Transcripts For CSPAN2 Key Capitol Hill Hearings 20141217

Capability. So i dont, i wouldnt regard any iran agreement on enrichment as a precedent although i do believe that if the p5plusone countries managed to achieve an agreement with iran this would improve prospects for a productive negotiation with the north. On the other hand fail lure to Reach Agreement between p5plusone and iran i think would further reduce the probability of effective negotiations with the dprk. But the subject of this of this panel is korea and major powers. Picking up on your cue, Ambassador Park, i will talk about north korea and major powers. Of the north korean relations with major powers clearly its relationship with china is the most important. China is the main supplier of food and fuel to north korea. It is its biggest trading partner and china has made a conscientious and persistent efforts to get north korea back on the path of denuclearization but china has been terribly frustrated in its dealings with north korea over recent years. It has been frustrated by, more than frustrated by the provocation, the deadly provocations by north korea against the rok. By north koreas continued nuclear and missile programs, and by its renunciation of its commitment to denuclearization in the september 2005, sixparty joint statement. Clearly there has been a cooling of relations between china and the dprk and i understand in our chinese colleagues can elaborate, that theres a fairly lively internal debate within china about whether the, whether the dprk is more of a Strategic Asset or more of a strategic liability to china. China has been prepared from time to time to apply pressure against north korea but its been reluctant, reluctant to use all the leverage available to it in order to press the North Koreans and i think the reason for that is is a fear that too much pressure could end up destablizing the regime in the north and lead to instability on the peninsula and in northeast asia. The North Koreans are now and have been for some time engaged in a very active, diplomatic outreach efforts, part of a kind of Charm Offensive by the pongyang regime. Its released the american detainees. It sent a highlevel delegation to meet with south korea in inchon at the time of the asia games. Chu visited european capitals. Highlevel delegation recently visited moscow and there have been bilateral discussions between north korea and japan on the abductee question although i dont expect anything useful to come out of that. What are the motivations for this diplomatic outreach activity by the north . I think one of the motivations is a desire at present to blunt pressures against the pyongyang regime on human rights front. The concern that the u. N. Security council might refer the north korean regime and its leadership to the International Criminal court. I think the outreach is designed to try to dissipate those pressures. I think the outreach is also designed to try to divide the major powers from each other and to try to get assistance for the north in pursuing its Economic Development objectives but to get that assistance without having to make compromises, sacrifices, in terms of its Nuclear Weapons program. I think it is very important for the major powers, for north koreas partners in the moribund sixparty process to remain united in continuing to make very clear to the north that it cant achieve two objectives simultaneously. The objectives of strengthening its economy and the objective of continuing to pursue its nuclear and missile ambitions. But in the meantime its clear that north Koreas Nuclear and missile programs are progressing. I agree with you, Ambassador Park, time is not on our side. The North Koreans have recently increased, i believe, i believe they increased the amount of plutonium they have available for Nuclear Weapons. They have doublinged size of their Enrichment Program and undoubtedly in my view are enriching uranium outside of yongbong and producing highly enriched uranium for Nuclear Weapons program. Continue to work on longrange missiles including icbm range missile that would eventually be capable of delivering a Nuclear Weapon to the United States. So i think it is very important that we act to stop this momentum in north korea keys destablizing nuclear and missile programs. The only way we stop that momentum by engaging with north korea but we cant engage or north koreas preferred terms. Its preferred terms is to have discussions among country that are armed with Nuclear Weapons designed perhaps to limit those capabilities. That can not possibly be the objective. The World Community can not accept north korea as a permanent Nuclear Weapons state. The purpose of any engagement with, with north korea, on the nuclear issue, is to recommit north korea to the goal of the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula and it is important that north korea take tangible steps of restraint to give credibility to that commitment. Now i dont think it is, i dont think it is realistic to expect north korea to take tangible steps of restraint before sixparty talks have commenced. They made it clear theyre not prepared to do that and i believe that to be the case. But i think we can engage in, when i say we, north koreas neighbors can engage them in, in informal, exploratory discussions to test whether the north would be willing to commit to certain steps once the sixparty talks have reconvened. Who should hold these exploratory, informnal discussions with the North Koreans . Okay. I think clearly the South Koreans should. Theyre an Interested Party and have, should have every right to explore bilaterally with the north but also the United States should. China has served as an intermediary between the u. S. And the north for quite some time but it is important for the u. S. To sit down directly facetoface with the north to, and in an unfiltered way, to get its points of view across. And after all, its the alleged u. S. Hostile policy against the north which is the primary north korean justification for its nuclear program. I believe the United States is prepared to engage the north in these informal explore story talks. Exploratory talks. Assistant secretary Danny Russell mentioned that the u. S. Is willing to have these talks. He also mentioned that the u. S. Should not be the exclusive interlocutor with the, with the north and i completely agree with that. Others have a stake and need to be processed in any process of denuclearization. But it is very important i think that the u. S. Do engage with the north. But i think so far so far it has been the north that is reluctant. Ambassador park, you talk about the strategic patience. If there was patience i think it has worn off a long time ago. The u. S. Has been ready to engage with the north but it has been the north of late that has been very reluctant to have this dialogue. I think it is very important for the major powers of the world and, including north koreas neighbors to make very clear to the north that unless it is prepared to engauge in these kinds of exploratory talks leading to a recommitment to denuclearization that it will only face additional pressure. Thank you. Thank you, bob. Next speaker on my list is professor jong minute. She is professor at peking university and he is also Editorial Board members the Foreign Policy on analysis and haig general diplomatic studies. Thank you for the introduction. So this is a very important talk. When i was asked to discuss the first idea came to my mind is a map. Look at map and look at korea. Korea was located in any other place in the world whether it is in europe or latin america or africa. Its a big power but unfortunately it was located in such a place surrounded by countries that, all powerful bigger than korea. So there is problem that korea has developed for relations with all big powers. And but, said that i think korea is also in very important position. If you look at that International Structure in east asia korea has always been the vital place. First time that structure changed asia was in 1894, 95 after chinajapanese war when china was defeated in the Korean Peninsula. And started japanese dominance of this area. The second time is Asian International relations change and after the Second World War when the cold war started. The cold war was frozen