to the point where there are tens of thousands of people involved, and we see that also rolls over into the freedom rides in 1961. ,e see that continuing to roll culminating in the march on washington in 1963 and the southern christian leadership conference gigantic birmingham demonstrations where king writes these fantastic and eloquent letters from birmingham jail. we are going to take a little bit of a step back. what is happening there between 1961 and 1964? , we knowke was created they were involved in the freedom rides at the end. but what are they doing as an institution? we know they are wedded to nonviolent direct action. what is it that they are doing? what they're going to do is plan and execute one of the most ambitious civil rights demonstration -- to call it a demonstration would not do it justice. they called it the mississippi summer project, but colloquially it becomes known as freedom summer. we will see how large freedom summer in 1964, they would do another one in 1955. how do we get there? why freedom summer? and field them secretary bob moses to focus so much on mississippi? why mississippi? that is the focal point of the freedom summer effort. what were they doing leading up to 1964 and that summer that changed everything? to be asummer is going watershed moment of the civil rights movement. nothing will be the same after 19 before. nothing. everything is going to change. after 1964. nothing. everything is going to change. the kennedy administration, particularly attorney general robert kennedy, really sncc to do something that is confrontational as the freedom ride. what i think the kennedy administration didn't realize, what was really nothing more the premiseso what then the voter frustration of african-americans. but there is a large voter registration drive going on because, as you know, you have seen it. you have read the sources. you know african-americans are outside of the system of the united states government. let's go back to james madison lynching in the heartland. what was the less we take away from that? there is a tremendous amount of violence that surrounds the african-american community. that wasn't particularly related to voting. what was that about? the rate of mary ball, that's right. once again, what to processed by the specterd of black men raping white women and by all of the tremendous changes going on in the early 20th century to create this climate of fear. we know that in marion, there is that lawspread notion enforcement wasn't doing enough and that the white community needed to step up and police those racial boundaries. remember, what is white supremacy like in the north as well as the south? what is it like to negotiate? we see this throughout madison's book. it's not typically talked about. remember how difficult it is from community to community, the standards are different. where do you eat? where do you sleep? how are you going to be treated? what happened to the professional nba players when they came to marion in the mid-that can 60's? -- in the mid-1960's? >> they were denied service even though they were so famous and everyone knew them. joel: they were given the keys to the city of marion and were denied service for a hamburger. we know this is the reality that america confronts. we know that it affects both the north and the south. ,ut remember, and the north african-americans can vote. that is the huge distinction. in the south, they cannot. that is the symbol that sncc decides to go after in mississippi. it wasn't just in mississippi. ran toer registration 1963. multiple organizations are involved. an $870,000 grant. does what they always did. they went to one of the most dangerous and challenging places they could find, and in 1961, that was the state of mississippi. you can see here the executive director james performance -- james performance -- james forman's picture. you know why mississippi. mississippi is -- mississippi's rural andworld -- are poor. outside opposed to 39% of the state of mississippi. the median income, nonwhite family income in mississippi was $1444, the lowest in the country. all nonwhite families in mississippi were below the federal poverty line. let that sink in. of every nonwhite family was below the poverty line. see, in 1960, mississippi black meeting years -- black median years of education, only 7% completed high school. mississippi spent $21.71 for black people, $81 $.76 for white people. -- mortality right --e was nearly 250's percent 250% higher for black families as opposed to white families outside of mississippi. mississippity of ole miss professor dubbed his state "the closed society." my early due to its monumental support of segregation and the system thatf its denied african-americans the right to vote. ofs, you know the history vigilante violence in mississippi. think about and moody -- about ann moody. what are some examples of that book of officially to violence against african americans? , ande emmett till murder jerry was beaten. >> supposedly because he was making phone calls to white women. they beat him unconscious and let him make it on the side of the road. family, that was a rumor. we don't know exactly what happened to them. the rumor was it was white with retribution -- it was right retribution -- it was white retribution. moody --ened to can oody?