Officers whose whole job, fulltime job is making sure we are in compliance with federal regulation the government has made the enforcement through state and private parties. Host what is the role of the federal register . In the old days a minute to century, they had the statute tremendously important statue the federal register is not as pages every year. The record is 80,000 pages back in the 1980s family recently broke that record. 100,000 pages of federal regulations. The important thing about that is even though the formally published regulations, federal regulators do so much by an informal number random but understanding that are not published, sort of subtle ways that dont leave any official footprints in the record. Just the tip of the iceberg and no one could keep up with all of it geared the Big Companies hire people whose words and specialty do with regulations in some specific aspect of their business. Interview, professor, the growth of bureaucratic state as you call it, could be attributed to congress . The unwillingness to the hard job of legislation to make the hard choices. They taken the easy way out out because they find the Current System is increasing their power even though it would appear to people that the delegation of legislative power is Congress Giving away its power. It is not. Congress is more powerful and more likely to stay in office under the new system. Thats where the house of representatives incumbency rate higher than the house of lords. Theyve established themselves as a permanent class as well. In the 19 centuries when Congress Actually did its job, there is the concerted plan that is the concerted plan that congress is interfering too much in the daytoday administration of government. Weve had problems on both ends of this delegating too much power and also micromanaging too much. The constitution is meant to rely a healthy balance in terms of congress being primary but not the overwhelming part of the government. Host the book is called the pure cat kings bureaucrat came. Paul marino until cell colleges the author. [inaudible conversations] welcome, everyone. Under professor in the Political Science department at usc. It is my pleasure today to introduce our author and speaker, maria r. Moody in. I must say im proud as punch to have her year because she is one of the former graduate student and many people in this room can share that honor. Richard was here a minute ago. You can share it. We all want to take credit for you to address how well we think of you. Maria is right my lecturer at the university of Auckland Department of politics and International Relations and her most recent book, even though shes been out for a very short period of time is a book on more correspondence and it grows out of research she has done over a number of years because of her interest in foreign conflicts in various parts of the world. She is going to share with you today her most recent work interviewing correspondent. Maria appeared thank you. [applause] hyatt. Thank you so much. Im so happy to be here. Thank you for coming. Im deeply grateful for what youve done. Some of my favorite people in the room and that makes me extraordinarily happy, too. Before i Start Talking about this book, reporting from the danger zone, the increasingly perilous future and i have to add the type is really small so if you are my age you have to get extra thick glasses. It makes the page count smaller. So that makes it easier. The title says a lot. It is about frontline journalist. More correspondence certainly, but also people who report authoritarian government, organized crime and what they have to go through to get the story, why they get the information we get, what are the considerations that they make in order to look into the situation and in the end, how they may get censorship and all the things that go on in this struggle, and information struggle which i sometimes call in remission were. Let me put it into a context first. This grew out of my phd dissertation, also my first book was called kill the messenger the medias role in the fate of the world. I was interested in understanding what that role of media had been in all kinds of conflicts and situations around the world. But i decoded from not. Theyre 11 case studies. The main one i like to talk about is they used to be attached to one another. They have similar dynamics, similar ethnic groups and genocidal history. After the genocide of rwanda in which 800,000 people were rudely slaughtered, a lot of ncos, International Organizations women to prevent that from happening again there. But they did is they set up media that would act as an ethical screen to change the messages instead of having the hate messages you heard about in rwanda, which people, galvanized people to help annihilate a group of people in multiple awful ways. But what they did is they change the whole equation. They humanize the other and try to help people understand the roots of the conflict. They refused to air statements from leaders that called for more killing. Instead of what we see sometimes he says shes had been the most romantic and awful statement, they said were not going to put that on the radio. Please come back with something construct it. It did help to change the dynamics in burundi. It worked for a while. Ruby is one of the conflict began. The first thing that went after is the media of course to change the messages. I was interested in ethical journalism and i was interested in what is ethical journalism and the impact it makes. Why do we get the stories we get them is for all the factors that went into the interviewing about ready to journalist to do this dangerous work. So where is a good place to begin here . Lawmakers have soared a two planes in which they fight on. There is the real physical battle, but then theres also the framer or the information war where they want to persuade as many people as they can let their side is right and the other side is wrong. It is broadening an audience as much as they can come in telling their story the way they want to tell it. Essentially their burst of propaganda on