along the 38th parallel. I think developed asia in the Korean Peninsula will demonstrate where the International Relations will go. It is very, very meaningful in this regard. So all that offers very, very interesting views. I think discuss boeings of the positive and negative side of the relationship in that area. And mt. Lee discussed the complex relations in the area, remind me that you both talked about the relationship between china and south korea and. South korea and United States in both best of times ever. But if you look at chinas relationship with north korea and americas relationship with north korea it can be said the worst time ever. There is zero sum kind of relationship between south korea with other big powers and the north korea with other big powers. So im thinking what will south korea do to enable china and United States to now play the role that they are now playing in this area. So whether, what kind of preference will south korea like to proceed, to proceed . And another important representative in this area, feature of this relationship in this area is that we see south korea has developed a very, very substantial economic relationship with china and south korea is involved with china is more than south koreas treaty volume with trade volume with both the United States and japan but at the same time south korea has developed a very close, you know, military Alliance Relationship with the United States. This is about aiid. South korea is, for instance, tell me there are two reasons. One of the reasons that Ambassador Park has discussed. The other reason i think some friends tell me that americans tried to prevent south korea from participating in the aiid and neither example in this year at airshow, south korea was supposed to go to participate in the airshow but before the south korea participated, america said no, you can not go because you have high technologies with our fighters which might be learned by the chinese. That all shows that south korea is in a very difficult position. On one hand it is developing close economic relationship with china but on the other hand there is a big political barrier. That shows in east asia which is different from other countries, from other areas. For other areas economic integration leads to political integration. But in east asia, you see the political obstacle prevent economic integration. That is other way around. So very diffcult and very interesting phenomenon in that area. Last point i want to talk about is about the professor moons perspective, very new. Reminds me of Professor Research that talked about racial imbalance and impact on Foreign Countries on foreign and security policy. I also remind, do not have the time to elaborate, how those changes, demographic change will impact south korean Foreign Policy exactly because there might be a lot of work to do. But remind me of the situation in this area in south korea that is, in south korea as well as the asia at large there is a, International Relations in east asia are much more constrained, influenced by the domestic politics of the countries in those area more than International Balance of, change in balance of power. Because it is not within the topic you discussed. There is a nationalism. Riding nationalism in asia. Not about in south korea is stronger because of the heterogeneous demographic composition of south korea is even stronger. This is also showing in japan. That is another perspective to analyze the International Development in this area. I think there is very, very interesting topic and i think, i would love to read in your book once you finished. I think i will stop here, thank you. Thank you for your presentation. Very, very timely way. My loose speaker will be professor park hee. He is professor of International University and director of institute for japanese studies. He is one of the best reknowned japanese specialists in korea. I hope he will speak therefore on japan. No, i. I while never speak on behalf of japan. I will always speak on behalf of korea. But, during the break Ambassador Park gave me freedom of speech. I can tell whatever i want to and the professor saved japan for me for the reason he doesnt like abe. I will talk about first, i will give you me take on recent japanese relations and how it affects the major relations in northeast asia. It is certain that abe, abes election, general election was a victory for him. He, but i do not agree that the victory was a landslide victory for abe. He just barely maintained status quo. You shouldnt forget that voting rate was only 52 . It was 69 in 2009 and 59 in 2012. So the smaller number of votes went on the ballot, which means they are not enthusiastic about abe. And dont forget that lpe voters gave much more votes within the ruling coalition. So the, and that i checked it. The, the voting rate was 52 but the proportional representation votes only, it is 33 of the votes went to the went to the ldp. Which means about 17 of the entire electorate supported ldp. That means less than one out of five in japan. So i think abe should be careful about reading the election result. This is not a landslide victory for him. And even but it is for sure that divided opposition may be very, very opposition weak as time goes by. Only opposition that gain attracted a lot is the communist party, Japan Communist Party because people had no choice in the, in the third area. And i am a little bit relieved to look at Regional Election in that the party, the next generation, lost 17 seats. They have only two seats left. So this means that the rightwing element in Japanese Society is weakening. So that is good news. So after this, abes victory, he security more than 2 3 majority in the lower house. I think he is going, he will try his best to gain more than 2 3 majority in the upper house election in july 2016. I hope he can be much more cautious to achieve that goal but i dont know, his character is not that much cautious. So what, what does it mean for the asian power relations in this region . I think it is good for the United States first of all because abe will strongly push the collective selfdefense issue and abe will be much more forth coming in the issue related to ppp. So in terms much both the security and economy it is good for the United States. But i think the, you should be carefully watch, you should be watch carefully the fukushima relocation issue. It will be more of a hurdle because the in okinawa there are statistics, none of the ldp candidates were elected in okinawa. Which means the relocation will have the some hurdle there. And even though collective selfdefense issue will be pushed forward, yesterday, according to a news agency the opinion survey, 55 of the respondents are against the abes security policy. That means you should navigate through a resistant domestic public even though you won the election. As for the relationship between china and japan im not that much optimistic even though abe and president xi met and shook hands looking other direction which was very interesting shot but, i think strategic rivalry between japan and china will never come to an end and still lingering suspicion on both side especially about the territorial issues and these issues will continue and much more. China is ready and willing to play the history card much more actively than before as the anniversary. I think china is taking on history and more and more putting it on the table. This is a very convenient cause in northeast asia because if you play the history game nationally, korea and japan can hardly get together. China and korea get together much more. I think china knows exactly what it is doing. That is kind of a concern for me a little bit and so what then about the koreajapan relations . The abe victory is not good news for us, for korea but i dont think it is not bad news either but he will, we now know finally, when i told the policymakers that abe will be continue to be there until 2018 they were suspicious. Now everybody believes me will be there until september 2018. And we have to deal with him. But you have to, i have to be clear that korea, unlike the perception looking from our side, korea is willing and ready to talk to japan. And the at least from this september korea became much more flexible dealing with the japan issue. First of all we opened