- to ann m >> her family was threatened. joel: she could go home. -- she couldn't go home. a history of violence and, of course, the famous case of emmett till. you look at the material, read the data. this becomes a national sensation. 14-year-old emmett till visiting from chicago. he whistled at a white woman, probably said "hey baby" to her. it was rude. by southern standards. by midwestern standards, definitely rude. in theissippi mid-1950's, it was his death sentence. in life, and death. that's why they choose mississippi. they are going to chip away at this edifice of white supremacy. just look at the pictures. i want you to look at the pictures. we have bob mosys, the field secretary, one of the most important people when it comes to mississippi. bob is going to lead six efforts in mississippi through 1964. he is going to join with a world war ii veteran and civil rights activist, and they are going to start planning a voter registration drive in mississippi in 1961. look at this picture. what does it tell you? veteran from world war ii. why is that important? nathan. why is that important? >> because the veterans were the ones who are really going for change because they thought, why fight for change outside of the u.s. and come back and still be --? joel: 100% right. absolutely. world war ii speeds the pace of social change. we have these sets coming back that are not content to live in the jim crow south. i love this picture because it illustrates that connection to world war ii. here we have an older activists joining with a younger activist. together to push for social change in the state of mississippi. we know this does not come easily. they start working well before the grant money comes. in fact, they work to register voters in 1961. herbert lee joins mosys moses.nd joins -- joins a mississippi state legislator for confronted lee for his voter registration activities, shot him in the head in broad daylight, killed him in front of dozens of witnesses. as you have seen time and time again, and the segregationist south, he was completely exonerated. eventack witnesses to the were so afraid that they would be killed, the allied -- they lied. one of them would eventually tell his story to civil rights organizers who begged him to come forward. he was so scared he was planning on leaving mississippi, and he was murdered the night before he left the state. widow at the funeral blamed bob mosys -- esamed bob mosys -- bob mos for her husband's death. they do the sacrifice of these people will lead to something, and they continue. they officially open voter registration school august 7, 1962 in pike county. the society responds. they open at august 7 grade -- august 7.ter three days later, shots were fired. -- the arrests began by law enforcement. crowds threatening them, beating people trying to register to vote. it becomes the norm. knight riders attack freedom houses. they shoot up and burn homes and offices that support the voter registration drive. staffers who were white and black suffered from stress and beatings. e moody says she was under so much stress she couldn't sleep, her hair was falling out, it felt like someone was choking her the whole time. in 1960 three, the voter education project discontinued funding for mississippi, and you know this because moody talked about it. the checks stopped coming. black voting in mississippi went from 5.3% to 6.7%. that's what they got for two years of beatings and arrests. shootings and threats. theitkof mentionedf, violence went unnoticed by the nation and unhindered by the federal government. unnoticed by the nation, unhindered by the federal government. that's a great picture of tom hayden getting beat up in mississippi trying to register voters in 1961. he went on to become famous/infamous as a member of the students for a democratic society, and antiwar demonstrator during the vietnam war. how does bob moses respond? this is where we are going to pick up. to page 157, the struggle for black equality. moses resurrect the council of federal organizations? it was created and becomes the umbrella group for freedom summer. , who dominated by sncc provides virtually all the staffing for it. why does bob moses bring it back? he was technically the codirector at this period. what is he trying to a? -- was he trying to accomplish? >> he wants to prove that blacks do want to vote. joel: that's right. how does he accomplish this? nathan, go ahead. was a pretty sure it false voting campaign to see how many people actually wanted to vote but still couldn't. joel: that's right. how many people voted in the freedom election in 1963? just shut up the number. how many? shout out the number. how many? 80,000. 