All politics is local. So it is not the ideological economic situation. It is difficult to make sure governments advice. Because they can be a politically very, very painful process. And no wonder in india it took election and very powerful, very determined Prime Minister to make progress recently. In nigeria is a bit political. So i dont think, i dont think theres a very clear understanding, a very clear consensus on it. Im not aware of one single government which will save no, no, no. We definitely think is a good idea. It is just that the Prime Ministers and finance ministers are looking for the political tactics to do that. And again if you post that come in this country talk about a very substantial proportion of the economically average person to you should not be surprised it is a couple good process but i do think they have made progress. I think i wouldnt characterize it as a failing. If i could you share an anecdote empty chair at the National Press club theres a meeting with all the heads of theres energy trade associations, and make presentations on the stated industry. The year ago i got up and asked a question but i said, how many other industries would agree to give up all the subsidies you receive if we got rid of all the subsidies that would put on a carbon tax . So everybody would have a level playing field. Not one hand was raised. So this issue of subsidies isnt just something that pertains to asia. Weve got plenty of them right here at home. Thank you so much for all your excellent presentations. So i guess to some of the old on charlies sort of question, after the keynote, so that currently there is some momentum building from the u. S. And i guess the western europe to sort of severely limit the Public Financing for coal. We have covered some of the key indicators and they suggest that coal may still be the only viable option. In that light, i mean its for asia at least we talk about the u. S. Or europe, or even say lets put china into the a side because theres enough of private financing come is Public Financing will use that often for asia . Well, with a bit of the certification the typical asian country, its very integrated monopoly so that no, there is no real competition or even who is competition in most Asian Countries. That you might have private investment backed by longterm contracts with the government over the dominant more often than not and more often than not that industry has picked relationship with the state owned banks. Now, if this is in the country that the conditions for right and the institutions function lets say malaysia for example, i would put that into the category, the malaysian they can do pretty much whatever investment they want because they have [inaudible] they have access to capital from various sources. If you have countries that theres a big impetus subsidy problem burning cash or you have a over function finance the taliban system, there you have a big, they have a much bigger potential role for Development Banks. But the thing our number start a very large proportion of the Capital Needs could actually be mobilized by the private sector or by the cover. Again if you have quite popular in some Asian Countries if have a longterm contract with the government and the government has a proper capital market, and that longterm contract will enable the investor to raise capital. Let me add, i think it could be very different depending on the asian country. Because i think of the lower Income Countries laos cambodia myanmar Nepal Company of the lower middle Income Countries, vietnam bangladesh come at any of the middle Income Countries. I think the middle Income Countries is correct worry have depth in the financial system. You have utilities that are decently managed, and, therefore, there is appetite for private banks to invest in these things. But the lower, and the lower Income Countries of laos is very hard to get the private sector to invest anyway in laos or nepal or cambodia. Thats were develop and Financing Institutions have a large role to play. I think its in middle Income Countries with plays a very interesting. Because on the one hand, the longterm strategy should be i useduse the word should come should be developing financing comes in and investments we make is a third part of the thing that would be. The first part we do should be that policy dialogue to address all those things that charlie discussed. Governance in the power sector, how its done, should we unbundle the utility to transmission generation transmission distribution . Can we help them set up regular so they can set up a market like that . Once we do that then the developer and Financing Institution should come up with some Technical Assistance to do some capacity building, help establish that regulation or then only should we come in with the financing after that. So then those countries i think play a very Important Role. We should also play this role i shouldve said this first but we should also play the role in the lesser developed countries. But for larger countries the other part of your conversation from your question i think was reported and disguised very well, and its a question of whether they should be financing goal. And i think the value of the Multilateral Institution in china is actually an interesting role because we let me 1. 5 billion. Thats a rounding error for the international budgets. We dont really need you dont really need our financing to build roads, transmission lines. Us that were our Value Addition is. Its not financing for them. For them they want us to do things that theyve never done before. So they want us to do tpp for toll roads in some cases which have done but you want to do more. In the power sector they want us to give supercritical over supercritical. They want us to do this combined more efficient use of coal. Cc is the sort of thing. Thats the Value Addition they have begged such as the financing of the knowledge we bring to projects to try out new things that they havent tried. Is fungible, right if they use armory to do this and it frees up some of their capital to finance other things we can do. [inaudible] we have to keep in mind the really large amount of electricity is not to give light box to very, very poor people in very poor village. That is increasing thats a major improvement for the very very poor people. Really large amount of electricity is in move a step up in Human Capital that these people go to work in a factory and had money to buy a refrigerator and next step takeover airconditioning. The city of singapore 97 of the buildings have airconditioning. So the really, really large amount of electricity is not at the bottom of the pile of the. The centers for Companies Collect justification in southeast asia, its not a large amount. Its completely unfair to frame it as a big part of the Climate Change debate to the really large amount of electricity is lifestyle. Thats when the numbers become very, very large. I think we would be remiss if we didnt draw on shoichi expertise is one of the leading Energy Geopolitics and in asia. Some going to ask the question and i think shoichi if you advising the japanese government, which im sure youve done before but today, what would you say are the most critical things japan needs to do to get on a sound energy path in 10 to 20 years . Where does russia fit in as a supplier to japan for the rest of the authorities . How serious do you think the perception is in japan that chinas bellicosity in the south and east china seas really is a serious issue for people concerned about Energy Geopolitics in japan . Thank you for raising very interesting set of questions. First of all. [inaudible] totally need to restart new delhi actors as fast as possible. Theres