all the channels of communication except summit talks so last month i accompanied the speakers visit to japan. That means according to our constitution is number of persons. Safe for the summit meeting all the talks are going on. Unlike the previous approach we make a parallel approach that say, rather than making history in front of all the problems, we know that history is there but all the other cooperative issues are discussed. At many levels. So i think we have politics and were getting more, we are much more flexible than before but the problem is, the thing is that the president , i dont think President Park will make a compromise about the issue. As there are all kinds of interpretations about the comfort woman issue but i think the comfort woman issue is serious japan problem. I dont think anybody can internally inside of japan there are people trying to say they didnt make any mistake in the past which is a grave mistake. So i think the, the mood in the Japanese Society is not that much sanguine in the sense that there is a kind after korea bashing especially throughout the weekly magazines. So i have a first, i have a heard after antikorean sentiment in japan even though i lived in japan more than 25 years. Talking about antijapan korea bashing. Were always talking about antijapan in korea and theyre talking about antikoreans in japan. So the mood of the society is not that much much bright. Also i dont know whether abe can deal with the issue of very smartly considering that the domestic political context in japan. So three factors will influence the future course of koreanjapan relations. First of all, domestic politics. We talk about the in the area of diplomacy of domestic politics should be, it is not, domestic politics is not even given Foreign Policy but koreajapan relations is all much story about domestic politics. So you can hardly get away from it. Whether korea will celebrate the anniversary of koreajapan norm salization or deliberate more liberation from japan we dont know. So that is one factor. The other factor is china, whether china will continue to play history card and try to cut the koreajapan, the ties. Or koreajapanchina will come up with a kind of trilateral format, korea, japan, china. My question to professor lee, what is the chinas take on promotion of the trilateral summit meeting among japan, korea and china. So i want to hear your view on that. Finally i think u. S. Issue will play a role. I dont think u. S. Can determine this situation but as for the comfort issue i think the u. S. Can take much, much stronger position on that and abe will do it smartly. Thank you. Thank you, professor park. I would like to test the tolerance of the before lunch but i always have some two questions. One question, why are, chinese pressure on north korea lead to destabilization . If pyongyang believes, beijing is serious, would it not cooperate and reap benefits of the western economic aid . Maybe somebody could make some soness. Some response. Or this could be discussed in the third session. Second question, seoul and moscow are working together with north korea on development project. A port, potential laying pipeline development. Despite u. S. Demands that south korea confront russia and north korea, will this development succeed . The same categories which could be but if anybody is could respond, it is up to you. So, but anyway. There is one question to you. Okay. Help me. Sorry. I think, north korea believes that china is serious but the problem is it also believes that to have Nuclear Weapons, extremely important to north korea. Thats the problem you know. Thats why it hasnt been able to give up. But i dont think the Chinese Government is playing this, in order to make south korea and japan separate and cannot cooperate. I dont think thats, i dont think it ever occurred to the Chinese Government, the officials, that this would be the end again in the game. They are playing us for domestic political support. You cant establish him corporate relationship, but to say that china wants to play this card in order to make japan and south korea together, i think thats a bit offish. With regard to chinas position, i think that voting share issue, i mean, sal koreans are concerned about this. Chinas overwhelming position in terms of decisionmaking. I think some chinese also are concerned. Some chinese are saying, ive heard people in these positions are saying, you know, if we have dominant position making power, we would find it very difficult to say no to friends who demand lending, right . Its like maybe pakistan would say, well, lets have, you know, 5 billion, we want infrastructure project. Should china say yes or no . Probably if more democratic decisionmaking can say, well, you know, other shareholders cannot agree. You make decisions more on commercial basis rather than political basis. Probably that would alleviate chinese anxiety in that regard. So i think there are different opinions as to how much vote, voting share china should have to maximize its own interest. There are differences. And, finally, peace and stability versus stabilization. I think china used to prioritize peace and stability. But in recent years there have been shifts. I think now we are not sure now. My guess is, you know, china is still balancing between the two, but the trend of change is towards prioritizing denuclearization. But if you ask different people, you make you may get different answers at the moment. But over time i think the priority is certainly on denuclearization. Thank you. I think weve talked quite a lot about the chinese role as new leader, this new order. I think, make it short, in order for china to become one of the genuine g2 global leader, it has to take on certain values that are universally accepted. And i think in that sense the chinese position on north korea will be a litmus test as to whether china is able to go beyond the hard power that it already is, whether china becomes a soft power i think its position on north korea will be very, very significant. I understand why china takes the position is taking right now. Because north korea still serves a purpose in terms of strategic buffer. But i think the longer china continues to be a patron of this rogue state, that its determined by the United Nations as a country that commits crimes against humanity, that turns a blind eye to the nonproliferation regime of the International Community. Its going to be a huge burden on china increasingly. So i believe that in the midto longterm perspective, the sooner china is able to shed this headache, the sooner china will become a bona fide leader that will earn its respect, and certainly from south korea. Professor moon . Yes. A pressing priority for all of us. Very shortterm thinking on my part, which is lunch. [laughter] thank you all again. Lets give a big hand to our panelists. [applause] [inaudible conversations] coming up today on our companion network cspan, the undersecretary of state for arms control and International Security will speak about the administrations Nuclear Arms Control efforts. See that light from the Brookings Institution at 10 a. M. Eastern. At 2 30 p. M. A Senate Environment and public works subcommittee holds a hearing on the epas proposed regulations aimed at cutting down smog and ozone pollution. Here are some of the programs you will find this weekend on the cspan networks. Find our complete Television Schedule at cspan the court and let us know what you think about the programs you are watching. Call us at 2026263400, email us at comments cspan. Org, or send us a tweet at cspan hashtag comments. Join the cspan conversation, like us on facebook, follow us on twitter. Next, more from the Brookings Institutions daylong forum on u. S. , china and south korea relations. We will hear keynote remarks from the assistant secretary of state for the bureau state for the bureau of east asian and Pacific Affairs who discusses the u. S. Shipped to the asiapacific, and why its important for americas future. This is one hour. Good morning, everybody. My name is Strobe Talbott i had the honor to work for the scholars at the Brookings Institution, and its a particular pleasure to welcome all of you to a discussion on the issues and the interests that are of extreme importance to many countries in the world, but particularly