80,000 people voted. that is a pretty clear demonstration that there were a clue -- there were a few black folks in mississippi who wanted to vote. learned a really important lesson working during the freedom election. opposed toe was bringing in white volunteers, but civil rights attorney suggested that white volunteers be brought in, and some a 60 students from yale and harvard who were right -- who were white were brought in. what does this do for the freedom election? realize happens with those students from elite university show up? it brings national attention to the movement. and what else? what does attention mean? right. because who is there? who is paying attention? >> the elite. joel: right. and the media. african-americans have been disappearing in mississippi for years. nobody paid attention in the national press. it didn't make the press. it was very frustrating for the civil rights movement. murder lee's motor -- did not make the national press. when those students came down, bob moses saw the opportunity. the press followed those students. mind, with alln of the levels of violence we have seen in mississippi already that bob has experienced for three years, he decides that the way to try and crack mississippi white young in 1000 college student volunteers to work on voter registration and other civil rights activities in the summer of 1964. he proposes this plan. this to follow -- two cofo. how do they respond to this him to bring in 1000 young, white volunteers? caleb, what was their response? that's right. what would 1000 white volunteers do to the beloved community they had created? don't give a wrong, you know there are white people in sncc. it had been founded by both blacks and whites in membership from the beginning. african-americans had always been the majority. there is a concern of bringing in this white -- this many white volunteers. .t does have a lasting impact it does cause significant structural change. initially, the staff members vote no. at this illustrates the importance and the ability to convince his peers that bob moses had. he says i am not interested in being in a movement that is not interracial. he pushes for this, and they a seed. dave dennis is chosen as his codirector. where have we seen him? seen davidre have we dennis? that's right. he was coming of age in mississippi. one of the core staff members that work in canton, mississippi with anne moody. that is the dave she refers to constantly. he played a really important role, and over again. that's dave. he becomes codirector. they also get aaron henry to be the president. associated had been with the civil rights movement in mississippi for a long time. he was older, a pharmacist. he represented a different was trying tob connect with and the black community to make freedom summer successful. what dave dennis said. it is right here on 159 in the middle of the second paragraph. "they know the threat to -- this is what dave said. was speaking the language of the country. what we were trying to do was get a message over to the country, so we spoke their language. we made sure we have the children of some very powerful people in this country over there. we didn't plan on any of this violence. we just want to be country to respond to what was going on. " >> the presence of white volunteers would guarantee federal protection. joel: that was the hope. turns out, it doesn't. but it does get the attention of the federal government pretty dramatically. the amazing thing about all of this is this is going on as a backdrop to some other german dissident happening in the summer of 1964, the signing of the civil rights act of 1964. in the long run, coupled with what will come a year later, the voting rights act of 1965, will fundamentally care down the system of jim crow segregation and voting restriction in the south. but when you're in the middle of the movement, you don't see it impact. do you think the passage of the civil rights act of 1964 made civil rights workers in mississippi feel safer? it didn't change anything. they are still getting beaten, threatened. that is the amazing backdrop of what is happening throughout freedom summer. but they know that freeing will -- them bringing with thousand white volunteers will bring the media, and they were 100% right. how does mississippi prepare for this invasion? check out the bottom of page 159 and 160. what does mississippi do? how do they get ready for this invasion by outside agitators? jessica, let's jump over to the other side. they set up a makeshift prison. joel: that's right. they get ready. state legislator doubles the highway patrol. we see a resurgence of the mississippi kkk. we know there are more than 60 crosses burned. i'm sorry, crosses were burned more than 60 counties. jackson expands their police force by a third, converts fairgrounds into a prison. they purchased extra shotguns, tear gas. they purchased a six ton armored vehicle. it is not actually a tank, but when you see the volunteers, you are going to realize the amount of overkill we are talking about. the people invading mississippi were people just like you. but mississippi was preparing as record of cuban communists were landing in mississippi in the summer of 1964. [indiscernible] joel: oh no, they were aware. everyone was well aware of what was happening. the federal government was busy wishing it would not occur. busygar hoover was assuring the civil rights movement we are not going to wet nurse a bunch of civil rights activists. j. edgar hoover was pretty dubious about the civil rights movement anyway, and as we talked about before, he was busy trying to undermine