember how it ended . Just as freedom summer was ending. Right . I wonder. S were i really wonder. Remember . So yes, all of anne moodys books and all the terrible things that happened to her happened right before here. So a person like anne was not , there, but they are coming to teach these white people that are sitting there and look like they are clapping and smiling while this is going on. It is a very difficult thing to help them understand the reality of what is going to happen. Here is just another shot at where they are trying to work on this. Once again you can see they are , trying to demonstrate. How do you protect yourself when the mob comes . This is dorie lander. A staffer who is leading some training. I love that picture, so i included it. Remember nick, men, women, black, white, an organization devoted to this tactic at this point. Here is another great shot from the training. We can see a sncc staff member. Secretary, there is james forman right here. And sitting right here, a volunteer you probably do not recognize. That is Andrew Goodman. Andrew goodman is going to become very, very important in about five minutes when we talk about what is going to happen to the volunteers in mississippi. He is a volunteer from new york. Music, very important to the civil rights music. We talked about it a lot, but have not heard a lot. We are going to spend a day listening to civil rights music. That is coming up soon. We will ve almost a whole class session devoted to civil rights tunes. I may force you to sing along a little bit. Got a problem with that . But music was very important to the Civil Rights Movement. You can see here is a great , picture of staunton lynn, very famous historian and lawyer, from the Freedom School. Worked for leftist causes, heavily involved in the Civil Rights Movement. His parents were robert and the famous study in middletown. He was their child. This is then the second week of working with those Freedom School teachers headed to mississippi in the second week. Really interesting. John doerr, the assistant attorney general, came and spoke to the volunteers. There he is right there. Do you recognize him . Where is he from . [inaudible] joel that is right. He was working with the kennedys. You remember what happened in jackson the funeral happens, medgar evers has died. We have what looks to be a riot forming. Who are the people that helped stop that riot . John doar. Remer, we saw a picture of him. Walking down the road, shirtsleeves. In between the mississippi Law Enforcement with batons, and a lot of angry black people. And who is there with him . So we have people who are here, getting ready to stop this massive riot. And they do. They helped to stop that. And john doar shows up. Talks to the volunteers. And they ask him, they confront him. A volunteer asks him what are you going to do . They were worried about getting killed. Johns response, nothing. There is no federal police force. The responsibility for protection is the local police, that is just the proof. The fbi is not a police agency. They do not really have the authority. Federalism, the separation of powers. It is the duty of the state of mississippi and those counties and cities to protect them. Of course, the volunteers dont like this and they boo. They say we do not do that, do not boo him. Hes just being honest. Think for a minute what effect , does that have on you as a white volunteer when they tell you there is no federal protection . Not going to happen. I feel like i would not want to do it anymore. Joel right. People could die here. The amazing thing is, most people do not go home, the vast majority continue on. The vast majority. Right before they leave, everybody gets together and they do what they always do in the Civil Rights Movement. They sing some songs and that link some arms. I want you to look at these pictures. Look. I am just telling you, the moment where you have black and white together with their arms linked, singing songs, is a rare moment in america, 1964. This may not look strange to you in 2016, but in 1964, this was. You have read all the sources. You have read about the lynchings, you know how rare this is. This really is a declaration of the intent of the Civil Rights Movement, integration. Ok. Check out page 161. Less than 24 hours after the first group left for oxford, left oxford, ohio, three people disappeared in mississippi. The second wave of volunteers is there in oxford ohio at western college for women, and they heard the news. Core staff member Michael Nikki schwerner, james chaney, and volunteer Andrew Goodman , they disappear. They went to investigate the burning of a church in mississippi. They were not seen again. What happens to schwerner, chaney and goodman less than 24 hours after they left mississippi . [indiscernible] took the men to a deserted road. [inaudible] their bodies. Joel they were murdered 24 hours after leaving oxford, ohio. Now, nobody in oxford, ohio knows that, know when its Training Center knows that no , one in mississippi knows that. People in mississippi said they ran off, they are in new orleans or atlanta having a good time, they are not dead. No one in mississippi would kill them. Nathan . If they