each side. Was it changed a lot of ways. For one, they are not clearcut. We dont have one state versus another anywhere. We have messy, chaotic conflict in that makes it hard for journalists to maneuver within this conflict zones. It makes it unclear what territory they are red and hes controlling the territory. But then theres also the communication factor, which has also changed the war and conflict. Part of that is this thing that was supposed to democratize the world. All these wonderful things called the internet. The internet past done some wonderful things. It has democratized in a lot of ways. Engineers can communicate with people all over the world. People who witness things can be journalist to communicate. There is an amazing array of things the internet given to us. But at the same time, the internet has also become a means for winemakers, rebel groups, terrorist groups to communicate. So what happens to journalist of the ethical journalists who want to go in there and tell what they see as the truth, a way that they see the situation accurately and as an example of something that came from the book about what these journalists do sometimes. Some of you may have heard of marie colton in the news recently. She was killed a couple years ago in syria. She and alan little at the bbc for an iraq during the first gulf war. There were two sides of the story. There had been a bombing in the Iraqi Government said the u. S. Forces had killed civilians. The American Forces said no we didnt. These two journalists went in and physically counted bodies and that is part of what they do. Then they set the world straight. Were going to physically go there and tell our audiences with the reality is. So with the internet and people being able to use to dreams in a propaganda and their own misinformation, what use is a journalist . They are kind of in the way of that story. Theyre a different phases of journalism. Very phases of journalism and journalists went to end with their side of the conflict. And theres a lot of rebel conflicts going on and journalists will able to go from one side to the other side and ask each side for their particular interpretation of what was going on. What are your concerns . That was perfectly okay with everybody because the needed journalists to tell their stories. So they were targets. Now they are in the way appeared to reproduce got the room media and so this is why weve been seeing increasingly irrational killing in places such as syria. They dont want to mutual voice. Maybe not so neutral because journalists are very much divided what makes them human. It is their humanity, emotions, their deepest cares and concerns, the interest that drives the story gathering. So without journalists, what happens . We give one side or the other or two conflicting sides. We dont know whats true and they dont know where to put our faith. This is a troublesome kind of time in terms that those of us who both want to engage with our government and some democratic fashion, want to know what our governments are doing for others. Private contractors, privatized military, lots of things like that going on. But its also for the policymakers who dont have information. A guy named roy gutman was talking about how journalists miss the story in afghanistan didnt see developments going on and didnt report and then all of a sudden you have this sort of problematic area. People couldnt make decisions about good information. So what is happening today because it is so dangerous in parts of the world like syria, a lot of News Agencies refuse to send their journalists in. One has said we will not accept freelance material. If youd gone to syria and youve got photos and stories, do not come to us because they want to discourage people from going in and risking their lives to getting their throats slit. So to create sort of a demagogue. On one hand we want the information. We want to know what is going on. On the other hand, if theyre not going to come out alive, what good is it . This is something journalist said over and over again. Some of them still go, but its interesting how they do it. One journalist interviewed remained anonymous because she does go back to syria and does not want her name in a book, but she is. American so she can fly under the radar as we speak. She is covered anyway because she is sincere and dissent and so she had a fake i. D. I dont encourage this for journalism students. She slips in and out of the check point. At one point during the uprisings and that the canadian bid they got to talking and said okay you will sit in the front seat. Heres one place where sexism helped her because they didnt even bother to ask her anything. They assume she was his wife have they got in there and reported the best stories that of egypt. These are some of the ways they operate. We do it by the rules. They get past is stamped by the appropriate group whoever is in control of the area appeared to do as much much as we can because that is our ticket out. Bettman said he had his stamp by jesus. He then pushes the envelope more come a little more and a little bit more and hes the guy that discovered the first discovery of the concentration camps in bosnia and wrote about it and mrs. Getting in that this photographer giving him candy, cigarettes. Cigarettes go along way in many parts of the world. And cnn the background what they were supposed to be seen but their head sheared like sheep from the skinny, i received have been for a long time bed malnourished. That was how they saw there was something going on. He went to refugee camps and started asking people and asking people and found other people who had escaped or have relatives that had been taken. So here you see this struggle. The government is trying to control the information. The journalists are trying to get the information but within this sort of one of the things Michael Parkes said that i was so important as the guys at the guides make the rules. He did this all the time by the way mike in south africa. He sometimes did and sometimes didnt. He might be mad at me at this point. But that is part of what