martin luther king jr. by bugging his room, sending out letters to prominent centers and congressman -- senators and congressmen that he was a communist. kang, ando discredit they will not do any kind of job protected civil rights movements. in the civil rights movement mississippi, violence escalates, even leading up to predict summer -- to freedom summer. there are beatings, shootings, threats. not to mention the mississippi sovereignty commission is busy at work. this was created by the state legislature of mississippi. i don't know what to compare to. it was something like mississippi's version of the kgb. they worked to undermine civil rights movements by having paid informants. y, called an informant x and and they said that information the whole summer. the cap phones throughout the city. --n civil rights workers they tapped phones throughout the city. werecivil rights workers concerned their phones were tapped, they were. they weren't paranoid. someoneot paranoid if is actually update you, that's just cautious. in sovereignty commission this newspaper editors to plant false stories and not run true wins. remember, is a closed society. -- remember, it is a closed society. will bring more than 1000 primarily white volunteers into mississippi that summer. in order to get ready, as you can see here on page 160 and the second paragraph, there are going to have training. 15, about 1/3 of the volunteers are going to show up. there are two week long training sessions. about 550 students that get trained at those sessions. a little over half of the total number. they are going to be trained in oxford, ohio -- a small western college for women. it is now western campus, part of miami university. if you go to oxford, you can still go over there. these buildings are still there, part of the training was in peabody hall. they have an archive if you would like to research freedom summer. i was excited, i wanted to see the commitment western college had for the civil rights movement. it tried to do the training at so sncc and cofo needed another face to train. i was hoping western college for my alma mater. there would be philosophical connection and support for the civil rights movement. but the archives that show it exchange.nomic unlike many private schools, they needed rental money for the space. it was an economic decision made for to rent space to cofo the training session that would occur here at western college. go to the text here. when you are looking at this, what kind of volunteers are going to show up for this training? what is the demographic. this gives us a little information here. caleb? whites atliberal top-tier universities. joel: that is right. we are primarily getting more liberal students. at vast majority are white, many coming from the northeast, the west coast, the midwest, from elite, public and private institutions. the volunteers, 90% of them are white. most are middle-class. in fact, if we look at douglas book, "freedomic summer," he did a study of the volunteers, a fantastic book. freedomant to dig into summer, you need to dig into doug mcadams. they came from wealthier families than is typical in the united states. more than themade average family, relatively privileged backgrounds. primarily white, primarily middle-class. 62% are men, 38% are women. and their average age was 21. was 19.gest volunteer anybody here younger than 19? these people are you. just like you, in many ways. the training, 500 50 volunteers trained in 21-week sessions. the first week was focused on voter registration. week, they had a simple goals. they wanted to create freedom houses over the state of mississippi. alreadycofo and sncc did this. anne moody was in freedom houses, but they were dangerous places to be. there a long time, the odds someone would come by and issued the house or burn it down are very high. happened when anne moody and her friends were at that freedom house in canton? who comes home? >> white guys in a truck with guns. joel: a relatively large group of a drunk white guys in a truck with guns. luckily they did not have dogs. because anne moody and her friends hid in the tall grass behind the house. who knows what might have happened that night. freedom houses, moses thought of them as the civil rights equivalent of the peace corps. we will sit down these bastions of civil rights activity in the middle of the segregationist, south, andssippi from there, we will move our activities out. voters, set upr schools with a call freedom schools, they are going to organize direct action protests, community centers. all of these things will happen as these volunteers move into the city. but what are the tactics of sncc ? they maintain their commitment to nonviolence, direct action. you know many of those staffers are beginning to question, remember anne moody after the bombing? nonviolence might be out. they continue to use it for the summer of 1964, but you can only andhreatened and beaten jailed and to see people killed for so long before you begin to question the validity of the tactic. so what is the training? this is a great picture from the training session. what are they doing? you know what they're doing, right? caleb? he just said, they are practicing