are not back by 4 00 p. M. , they should check all the jails and sheriffs office, police station, hospital. Joel right, Standard Operating Procedure in mississippi. If you are not backed by 4 00, are they in the hospital, are they in the ditch somewhere . Check with everyone and make sure they are safe. They know being out in the dark in rural mississippi, it is a dangerous place to be. What does bob moses tell everyone in oxford, ohio who is there . It is the second training group, the school teachers. Go ahead, caleb. Kids are dead. Joel kids are dead. Once again, we are confronted with the ugly reality of mississippi. Yeah, caleb . I find it interesting they talk about how the two white guys were only shot, while chaney was beaten and then shot multiple times. Joel that is right, he was beaten. You will note if you look at the bottom of page 163, Michael Schwerners wife said, we know this search is because my husband and Andrew Goodman are white. If only chaney was involved, nothing would have been done. Thats right. There have been murders in mississippi for years and nothing had been done. But now something was being done. A sort of cynical position that aims you more, that violence to whites would bring Media Attention actually proves to be true. We returned to this. We will return to this. Freedom summer goes on. It continues. The wave of volunteers headed to mississippi, they do what they were there to do. These are just some fantastic pictures. I love the symmetry of the volunteers sitting on top of a mailbox, writing a letter. We have a cofo youth coordinator, doug smith, gracie hawthorne, and a volunteer. He is writing a letter home. This was a great piece that was put out by cofo during this period and sent out to people they were working with about what they would be doing. This piece of literature is perfect. You can see here they are talking about setting up Freedom Schools, Voter Registration, Community Centers. And these will be schools where High School Students will be able to talk about things they cannot talk about a regular high school. They will learn about civil rights. You already know what high school is like in mississippi because you read anne moodys coming of age in mississippi. Do you remember what happened to mrs. Rice . She probably got fired. Joel she probably got fired, that is what happens when you talk about the Civil Rights Movement too much. They are going to set up Freedom Schools, these alternative schools. They are going to work on Voter Registration. Look at this, they say if we were all voting, things would be better in mississippi. We would have enough food, more jobs, better schools, better houses, paved sidewalks. Because they would be able to participate in the democratic process, that really makes america what it is. And Community Centers, a place where everyone can do many different things. It will be for adults primarily and offer many chances for them to learn things that help them live better. Job training, classes for people who cannot read. Classes on child care, health programs, Adult Education and negro history classes. Music, drama, arts, crafts. That is what Community Centers are for. They are creating institutions to combat the endemic, deeply held twice a premises to belief. Institutions will help them confronted that system, that closed society. Voter registration is key. One of the things they really focus on. Volunteers go out and they are working with many of the sharecroppers, to talk to the Africanamerican Community and try to get them to vote. Direct action and ministrations were really important. Check out this picture. There they are having a , demonstration on Voter Registration. And what is happening with our friends here . Who is this . It could be a postman, but there is evidence it is not. Look really closely. Hes got a gun. You know a lot of postman that carry guns . So what is this, probably . Probably a police officer. So what is he doing . What is this . He is taking a picture. Now why would a policeman take a , picture of a civil rights demonstration . Think back to anne moody, now. Caleb. What do you think . [indiscernible] joel so they know who it is who is demonstrating. Looking for them later. Joel thats right. You want a record of it, right . Remember when police took annes picture. Notice what the black folks are doing when the cop takes the picture . They are all looking away. Everyone is turning to the side. This is a way that police often try to intimidate black americans who are trying to vote. Freedom schools, just a great shot. Look at the books, the kids that are engaged in reading. There is a volunteer. This is one of the Freedom Houses in rural mississippi. They put them wherever they could put them. But as you can imagine, in spite of the media blitz in mississippi, violence ensued. You know what happened, you knew it was inevitable, and it is going to happen. Here is a picture of someone who is a volunteer. He was not one of the youthful volunteers, there were a number of ministers and rabbis that came to help and this is rabbi lelyveld, he was beaten with a tire iron in hattiesburg, mississippi. I really wish i had this picture in color, because the blood soaked the entire front of his sure there. Largescale violence ensued, in spite of the fact that there was Massive Media coverage of happening down here. Massive media coverage. With the disappearance of schwerner, chany and goodman, the media descends upon mississippi. But it doesnt really protect them. 80 volunteers beaten, over 1000 arrested. 