to the three who are being featured here this morning, and thats the United States of america, the republic of korea, and the peoples republic of china. The Brookings Center on east asian policy is proud in this event, and in other events, to work very closely with the Korea Foundation for advanced studies, and the school of International Studies at peking university. We are grateful for the leadership and, of course, the participation of Ambassador Park and cook, the president of the aes ksa is, and as board chair. We are also very pleased to have with us a good friend and an old friend, the dean of the school, whom we regard as a brookings alumnus because he participated in our centers visiting Fellows Program as did several other of our guests today. This event is in the category of what is often called track two diplomacy. It brings together scholars and experts who were intimately knowledgeable of their governments policies and who can, therefore, supplement the exchanges of diplomats and officials. Im sure that todays conference, which we call a trial law because its a threeway dialogue, can contribute in that fashion to the cause of decent prosperity in a very important region of the world. And it can also stimulate, inform and elevate public debate on the risks and opportunities of policymakers and washington, seoul and beijing are dealing with. To get us started we have a distinguished american official who is very much involved in policymaking here in washington, and also in the stewardship of u. S. Relations with the republic of korea, peoples republic of china, and other important nations in that region. Daniel russel, whom ive had the honor of knowing and working with for many years, his assistant secretary of state for east asia and Pacific Affairs. He recently, just within the last couple of weeks, return from travels with the president obama to china, burma, and australia. He is going to provide us with an overview of u. S. Interests and policies in the region. So, danny, welcome back to brookings, and thanks for giving us the view from washington and the jew from track one diploma diplomacy. [applause] the view from track one diplomacy. Well, stroke, thank you very much for the introduction. I have had the honor of working for you at the state department. In fact, i vividly remember as a young officer getting the bad news that after 10 years serving overseas i had to come back to washington. But the good news that is being brought back to work for the been undersecretary of state, peter karloff, and then later tom pickering. So thank you very much for all youve done, strobe, as a diplomat, as a journalist, as a thinker, particularly in this great institution. Its an honor to be a brookings, and iconic forum in u. S. Foreign policy arena, development. And thanks to jonathan pollack and others. I. C. Richard bush and a lot of very familiar faces here. I also want to say thank you to Ambassador Park into jia, whom i know well, and underscore the importance that we place and the administration places on the role of think tanks, of scholars. You are very important contributors to the policy dialogue, to our formation, into the elimination of our policy, not only in washington but in the republic of korea, in the peoples republic of china, and elsewhere. In that vein im pleased to participate with ksa yes, with peking University School of International Studies. Many years ago, many now, when i worked for first senator and then ambassador mike mansfield, i freakily heard him pronounce that the next century, the 21st century, will be the century of the pacific. I remember thinking at the time that it sounded a little hyperbolic. Fortunately, i kept my mouth shut. Because now we all accept how prescient those remarks were, and he was. Mansfielmansfiel d, i know, was profoundly interested in the affairs of northeast asia. Because he believed, as president obama and secretary kerry believes, that americas well being, security, Economic Future and prosperity are all deeply affected by developments in the region. And the Obama Administration has placed tremendous importance on northeast asia, on our relations with china, our relations with the republic of korea. And we, too, understand the tremendous impact that the relationship, the policies in northeast asia have on the United States, and have on the world. Since 1977 when mansfield left the senate and took up his ambassadorial post in tokyo, and certainly since january of 2009 when president obama and office, the pace of change in northeast asia has been extraordinary. While its stable relative to certain other parts of the world, as the invitation of this conference mentioned, that cannot and must not be cause for complacency. The stakes for the global economy, for the regional and world stability are simply much too high for the. So the individual and the collective challenge for chinese, North Koreans, for americans, for others, is to help build an inclusive, stable and sustainable regional order. The question is, in northeast asia, what would be the tenets of that order, and how can we build from that to create a base from which we can help preserve the peace, advance human dignity, promote prosperity and opportunity in the wider region, and ultimately in the world . Thats the question. Let me know what you come up with. The fact is our countries have a tremendous ability to shape the future. We are major World Economy. We are home to some of the worlds most innovative companies. We are home to great thinkers. We are home to an imaginative and efficient manufacturers. Thanks in part to our investment in each other. Thanks in part to our tight financial and supply chain links. Just think apple iphone, just think samsung galaxy. Just think one of the thinkpad. But we are not only linked by investment capital, we are linked by human capital. Over 40 of International Students in the United States come from northeast asia. Likewise, china has risen to be the fifth most popular destination for American Students studying overseas. And last year saw significant increases in American Students in japan and korea. The blending of our cultures and sharing of knowledge is seen from everything from food to film to sports to music, to this very conference. Now, i know International Relations isnt quite gangnam style, but this conference is not going to break youtube. Even though youve clearly got a good audience. But i do hope and that he believed that working together you will be just as creative as psy. You will be able to drive the kind of future that we are trying to build. I know i am setting the bar pretty high with gangnam style, but i know, i know jonathan organizes a good conference. So given our commonalities, its natural that we seek opportunities to collaborate. Strobe call this a psy trialogue. Groups of nations working together increasingly on important force in global policymaking. By definition they are more inclusive than bilateral partnerships, and in practice i can attest that they are much more nimble than Large Membership International Organizations. For example, the u. S. , australia, japan trilateral Security Dialogue which is more than a decade old is an arrangement that just last month in brisbane saw president obama host trilateral meeting with Prime Minister at it, Prime Minister abe. It showed the three nations are moving beyond regional issues to jointly confront global challenges, to kick starting the World Economy to battling i so and ebola, a humanitarian and Disaster Assistance to strategies on development that can transform societies. At the time to trilateral collective of another group in the does extremely important work. President obama hosted a trilateral meeting in march in the hague where he and president part and primers on the canceled on the north korean threat, another concern. Those groupings are based on shared values like democracy, human rights and respect for international law. They are based also on shared interests, both in the pacific and across the globe. And the group that i will be joining tomorrow, i had to ahead in new delhi, is a trilateral consultation. These are just a few of the examples that attest to the possibility of plural lateral, multilateral engagement. They attest to the utility of a flexible geometry involving northeast Asian Countries