nonviolence. but what do you do when you practice nonviolence? >> you try not to hit back. joel: that is right, and look at what they are doing. how do you protect yourself? when you are surrounded by a crowd, how do you protect yourself? look at what is happening on the ground. >> you curl up and protect your face and head. joel: that is right. look at this, on the ground, arms over your head, protect your next, head, face, chest. women, they will try to stomp on your breasts, kicking men and women in the genitals, you have to hook your limbs together. look at those crazy outside agitators. don't they look awful? all those well-dressed, polite students watching this nonviolent demonstration. suddenly, there are all of these black, mainly black, staff members telling them about the beatings, the shootings. and they say, this is what you have to do when the mob comes for you. filner -- zellner tried to pull his eyeball in -- out. those are the stories being told. >> they all look kind of happy. do you think they understood exactly what they were getting into? joel: not at all. what angered the staff members and they responded very aggressively. in fact some of the volunteers were taken aback at how aggressive the staff members were with them, and they got angry. one night they had what we would call a come to jesus meeting, out theey try to hash differences because they could not understand the level of hate and violence they were going to encounter from the worst that mississippi had to offer. -- againe against say essay, mississippi would go to one of the most remarkable changes any state would go through in the years since this occurred. are black politicians elected out of mississippi than any other state. but we have to be honest about the situation in mississippi in 1954. you had a question? >> on many of the volunteers and that showed up were blacks from the north? joel: very few. 90% of the volunteers were white. about 10% were black. it was a small percentage. they did that on purpose. they wanted white, elite kids with white, elite parents at home putting pressure on the federal government to do something to protect them. >> all the staffers you talked about that would put the new people through this stuff, had they been doing this for a while? joel: absolutely. almost all of them are like anne moody. bys is where anne moody is 1964. she is already a little jaded. remember how her book ended? ended just as freedom summer was starting and everyone was excited, we are going to change the world, right anne moody? her last words were, i really wonder. so yes, all of anne moody's books and all the terrible things that happened to her happened right before here. a person like anne was not there, but they are coming to teach these white people that look like they are clapping and smiling while this is going on. tois a very difficult thing help them understand the reality of what is going to happen. here is just another shot at where they are trying to work on this. are trying toey demonstrate. how do you protect yourself when the mob comes? -- dorystory lander lander. i love that picture, so i included it. remember nick, men, women, black, white, an organization devoted to this tactic at this point. here is another great shot from the training. member.ee a sncc staff here is james forman. and, all volunteer you probably do not recognize. that is andrew goodman. andrew goodman is going to become very, very important in about five minutes when we talk about what is going to happen to the volunteers in mississippi. he is a volunteer from new york. music, very important to the civil rights music. we talked about it a lot, but have not heard a lot. we will spend a day listening to civil rights music to read we will have almost a whole class session devoted to civil rights tunes. i may force you to sing along a little bit. . -- is there a problem with that? music was very important to the civil rights movement. here is a great picture of very famousn, , worked ford lawyer leftist causes, heavily involved in the civil rights movement. his parents did the famous study of muncie, indiana and middletown. he was their child. this is then the second week of working with those freedom school teachers headed to mississippi in the second week. really interesting. john doerr, the assistant attorney general, came and spoke to the volunteers. there he is right there. do you recognize him? where is he from? that is right, he was working with the kennedys. in remember what happened happens,- the funeral a riot what looks to be forming. who are the people that helped stop that riot? -- doar.r the mississippi law enforcement with batons, and a lot of angry black people. who is with them? we have people who are here, getting ready to stop this massive riots and they did. -- doar shows up. -- they were do worried about getting killed. john's response, nothing. there is no federal police force. the responsibility for protection is the local police, that is just the proof. is not a police agency. they do not have the authority. federalism, the separation of powers. it is the duty of the state of mississippi and those counties and cities to protect them. the volunteers do not like this and