67 churches, homes, businesses were either burned or bombed. 67. This is just one state. In one summer. Shots were fired at 30 people and we know there were six known murders, six. People were dying. People are dying so people can vote. People are dying so that people can eat in a restaurant. Restaurant with white people. People are dying to do things that we so take for granted. Just think about the things they want to do and look at the level of violence that is leveled against them. During the search for schwerner, chaney and goodman, and there was massive pressure put on for a search. President Lyndon Johnson was pressured, he in turn pressures j edgar hoover. The fbi gets involved. There was a massive hunt for them that when all summer long. The fbi worked sources and sources and sources. In case youve ever seen Mississippi Burning, ignore that movie,n because its completely inaccurate and partly made up. Fbi figured out what happened was to go to Fashion Police work. There was no mafioso threatening people with guns. Ridiculous. They eventually find a source and the Police Highway patrol man gives them the information that leads them there. Guess what they find when they are dragging rivers in mississippi . They found eight other bodies of black people. Eight. O, eight. Not tow and identified 3, 1 was a 14yearold. They found his body, he was wearing a core tshirt. They found charles moore, hezekiah dean, and five other bodies were never identified. Nathan . Didnt Civil Rights Activists keep identification on them in case they were found . Joel yes, they did, they try to do that. But if you get thrown in a river, they are there for a while, those things often disappear. There had been no National Outcry or search for any of these missing civil rights people or those missing eight people. This tells us read a schwerner was right. Dave dennis was right. National Media Attention came with the death of white people. That is what america was like in 1964 and that is the reality. We have six known murders. Now one of the most interesting , stories from the summer involves Sidney Poitier. And harry belafonte. If you read the fantastic book by bruce watson, called freedom summer, which i highly recommend, there are a number of great details. It is fantastic. Harry belafonte was a famous singer. Calypso singer. Activist who had been very active in the Civil Rights Movement. Sidney poitier was a famous actor. Active in the Civil Rights Movement. Belafonte was busy raising money in the north through the freedom summer through concerts and other activities. He had raised about 60,000, but he did not trust Wire Transfer to mississippi. So he decided to take 60,000 in bag and fly out to , greenwood, mississippi and deliver the money in person. He convinces Sidney Poitier to go with him. They were both very nervous about this, by the way because , they knew what was going on in mississippi. But they fly down there and are met at the airport. By james forman. And three cars full of Civil Rights Activists. They are put in the center car to protect them. And they take off. Three cars in a caravan. Belafonte and poitier see there are other cars following them and they thought they were protected. Until forman notified them no that was the klan, which it , chased them to the city of greenwood. Running into the back car that and tecting fortier poitier and harry belafonte, the whole way. The klan did not give up until they got to greenwood. Poitier and belafonte delivered their money to a huge crowd that was cheering. And they were awake all night as they were guarded by men with shotguns. The next morning they flew immediately back to safety. I tell you this little anecdote to show, freedom summer is not happening in pittsburgh. In a fishbowl. There are things that are connected to the bigger elements to 1964. It is the story of 1964. Now, none of you have ever heard of freedom summer before. Anybody ever heard of freedom summer before you took this class . Quite a few of you. Did you hear about it from my other class . Who heard about it from my other class . Ok, ok. But freedom summer was a huge his story in 1964. But it is not as wellknown now because what will happen after 1964 . Vietnam comes and blows everything away when it comes to our thinking of the 1960s. But that will really not start for another few years. Freedom summer is very much connected to what is happening nationally and what is going on throughout the country. All right back to schwerner, chaney, and goodman. All right. That the police were involved in this. There is a picture of the county sheriff. We know these people were arrested, we know the police were complicit. We know they were pulled over on their way out of town and night. At night. We know the klan grabs them, the local White Knights of the ku klux klan. We know they were murdered. We know it took a 44 day fbi search to