happens. The rules are a little bit too unreasonable and trying to get information from the idea is. But i think i teach journalists often want to tell you something important. One example that i think of is a country that she cares deeply about. Enormous amount of empathy for people and sympathy for people. She is truly a sad and angry and saddened by what his hat named and would like to see something happen to take care of the situation. Almost invariably come up most of the journalists i talked to, this was on their mind. This is awful stuff and they want the will to act. Most of them were very disappointed. Why isnt anybody doing anything . They have resigned themselves to setting the story straight. At least there is a record and that in and of itself is a Public Service. Remember alan little in a democracy and for my first book in and how they deal my friend does. The other aspect is local journalists and foreign course finance have two different sets of complications and half of the interviewees are local correspondents correspondents who live in the region where the problems are. I was struck by an enormous amount of courage first of all and both parts. These are their friends, families, communities in many cases. The editor of virginia in bosnia he put a newspaper at every single day throughout the bosnian war. Where do we get water . Is the International Community going to do anything in the last five right now of his own journalist. Somebody machine guns sprayed his office. He happened to not eat there. He sent his family away finally and continued to work. But he felt like he had to. This sense of duty was so important to get this information. Another local journalists is a gentleman in pakistan who discovered to rezone informational documents that Something Like half of the parliament that never pay taxes. A different story than a Foreign Correspondent would cover. Something that matters to their local community and something kind of outrageous. Then he started to write about intelligence in pakistan and how they were behaving improperly at best. He got kidnapped and tortured and humiliated in shape and photographs taken and dropped off an hour outside of islamabad where he lived and put himself back together again. You would think that would be discouraging, rate . The guy kept doing the work and his family were late can you please stop doing mr. Ellison thing now. We are a little bit concerned that this is going to get us all into trouble. He said there were several things he did because he felt committed to his country. He was offered jobs in the United States, jobs in britain. But this is my country and i would like to improve the good first of all in pakistan its a little bit of a stigma to god through Something Like that. Its not like in the United States for you to go find your shrink. So he was dealing with himself. His friends were avoiding and annie said were designed to do was to focus on the present. So every time i fear would come up or the horror from the unix areas, he would focus on the present. In a few of the things thats important, he got just been so extraordinarily professional and generous with all of the people he was reporting on an all the agencies reported on, such that they like to. They didnt come after him again. You cannot misquote people. It is not at her. To be mean or rude. Put it in context. You dont accuse people. You dont bring people that you give them a better contributor contacts. If somebody says i dont want to give you a quote, give them time. Give them two months if you need it. He managed to keep reporting on pakistans still. How am i doing on time . Very good. Some of the journalists were so discouraged they wanted to leave journalism. Or just report on Something Else for a while. They had seen too much. They were guided emotionally by the lack of International Communitys response. As part of the harm done is the last really good journalists through this trauma they have endured. The different kinds had been kidnapped. The ones most traumatizing to them were not necessarily does things that happened to them. They are things like seeing my shower country shattered. The elderly couple living in a corner of a shutout hotel lost everything and asking the journalists if you go to croatia look at my daughters in time and we are okay. He took them out to the dodgers and saddened please no mommy and daddy are okay, everything is going to be signed and we are going to be sipping tea together very soon. They knew they werent going to make a period he deserted to the daughters knowing in all reality its very unlikely they are ever going to see the kids again. One of the things he pointed out is a guy wearing a tie. This is one of the things that was inspiring was the guy refused to let him take his dignity. You wear that tie. These are just remarkable stories and lies that i heard from people. Its a lot of things. One is access. Access is key. Theyre asking for permission. Sometimes they try to go in anyway. So the second thing is journalists to own interests matter so much, and earlier when i said, you know, this sense of empathy. Theres a sense of empathy, but theres also a sense of outrage. They are generally covering these things that are outrageous, that they are really angry about. This should not be. So while we talk about objectivity in journalism, theres this aspect that is not. It is humanity. Thats the word Michael Parks used. It is their humanity thats guiding them, their emotions and their humanity. Some of them did not intend to be covering things like human rights. They went in because they were interested in history unfolding before them, these big stories. Wow, were here, and we get to see it. But then they witnessed other things, and Carol Williams was one of these who she was, she was covering the bosnia conflict and met this young boy who had seen his teacher blown up in front of him. And this changed her perspective. And he was getting to hear all of the more militant people talking about shooting up the other side, and she said, you know what . Were going to stay here as long as we can, were going to get t