they do -- boo. they say we do not do that, do not boo him. what effect does that have on you as a white volunteer when they tell you there is no federal protection? not going to happen. >> i feel like i would not want to do it anymore. joel: right. people could die here. is, mostng thing people do not go home, the vast majority continue on. the vast majority. right before they leave, everybody gets together and they do what they always do in the civil rights movement. they sing some songs and that link some arms. i want you to look at these pictures. look. i am just telling you, the moment where you have black and white together with their arms linked, singing songs, is a rare moment in america, 1964. this may not look strange to you this was.ut in 1964, you have read all the sources. you have read about the lynchings, you know how rare this is. declaration ofa the intent of the civil rights movement, integration. ok. page 161. less than 24 hours after the for oxford,left ohio, three people disappeared in mississippi. the second wave of volunteers is there in oxford ohio at western college for women, and they heard the news. nikkitaff member michael , james chaney, and volunteer andrew goodman disappeared. they went to investigate the inning of a church mississippi. they were not seen again. what happens to schwerner, cha andgoodmanney, -- chaney goodman less than 24 hours after they left mississippi? >> [indiscernible] they were found it at eight deserted road. they were murdered 24 hours after leaving oxford, ohio. nobody in ohio knows that, no one in mississippi knows that. people in mississippi said they ran off, they are in new orleans or atlanta having a good time, no one in mississippi would kill them. nathan? 4:00 they are not back by p.m., they should check all the and sheriff's office, police station, hospital. standard operating procedure in mississippi. if you are not backed by 4:00, are they in the hospital, are they in the ditch somewhere? check with everyone and make sure they are safe. they know being out in the dark in rural mississippi, it is a dangerous place to be. what does bob moses tell everyone in oxford, ohio who is there? it is the second training group, the school teachers. go ahead, caleb. >> kids are dead. joel: kids are dead. again, we are confronted with the ugly reality of mississippi. it interesting they say the two white guys were only aney was beaten and then shot multiple times. he washat is right, beaten. you will note if you look at the michaelf page 163, schwerner's wife said, we know this search is because my husband and andrew goodman are white. if only chaney was involved, nothing would have been done. they have been murders in mississippi for years and nothing had been done. but now something was being done. position thatcal that violence to whites would bring media attention actually proves to be true. freedom summer goes on. it continues. the wave of volunteers headed to mississippi, they do what they were there to do. these are just some fantastic pictures. i love the symmetry of the volunteers sitting on top of a mailbox, writing a letter. youthe a cofo coordinator, doug smith, gracie hawthorne, and a volunteer. he is writing a letter home. great piece that was put out by cofo during this period and sent out to people they were working with about what they would be doing. literature is perfect. you can see here they are talking about setting up freedom schools, voter registration, community centers. schools where be high school students will be able to talk about things they cannot talk about a regular high school. they will learn about civil rights. you already know what high school is like in mississippi because you read anne moody's "coming of age in mississippi." dear member what happened to mrs. rice? >> she probably got fired. joel: she probably got fired, that is what happens when you talk about the civil rights movement too much. they are going to set up freedom schools, work on voter registration. thingsere all voting, would be better in mississippi. we would have enough food, more jobs, better schools, better houses, paved sidewalks. because they would be able to participate in the democratic , that really makes america what it is. centers, a place where everyone can do many different things. it will be for adults primarily and offer many chances for them to learn things that help them live better. job training, classes for people who cannot read. classes on child care, health programs, adult education and negro history classes. that is what community centers are for. they are creating institutions to combat the endemic, deeply .eld twice a premises to belief institutions will help them confronted that system, that closed society. voter registration is key. one of the things they really focus on. volunteers go out and they are working with many of the to talk to the african-american community and try to get them to vote. and ministrations were really important. check out this picture. there they are coming having a demonstration on voter registration. and what is happening with our friends here? who is this? , but there a postman is evidence it is not. look really closely. he has a gun. you know a lot of