with the United States. So in that vein we welcomed President Parks called last month for a resumption of the trilateral Foreign Ministers meeting of china and republic of korea and japan. I think theres a widespread hope and expectation that after the meeting of the three Foreign Ministers, a meeting of the leaders will also resume. That would be a very good sign for peace and stability in northeast asia. Regardless of format, i think we can all see the critical importance of communication among the Major Players in northeast asia, china, republic of korea, japan as well as with the United States. Because we need to build on areas where our interests converge and manages issues in the areas where our interests may conflict. Our collaboration to counter ebola, as i mentioned, is a good example. So is the Crisis Management mechanism that china and japan agreed in principle last month in beijing, in which we hope will be, operations and. Conversely, last year the abrupt declaration of an air Defense Identification Zone in the East China Sea was an object lesson in how not to handle a sensitive issue pertaining to overlapping national interest. The coming year, 2015, presents us with a particularly sensitive set of issues. The anniversaries we will mark. Its the 70th anniversary of the end of world war ii. Its the 50th anniversary of normalization between seoul and tokyo. 1945 saw the creation of the u. N. It saw the dropping of the topic atomic bomb in hiroshima and nagasaki. The United States occupation of japan. Koreas independence and also its a division. The nationals chinas decision to recognize mongolia as an independent country, a country of note that mixture also celebrates 25 years of democracy. Navigating all of these anniversaries, working through the use remembrances, this is going to require restraint and require good judgment, require political and diplomatic skill. And, frankly, i welcome your advice and your counsel in this conference on not just how to handle the anniversaries, but how to build on them as well. Because the record of the past 70 years in northeast asia has been one of extraordinary progress. As ive said before, progress in 2015, particularly in the relationship between tokyo and seoul, and the relationship between tokyo and beijing, in turn what our historical millstones into historical milestones. This is not a theoretical proposition. China, south korea, japan are Major Players in the region security and economy. Also are increasingly active and influential players on the global stage. Far from asia or the asians, its now asia for the world. We cant afford to have the three major countries in northeast asia operate in anything less than a fully cooperative manner with themselves, and with us, let alone working at cross purposes. One important way to support good relations among neighbors is support for the wellestablished regional order. That includes utilizing a pack. That includes utilizing the east asian summit and other acm centered for a. And, of course, that regional order is built on a Strong Foundation of u. S. Alliances and just security partnerships that have kept the region safe and stable. This architecture and a system that the u. S. Has championed and fostered trade and investment and economic and political linkages, educational and tactical, technological exchanges. And rapid development, enriching countries across the region. And helped lift hundreds of ms. Of people out of poverty. And as each country in northeast asia has developed and found its social and economic and political footing, first japan, then the republic of korea, it has paid back the system and worked to further strengthen the system and expand benefits. Now its chinas turn. Just look at the period from Richard Nixon historic visit to the normalization of relations 35 years ago, to chinas secession to the wto, to the achievements of sunnylands, to become pashtuns of president obamas visit in beijing just last month. For decades, yet states have supported chinas peaceful rise. We abort to avoid strategic rivalries and to narrow and at a minimum to manage our differences. But chinas rise is by no means the only Significant Development in the region. The entire asia pacific is changing. India is not just looking east. India is now acting east. Asean is becoming more integrated. Intimations democracy is flourishing. Burmas reformers are pushing ahead. Americas rebalance is continuing and our alliances are modernizing more stronger, growing more capable. This is all to the good. But the shifting regional dynamics generate tensions as well. Tensions that pose potentially serious risks to stability and prosperity to all of us. Let me ask, is the construction of manmade outposts and the continual encroachment of ships and planes and oil rigs, is that going to be the way that asians deal with maritime boundary disputes . Will aseans longstanding effort to negotiate the basic code of conduct in the South China Sea required another decade of diplomacy . The sharpening of tensions over the maritime boundaries in the region underscore the importance of maintaining a regional system based on adherence to rules, not adhesion to rock. A system where claims are based on international law, not a sense of entitlement or muscle. A system based on interdependence and peaceful dispute management and resolution. But while changing dynamics drives some of the tensions, the greatest threat to the region is a chronic one, north korea. A dangerous outlier in asia. The good news is that north korea is an area where the rest and the rest of northeast asian walk rate closely. We do so because the risks posed to office by the dprks pursuit of Nuclear Weapons, intercontinental ballistic missiles, we just because of the risk posed by north korea and rejection of its international obligations, its broken promises and its sudden provocations. I just gave a speech last week at an institution that will go unmentioned, addressing north koreas illegal programs, its nuclear program, and its abominable human rights record. I wont reprise the whole policy laid down. Youre familiar with it, but i would mention something that happened at the event, namely, the very first question i got from the audience was basically, hey, china is the problem here, right . I mean, isnt the problem that china is preventing progress on north korea . I give an eloquent answer that can be probably boil down to simply no. The fact is that china has set unmistakable signals of its concern and, indeed, its displeasure with north koreas policies. President shes decision to visit seoul before he had gone to pyongyang are whatever met with kim jongun speaks very loudly. Now, of course the u. S. And some of our partners believe that theres more, much more that china can do to apply pressure, and i can attest that china believes theres a lot more that the u. S. Could do to engage diplomatically. But overall i say very broad line and strategic interests, in strategy, and a strong commitment to cooperation, beijing, seoul, washington, tokyo are united, and russia as well, on denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula. And at the same time, we pursue a free and whole and Nuclear Weapons free Korean Peninsula, were working with our northeast asian partners in many of the ways. Because each of us has a significant role to play in addressing the myriad and significant ongoing challenges we face in the world. In a still sluggish global economy, we are the engines of growth. Working within apac g20, we are poised to do even more. Implementing the koreau. S. Free trade agreement, negotiating a bilateral investment treaty with china. Finishing the transpacific partnership, the tpp, with japan and others. All of these will provide a huge lift to the global economy. Chinas ftas. Koreas ftas. Trade proposals like rc ap. These are all important part of the conversation as well. Now, the u. S. And china, as is well known, the worlds greatest emitters of greenhouse gas. But our recent action on climate change, on targets, show we are determined to address it. So do president obamas and Prime Ministers abes pledges to the south korean hosted Global Green Climate Fund of 3 billion in 1. 