find them. The state of mississippi refused, and the county refused to process it. So federal prosecutor, our friend john doar charged 18 men, including a sheriff deputy share, with denying the sncc Deputy Sheriff with denying , the sncc activists of their rights. After years of challenges, seven men were found guilty in october 20, 1967. Deputy sheriff cecil price, kkk imperial wizard sam bowers, who we are going to read more about next week alton wayne , roberts, jimmy snowden, billey wayne posey. Horace barnett. Sheriff rainey was acquitted. He would never spend one day in prison for his part in this. And we are very confident that he played a role. The last person convicted in this case was 2005. Yes, your lifetime. When a grand jury convicted edgar killen of three counts of murder. To threes sentenced consecutive twentyyear terms. He was 80 years old. We also know that there will be no more prosecutions from the Mississippi Burning case. Just this summer, june, 2016, the cemetery there, the nice symmetry there, june. The Mississippi Attorney general and the Civil Rights Division of the Justice Department declared that the evidence has been degraded by memory and time. There are no more individuals that are living now that we can make a case on at this point and they have closed the investigation into the murders of schwerner, chaney, and goodman. So what are the results of freedom summer . What happened . The Civil Rights Movement will never be the same. Sncc will never be the same. Mississippi will never be the same. Sncc leaves freedom summer more radicalized than ever. Another summer of nonviolence, another summer of murders. At what point you begin to say, enough is enough . At what point do you turn to armed selfdefense, which is a strong, strong element in American History . Sncc staffers the nonviolence during freedom summer, and many begin to carry guns. This happened before, remember anne moody . They armed themselves to protect themselves from the knight riders. There is also glowing conflict in sncc between black and white members, particularly after 1000 white volunteers came in. What they feared would happen would happen. You have all these white volunteers, from privileged backgrounds, with excellent educations, rolling into mississippi, working with africanamericans who frankly, have had very poor educations by design, by the state of mississippi. It is not that ones a native intelligence is better than the other, it is not that one is naturally better at things than the other, it is that some of the volunteers were better at certain things that they needed to have done for the people they were working with, and this causes friction. A lot of the africanamerican Staff Members said we need to develop mississippi to pull themselves out of this. We cannot be saved by white outsiders. This clash will continue. It will snowball. And in the not so distant future, sncc will expel all of its white members. Not there quite yet, but we are on the way. Natural attention is drawn to the racism of mississippi. And to the violence of africanamericans. That is one of the good things that comes out of this. The Civil Rights Movement, as we talked about, needed those white racists to respond violently to emotionally and ethically and morally connect with the rest of White America to force change, to force the federal government to act. And they do so. Another positive thing, it generates a strong Civil Rights Movement in mississippi. They said, there was not much of eight Civil Rights Movement in mississippi before. There was a broad one after the summer of 1964. And as doug mcadams points out, the volunteers will emerge from mississippi profoundly radicalized in both personal and political terms. Profoundly radicalized. And these are young People Living out into america in the mid1960s. It is not an accident that all of these social protest movements will start after 1964 in the United States. It is a Training Ground for a generation of young student leaders. Mario savio led the Free Speech Movement at berkeley, that was not an accident. When you are trained to radically think differently about peoples rights and their worth, you take that with you for the rest of your life. Tom hayden, abbie hoffman, and many others, are all going to spend time in mississippi. They are all going to learn that the america they were raised with in the 1950s they were little kids in the 1950s. They were told all these platitudes about america. And they learned in the most terrible way, that those platitudes were not true for a broad segment of america. And they would rise up and challenge them. Thank you for coming, everybody. I will see everybody next week. And we will talk tuesday about the test. We will not have it tuesday, we will delay it a bit. Thanks her coming, everybody. I will see you next week. [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2017] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] to learn more about the cities on her current tour, visit cspan. Org citiestour. We continue now with our look at the history of richmond. Mark we are inside a working public building that has hosted the oldest elected
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