postman that carry guns? so what is this, probably? probably a police officer. so what is he doing? he is taking a picture. why would a policeman take a picture of a civil rights demonstration? think back to anne moody, now. caleb. >> [indiscernible] joel: so they know who it is who is demonstrating. they want a record of it. remember when police took anne's picture. notice what the black folks are doing when the cop takes the picture? they are all looking away. everyone is turning to the side. way that police often try to intimidate black americans who are trying to vote. just a greatls, shot. look at the books, the kids that are engaged in reading. volunteer. this is one of the freedom houses in rural mississippi. they put them wherever they could put them. imagine, in spite of the media blitz in mississippi, violence ensued. you know what happened, you knew it was inevitable, and it is going to happen. here is a actor of someone new is a volunteer. he was not one of the youthful volunteers, there were a number of ministers and rabbis that this is rabbind lowenthal, he was beaten with a tire iron. this picture i had in color, because the blood soaked the entire front of his sure there. ensued,ale violence despite massive media coverage of all this happening. of schwerisappearance chany and goodman, the media descends upon mississippi but it does not protect them. 80 volunteers beaten, over 1000 arrested. 67 churches, homes, businesses burned or bombed. this is just one state in one summer. peopleere fired at 30 and we know there were six known murders, six. people were dying. people are dying so people can vote. people are dying so that people can eat in a restaurant. thingsare dying to do that we so take for granted. think about the things they want to do and look at the level of violence that is leveled against them. search for schwerner, goodman, and there was pressure, president lyndon johnson, hoover, and there was a massive hunt for them that when all summer long. the fbi worked sources and sources and sources. in case you ever saw ignoresippi burning," that because it is inaccurate. the fbi figured it out through good old-fashioned police work. there was no mafioso threatening people with guns. they eventually find a source and the police highway patrol meant that gives them the information that leads them there. guess what they find when they are dragging rivers in mississippi? bodies of eight other black people. eight. not one or 2, 8. and identified 3, 1 was a 14-year-old. they found his body, he was wearing a core t-shirt. they found charles moore, dean, and five other bodies were never identified. nathan? >> didn't civil rights activists keep identification on them in case they were found? did, they try to do that. but if you get thrown in a river, those things often disappear. there had been no national outcry or search for any of these missing civil rights people or those missing eight people. this tells us read a schwerner was right. the national media attention of white the death people. that is what america was like in 1954 and that is the reality. we have six known murders. one of the most interesting tortillanvolves sydni poitier. there are number of great details. it is fantastic. harry belafonte was a famous singer. he was also a civil rights activist. sidney poitier was a famous actor. raised $60,000, but he did not trust wire transfer to mississippi. he decided to take $60,000 in cash to a bag and fly out to greenwood, mississippi and deliver the money in person. toconvinces sidney poitier go with him. they were both very nervous about this because they knew what was going on in mississippi. but they fly down there and are met at the airport. they were met by james forman. and, three cars full of civil rights activists. they are put in the center car to protect them. and they take off. three cars in a caravan. r see therend poitie are other cars following them and they thought they were protected. klan, which was the it chased them to the city of greenwood. protecting -- the cars were protecting sidney --sidney poitier and harry belafonte, the whole way. kl dida not give up until they got to greenwood. --poitier and belafonte delivered the money, and they were guarded by men with shotguns. the next morning they flew immediately back to safety. i tell you this little anecdote to show, freedom summer is not happening in pittsburgh. there are things that are connected to the bigger elements to 1964. it is the story of 1964. anybody ever heard of freedom summer before you took this class? quite a few of you. did you hear about it from my other class? who heard about it from my other class? summer was a huge his story in 1964. but it is not as well-known because what will happen after 1964? vietnam comes and blows everything away when it comes to our thinking of the 1960's. but that will really not start for another few years. freedom summer is very much connected to what is happening nationally and what is going on throughout the country. to schwerner, chaney, and goodman. we know the police were involved in this. that is the county sheriff. we know these people were arrested, we know the police were complicit. they were pulled over on their way out