5 billion respectively. And our countries r d and Manufacturing Capabilities will keep us at the forefront of the clean energy economy. We each have Public Health and Infectious Disease expertise, and tremendous experience from the bird flu and from sars experience. That helps ensure that our nations rt contributed to dealing with ebola response. And it certain that we will need to do more in the future. We are major providers of humanity assistance and Disaster Relief from syria to iraq to the philippines, after superhigh phone kind on. We are also technicals in the issues of food security, water security, energy security. Challenges for simple in the mekong river basin. Challenge in the pacific islands. Challenges in africa. Our expertise, our capital, our efforts are needed to meet all of these challenges. I want to save some time for questions, so ill stop here. But my basic point is this. Whether it is plurilateral or trilateral or multilateral, the fact is we have entered the age of the networks. Essentially we have no choice but to interact and to collaborate. The major northeast asian powers and the United States need each other as much as the rest of the world needs us. It needs us to work together, to jumpstart the global economy, to preserve regional stability, to enhance Global Security and protect the global environment. So if i can channel my former boss, mike mansfield, u. S. , northeast asia relations are the most important plurilateral relations in the world, bar none. You know that. Thats why youre having this conference. Keep up the good work, and i very much look forward to hearing not just your questions, but in due course, your conclusions. Thank you very much. [applause] danny come on behalf of all of us think you very much for really very wideranging remarks. I loved your appeal for flexible geometry. Its what we know and do, but we practice it every day. Assistant secretary russell has volunteered to take some questions. So i will recognize them as hands go up. Please keep them brief and identify yourself as well. Beginning, yes, in the back. Joe bosco, formerly with the defense department. As the person who asked the question last week about chinas role in north korea, i wonder if you could elaborate on what seems to be a suggestion of moral equivalence, that china thinks that we need to do more. We think china needs to do more. In the same speech last week you said we bent over backwards to solve the north korea issue. Do you think china has bent over backwards or come anywhere near what the u. S. Has done . Well, i consider myself blessed, joe, to get to questions from you in two consecutive speeches. Thank you very much. And its roughly the same question. I think the constructive and useful way to look at this is in terms of common objectives and an iterative process to reconcile our strategies or getting there. They u. S. With the republic of korea is cooperating with china on the challenge of the Korean Peninsula. We are cooperating as well with other partners, including japan. We, the United States, have experimented with bilateral negotiations with north korea. I myself was part of the negotiating team led by bob colucci, that ultimately reached an agreed framework. As is wellknown, north korea cheated on that deal. A. Welch on the deal. We have a distinguished bob einhorn in the room. Bob was the architect of an important agreement with the North Koreans on missiles that fell apart because the North Koreans will not honor their obligations. Weve tried quadrilateral talks, and certainly weve tried sixparty talks. And i just heard my friend and former boss and predecessor, chris hill, give a talk on his new book out posts in which he described the efforts and the frustrations of reaching an agreement with the North Koreans, only to see it unravel as they start negotiating again from scratch and consider commitments the way that famously battalions considered red lights, as merely a suggestion. Italians considered. We are not giving up because our objective, and i venture, although diplomats arent supposed to do this, to speak for the chinese, in saying this is a shared of jacket, is to find a peaceful path to halt, rollback, and ultimately eliminate north Koreas Nuclear, Nuclear Missile program and ambition. Of course we want to do this peacefully. The fact is, ma simple and unfortunate fact is that, thats not what north korea wants. North korea is laboring under the illusion that it can simultaneously pursue and solicit Economic Growth and assistance from the International Community while also preserving Ongoing Nuclear program. That cant be done. And i venture venture to say tht only do leaders in seoul and tokyo sure that you, but leaders in beijing as well. Share that view. But we are embarked on continual effort to sharpen the choice faced by north koreas leaders. The only path to the security and prosperity that north korea claims to seek is a path of denuclearization, beginning with a freeze. And that pathway must run through negotiations. Now, we make on the basis of experience a distinction between talk and negotiations. Negotiations have to begin from an agreed premise that we are putting the issue of concern on the table, that we are entering into an effort to reach binding outcomes. That has chronically been north koreas problem. The willingness to put forward significant benefits to north korea for honoring its obligations is not in question. That has not been a problem for us. Now the chinese, in their recipe, made use more dialogue and less pressure. But fundamentally we are both trying to bake the same cake. Its a peacefully denuclearized Korean Peninsula. Thanks so much, secretary russel. If i could follow on joes question. Arent we hearing a hand at least of the possibility a hand, that the u. S. Is thinking or rethink in what seems to be a policy of no bilaterals with the North Koreans, and lets denuclearization is agreed upon . Just a second ago you said that talks have to agree that whatever the out what are the outcomes are will be binding. Is that a nuanced . Am i reading too much into that . Are we trying to look for a way to break in a sense this deadlock on bilaterals, as long as denuclearization is the only goal that we will agree to talk with him about . Thanks. No. I dont think thats an accurate characterization of what i said or what i meant to say at least. The United States has never had, or at least in most administrations, we have been willing to speak directly to north korea. Certainly the Obama Administration has never hesitated to talk directly to the dprk. We believe though that given the state that the republic of korea, first and foremost, has in the future of the Korean Peninsula, that any process with the dprk must include the republic of korea. I believe that relations between washington and seoul are better than at any time certainly in my professional lifetime. And i served in seoul and worked the korea issue for going on 30 years. Thats something that we are all very proud of. We place tremendous importance on synchronizing and consulting with the republic of korea. We listen very carefully to the thinking in the initiatives coming out of President Parks blue house. We also recognize that china, for a variety of reasons, has a tremendous influence to bring to bear and a significant role to play, as does japan, as does russia. And so the short answer is no. We are not of the view that pathway to a denuclearized peninsula is through bilateral u. S. Dprk negotiations, negotiations that we seek must be, i believe, based on the significant agreements already reached and captured in the 2005 joint statement of the sixparty talks. Thank you very, very much for the those clarifications. I think everyone agrees with the. Yes, in the back of the room over there. Sir, let me play a little devils advocate since nobody peking university once to stand up. Let me see if i can play the devils advocate on the. United states negotiation of the United States is often, its like the wild, wild west. The big gangster goes round armed to the teeth and raids the village and shoot at whoever shows up to oppose him, so i havent seen that movie. You saw them long time ago and im really amazed that United States still seems to behave like that on international forum. So isnt there a need for United States to also reduce its warmongering that it does all over the world while negotiati negotiating, while saying we want peace . Yes, the