no question about it. You know its just easy [inaudible] and i havent country without no domestic reserves. [inaudible] [inaudible] of course its easy to conceive the percentage we have to be prepared for all sorts of things. The question is crude oil or imports. As reserve, natural gas, the story is different thanks to u. S. Share japan is expected to import as much as up to about 20 from north america by early 2020. And japan is also interested in alaskan projects. [inaudible] up to the end of 2020s. By 2030 japan can increase its import of omg o g from north america. Plus were importing so our relativity of import is shifting. We cannot expect the same center with the u. S. And crude oil. Sound like. [inaudible] with regard to russia, first russia doesnt have such a path of exports. To the world. I have only one project. It takes many more years to build something new. It takes more than a longtime. As opposed to the recent big deal of china russian gas pipeline contract. It stabilizes the region, supply demand balance of natural gas and basically japan is very happy about it. I think we [applause] tonight on cspan a special presentation remembering public figures who died in 2014 beginning with former Senate Majority leader howard baker. We will show a 2007 interview looking at senator bakers career in congress. As chief of staff to ronald reagan. You can watch the interview tonight at 8 p. M. Eastern on cspan. On cspan2 its booktv in prime time with authors have written about richard nixon. More now on the future of coal in todays Energy Environment and how it factors into the Climate Change debate. Panelists look at the state of Clean Coal Technology and its role in reducing Carbon Emissions. This is about an hour and 40 minutes. So, thank you so much for i guess, staying with us. My name is jimmy jimmy carter, missing a with css energy and National Security studies, im sorry, security program. And my name is jane mcconnell. Its my pleasure to moderate the second panel which will examine the role of technology in addressing coal related Carbon Emissions challenge. I think that the panel, the first panel very much, so some key consensus type of messages in that coal will be imposed as part of the generation mix certainly for developing economies but then also for the u. S. It has Important Role in Economic Development but also in Energy Security as well, supply security and diversification. But then at the same time, you know carbon challenge is something that everyone has in mind. Anything for some of the countries that really is the overarching message as policymakers formulate. I think for some other economies, perhaps the supply security is the overriding concern as opposed to climate but generally i think Public Awareness on the climate challenge is rising around the world. So certainly this makes technology as one of the areas of solution and makes our discussion, particularly timely. And during this panel id like to invite our panelists to sort of discuss with us some of the opportunities and challenges that are associated with the development and deployment of clean Coal Technologies around the world. And also some key issues that there are also other key issues we may explore in this Technology Area such as you know, what are the relative advantages and disadvantages of ccs versus supercritical ultra Super Critical clean Coal Technologies, both from the climate but also also in economic perspectives. And also i would be interested in Hearing Panel perspectives on commercial viability or ccs especially without the option ber option. And its not to say its not import. It varies from market to market, economy to economy. So maybe you could have some sort of timeline that we can start thinking as we look to technology as one of the solutions. And also maybe we can spend a little more time on the r d side of it. Certainly dr. Freedman talked a little bit about it but whats the framework right framework and what are some of the key ingredients and successful roadmap for ccs are indeed for the u. S. Many but perhaps in some of the other leading economies that are experimenting with ccs deployment. And its my to pleasure to introduce the excellent panel here. To my immediate left is mr. Hiroyuki hatada, chief representative of the Washington Office of naro new energy and Industrial TechnologyDevelopment Organization of japan but its a very catchy name. Is japans Largest Technology project Management Organization and its affiliates of their mission of the company could interest. Is currently in Council Technology cooperation between u. S. And japan and managing existing bilateral Technology Demonstration projects among others. His previous roles include drafting and implementing policies and industry in such areas as waste computer recycling of biofuel quality regulation. So hes certainly not a stranger to the Energy RelatedTechnology Opportunities and challenges. To his left is mr. Bob perciasepe the president of the center for climate and energy solutions, also known as cq ef. Which is a widely recognized organization in the u. S. And around the world as a leading independent voice for practical policy actions between challenges of energy and Climate Change. So perfect to have him. And he probably doesnt need come under renewed to mention this but he was most recently they administer abuse environment accession agency from 20092014 come and doing it to his time as deputy administrator epa set stricter auto emissions and mileage standards, increased protection for the nations streams and rivers and develop carbon emission standards for power plants. His Previous Public Service included secretary of environment for the state of maryland in the early 90s and also senior planning official for the city of baltimore. To his left is mr. Ben yamagata, a partner at his lover. His practice encompasses better was the federal, legislative and other issues in the area of energy, environment and Natural Resources related matters. He represents clients before the u. S. Congress as well as federal agencies including but not limited to d. O. E. , epa and interior. From both projects specific and pragmatic, programmatic issues that relate particularly to Technology Research, Development Demonstration and deployment relating to the use of both fossil and Renewable Energy resource. In addition to his work, he served as the executive director of the Coal Utilization Research Council which is a coalition of industry with an interest in promoting Clean Coal Technology. So we could not have had a more Perfect Panel than these three eating practitioners and thinkers as we try to take a closer look at what Clean Coal Technology can do in our efforts to address the Carbon Emissions challenge. And im going to invite each speaker to speak for 25 and 25 minutes, and then we will hopefully have enough time to take a lot of great questions, and then it certainly opened up further discussion. Hiroyuki please. Thank you very much jane your and welcome ladies and gentlemen. Its great honor for me to be joining this Important Panel even though i had to postpone my florida vacation one week. [laughter] today im happy to brief you on what Coal Technology can do in order to reduce global co2 emissions. As introduced, my name is Hiroyuki Hatada from the washington, d. C. Office of neitdo. Before getting started, let me just briefly introduce neitdo to you. Neitdo is the Technology Development agency under the jurisdiction of the Japanese Ministry of economy and industry. We are japans largest public Technology Project management agency. And so we formulate our Technology Development projects, and we manage those projects. And we have a consortium of project performers who work on our projects for us