of town and night. grabs them, the local white knights of the ku klux klan. we knew it took a 44 day fbi search to find them. refusede of mississippi , and the county refused to process it. so federal prosecutor, our men,d john doar charged 18 including a sheriff deputy share, with denying the sncc activists of their rights. after years of challenges, seven in octoberund guilty 20, 1967. deputy sheriff cecil price, kkk imperial wizard sam bowers, roberts, jimmy posey., billey wayne in last person convicted this case was 2005. yes, your lifetime. convictednd jury edgar -- of three counts of murder, he was sentenced to three consecutive twenty-year terms. he was 80 years old. be no more prosecutions from the mississippi burning case. june, 2016,mmer, the cemetery there, the mississippi attorney general and the civil rights division of the thatce department declared the evidence has been degraded by memory and time. there are no more individuals that we can make a case on at this point and they have close to the investigation into the murders of schwerner, chaney, and goodman. so what are the results of freedom summer? what happened? the civil rights movement will never be the same. sncc will never be the same. mississippi will never be the same. sncc leaves freedom summer more radicalized than ever. another summer of nonviolence, another summer of murders. say,at point you begin to enough is enough? turn topoint do you which is adefense, strong, strong element in american history? "the nonviolence during freedom summer, and many begin to carry guns. this happened before, remember anne moody? they armed themselves to protect themselves from the knight riders. there is also glowing conflict in sncc between black and white members, particularly after 1000 white volunteers came in. what they feared would happen would happen. you have all these white volunteers, from privileged backgrounds, with excellent educations, rolling into mississippi, working with frankly,mericans who have had very poor educations by design, by the state of mississippi. one's a native intelligence is better than the other, it is not that one is naturally better at things than the other, it is that some of the volunteers were better at certain things that they needed to have done for the people they were working with, and this causes friction. a lot of the african-american staff members said we need to develop mississippi to pull themselves out of this. we cannot be saved by white outsiders. this clash will continue. it will snowball. and in the not so distant future, sncc will expel all of its white members. not there quite yet, but we are on the way. natural attention is drawn to the racism of mississippi. and, to the violence of african-americans. that is one of the good things that comes out of this. the civil rights movement, as we talked about, needed those white racist to respond violently to andionally and ethically morally connect with the rest of white america to force change, to force the federal government to act. and they do so. another positive thing, it generates a strong civil rights movement in mississippi. ofy said, there was not much eight civil rights movement in mississippi before. there was a broad one after the summer of 1964. out,s doug mcadams points the volunteers will emerge from mississippi profoundly radicalized in both personal and political terms. profoundly radicalized. and these are young people living out into america in the mid-1960's. it is not an accident that all of these social protest movements will start after 1964 in the united states. it is a training ground for generation of young student leaders. savio led the free speech movement at berkeley, that was not an accident. when you are trained to radically think differently about people's rights and their worth, you take that with you for the rest of your life. tom hayden, abbie hoffman, and many others, are all going to spend time in mississippi. thatare all going to learn the america they were raised with in the 1950's -- they were little kids in the 1950's. they were told all these platitudes about america. and they learned in the most terrible way, that those platitudes were not true for a broad segment of america. and they would rise up and challenge them. for coming, everybody. i will see everybody next week. and we will talk tuesday about the class. we will not have it tuesday, we will delay it a bit. thank you for coming, i will see you next week. [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2017] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. visit ncicap.org] >> join us every saturday evening at 8:00 p.m. and midnight eastern as we join students and college classrooms to hear lectures on topics ranging from the american revolution to 9/11. lectures in history are also available as podcasts. visit our website, ry/podcasts,rg/histo or download them from itunes. ask on american history tv, retired u.s. marine and former chair of the joint chiefs of staff, peter pace, talks about his military experiences and leadership. his 50 minute talk is part of an annual conference coast -- posted by the american veterans center. >> for our second keynote speaker introduction, i would like to present