military option is there if you dont accept our proposal, we are going to give you. So given that kind of situation, wouldnt you want to change some of your positions . Well, first of all let me make clear that i came to this event on armed. [laughter] unarmed. Secondly, the child of peaceniks, brought up going on ban the bomb marches and called for agitating world peace, i share your objective that is peaceful and eight disarming world. The good news is that the military presence of the United States in the asiapacific region has been an extraordinary and an essential force for growth, for stability, and for peace. Thats something for which we can all be proud, and something for which we must all continue to work. With respect to china, im also proud to point to the very significant strides that the Obama Administration has made with the prc, particularly on xi jinping, in improving and establishing a new level of military to military engagement dialogue, and even cooperation. The pla navy participated in the rimpac, the pacific rim exercise this year for the very first time. General dempsey, secretary of defense, has visited beijing and elsewhere in china, very successful, very important visits. And Chinese Military leaders have reciprocated. And just last month when we were in beijing, president obama and president xi announced to very significant agreements with regard to the notification of Major Military exercises and standards of conduct for our naval ships at sea. This is very meaningful because as a chinas military capability continues to grow dramatically, if not exponentially, as chinas interests continue to grow dramatically if not exponentially, and as china finds itself abutting, if sometimes bumping up against, the interests of its neighbors and the interests of the United States throughout the indo pacific region, this kind of military to military communication, often in the form of hot lines and codes of conduct and confidencebuilding measures, represent essential ingredients to maintaining stability and maintaining security in the 21st century. So ill stay away from the wild west movies and leave it there. Yes. Front row. [inaudible] im from peking university. That gentleman said that he wanted to play the devils advocate. First of all, peking University Professors are not devils. [laughter] secondly, we dont need an advocate. I just have one question for you. That is, you know, there are many people who talk about china should support the u. S. In its efforts to fight isis. What exactly does the Administration Hope that china can play a role in this regard . Thank you. Well, thank you very much, and appreciative all the work that you personally and the institute does. This was a topic, of course, a conversation between our two leaders when president obama was recently in beijing, and certainly between our two systems. I joined secretary kerry indian with others on this topic. There are different ways of parsing it, but i think that the issue goes beyond isil or isis. And it pertains to the common interest that both china and the United States have in preventing the spread of radical jihadism, the interest in protecting the Global Infrastructure of finance and transportation from being utilized and hijacked by terrorist groups. Its her interest in preventing violent extremists from, particularly those returning from conflict zones in the middle east, from conducting operations from recruiting or from attacking us or our neighbors. And it also pertains to the objective that we share on the necessity of sharing information and on coordinating. So the Chinese Government has indicated more than once that its not in the basis of joining somebody elses coalition. Thats fine. But in the areas where we have a common interest, and specifically in the region such as afghanistan or pakistan where we share an interest in helping to maintain security and helping to create the indigenous capacity to defend against the threat of terrorism, we can, should, and our expanding our cooperation. Now, china has, you know very well, is increasingly faced with the large expansion of overseas citizens throughout the middle east. That gives china a new type of date in the affairs of regions that perhaps 10 years ago or 20 years ago were a little concerned to policymakers. China and its Western Province and its western borders faces the threat from organizations like the east turkmenistan movement, etn. So this is not a theoretical proposition for china, and it remains an area in which we want to cooperate. So the form, the formula for looking at this issue is not the u. S. As the money were, and china aiding us. The correct formula is the objective identification of common interests, the pooling of information and resources. And the identification of areas where coordinated and in some cases join a collective action will prove to be most effective. Theres a gentleman in the front row who has a question. Danny, you mentioned that youre going to be going to new delhi. Would you be good enough to say a word or two about what you see as the role of a major south asian country in east asia, and since you emphasize the importance of regional structures, not that india is more participatory in the asean regional forum, would you see the further opportunities for india to play a constructive role in east asian . Thank you, strobe. Without a doubt there is abundant space for india to play a greater and a constructive role in the affairs of all of east asia, including and particularly southeast asia. In the five years now that the u. S. Has been participating in the east asia summit, i have worked as a senior official involved, and i participated in, and both the Foreign Ministers level and in the leaders meeting in discussions that have included the indian leader, including in november. And i can attest that india brings an important perspective and important contribution to the discussion among the asiapacific countries. My consultations in the first instance are part of an ongoing dialogue that my colleague, the assistant secretary for south asia, and i have with senior indian Foreign Policy makers about what and how india can do and do more in terms of east asia. First and foremost, india as the Worlds Largest democracy, as an extraordinary Pluralistic Society that has an important tradition of tolerance and very strong institutions is a voice that needs to be heard in east asia. India has on to say and something to say based on its own experience. And whether the issue is democratization in burma, myanmar, or human rights in cambodia, and vietnam, or the peaceful handling of border disputes, we want indias voice to be heard. Secondly, india has extraordinary economic capacity, extraordinary unfulfilled economic capacity both as a producer and as a market. So developing, whether its the silk road of the new silk road or the new silk road maritime band, there are abundant names for it. But developing artists portrayed, expanding trade, removing barriers to trade, this is a project in which we very much want and need indias full participation. And india has an impressive record in terms of u. N. And International Peacekeeping come in terms of regional organizations and regional architecture. As i said, his is a voice that needs to be heard this is a voice that needs to be heard. What is appealing to me and my colleagues is the fact that Prime Minister modi has undertaken to build from what has been a look east policy to an act east policy. He has shown in word and deed his interests in involving india in the interest, and the thinking and the affairs of the broader region, engaging in political term, engaging in economic terms, engaging in a dialogue about future security arrangements. Thats very much to be welcomed, something that im going to hear more about. We have time for one last question, if its brief. The gentleman, yes. Mr. Secretary, congress has voted to authorize the sale of four frigates to taiwan, the president is expected to sign it into law any day now. What is the significance of this . Are you concerned that this may have any impact on u. S. China relations, particularly the miltomil exchanges . Thank you very much. That taiwan maintains it is only good cook ability to defend itself, and that is a commitment that we take very seriously. It is an ongoing effort. Thats said, the progress the world has witnessed over the last five years cross straits agreement is something that we all value. Our policy and goals aim at enhancing the stability across the straits and the region. The quality of the dialogue that we maintain with the mainland, the quality of the emerging dialogue between the defense establishment and particularly the quality of dialogue between the leaders is a critical element in ensuring that there are no misunderstandings or misapprehensions about u. S. Actions and u. S. Intentions and so on that basis i am confident that the dialogue and cooperation between the u. S. Will continue on a very steady path. On behalf of everyone here into the larger audience all of us are deeply appreciative of the time that youve given to us this morning and the candor with which youve addressed any number of questions and we never know exactly what questions might come. Thank you so much. [applause] we are covering a number of live events today including the yearend conference with United Nations secretary general don ban ki moon. The head of the National Institute of Infectious Diseases discussed the latest efforts at creating a ebola vaccine. Doctor Anthony Fauci was trying desperately panel hosted by the center for strategic and International Studies yesterday. This is just under two hours. We are at a Pivotal Moment in the unfolding ebola crisis of 2004. It comes to a conclusion. This is a Pivotal Moment to talk about the efforts that have been underway on an accelerated basis to bring forward the development of the ebola vaccine since to discuss today what lies ahead in 2015. We wont be dealing today too much with diagnostics and i hope we can come back and visit at issue in the new year. In the midst of of this urgent fluid and dangerous ebola emergency, exceptional things have begun to happen. At a point early in the fall i would argue perceptions changed and diverse experts working on ebola begins to argue and began to realize new technologies, diagnostics and therapy some of which were in development or had been for some time that these would be strategically essential to bringing about a conclusive control to arresting the runaway ebola epidemic. That implied that there would have to be an extraordinary effort undertaken on an expedited basis and that they would be added to the front line of efforts to ensure safe burials and so i protected equivalent or introduce effective to introduce effective Public Communications in the engagement of communities to build trust and confidence. This triggered an accelerated mobilization across the different institutions with a high sense of urgency and that includes the leadership of liberia, sierra leone, ministerial officials, community leaders, regulatory bodies and it included multiple u. S. Agencies dedicated to research and development to the delivery of programs, the department of defense, usaid, regulators, multiple industrial players of whom johnson and johnson were present here today. Some nations became important players in the development of Melinda Gates foundation, International Organizations playing a vital role. For purchasing a vaccine was approved by the who supports strengthening the program. The world bank joined this effort. On the side theyve been standout heroes over the response of 2014. They surprisingly jumped forward to assist with trials of the antivirals. Its remarkable in several ways. Its a remarkable speed and flexibility and cooperation which we will hear more about thats been seen across the different institutions. Theres been a pivotal meeting on october 23 which established the club of donors and Industry Manufacturing capacities, certain pragmatism and debate people hear about whether its puzzled to the randomized control trials versus less rigorous but still very important effort. A lot of demonstrated flexibility and a lot of efforts to prepare the communities. The potential for the significant return people thought was a certain optimism and determination and a commitment to operating good faith for the common cause. It is unusual to the degree which the different institutions began to think in the longer term to plan and prepare beyond the emergency and to think ahead in the Second Generation of technology. The recognition of the threat to the humanitarian and heritage and the need for u. S. Leadership with private and public in partnership with other critical institutions. Money interestingly doesnt does appear to be less of an obstacle than otherwise might have been the case and predicted it is is a favorable position to be in at this point. It isnt still an outstanding question. 5. 4 billion emergency funding in the omnibus bill passed by Congress Just a short while ago and bring forward several Million Dollars in Additional Resources in the accelerating into developing technologies. I mentioned the eu, the uk and others. These developments notwithstanding in the flipside as they remain considerable levels of uncertainty and obstacles which people talk about here today. First and foremost is the epidemic itself and the continued uncertainty around its trajectory but as it pertains to the new technologies, theres a few things that are continuing to be at the center of the debate. We will hear about the efforts to demonstrate safety to work on the thermal stability and related to that is the ethical challenges in terms of the types of field trials will be possible and what sort of access will be possible in this period. Theres a lot of discussion around the manufacturing stockpile. Theres a lot of coordination and there are so many moving parts that we see here today and the question of how to coordinate those. It operates with diminished capacities in the dementia petitions. Expect to be relevant and continue to be relevant thinking ahead to strategically we will hear more about that today. We need to be thinking about a Second Generation. A greater and greater quality in the stability and the fewer doses than the sustained funding in this period. So we want to take care today to take stock of what has happened in these last few busy months and look ahead of optimistically i am convinced it has considerable promise not without continued high uncertainty. So we are going to begin with a sequence of remarks starting with doctor fauci followed from johnson and johnson and julie in the nsf. You have the bios and ive introduced them very briefly. Im not going to go into great depth. Please be patient. We are going to roll into the presentations and then we will have about an hour for conversation or more. We will close at five and had a conversation among the group group had been opened to you to hear from you and please, come forward. There will be folks with microphones and we will bundle together three or four comments and questions at a time and come back to the speakers. Please identify yourself. I thought i would like to ask tony to come forward and pull through his presentation. Thank you very much. Okay. [inaudible] [laughter] what we have been through the past few months hispanic okay do you at least have them . When he received we received them and loaded event. So there has been a glitch that we will work through. Why dont we start without them and then we can show i dont really need them. [laughter] im going to take ten or 12 minutes and then im going to outline just to set the stage, first of all, the seriousness of the epidemic. As you know the history started with a single case and it was under the radar screen for months until march when the three borders of sierra leone, guinea and liberia made the perfect storm of so many reasons why in fact we have an explosive epidemic that is more out of control than anything in the history of this particular micro virus when it was discovered in 76 and maybe not everyone appreciates that since 1976 weve had about 24 outbreaks for a total of 2400 people affected so if you look at the 18,000 which is likely of a modest undercount come of this pandemic were epidemic has been extraordinary that its more than anything we have seen combined over the period of time the efforts that have contained these other outbreaks in the past have been a variety of things that are essentially fundamentally good infrastructure, good response, good ability to identify, isolate and protect healthcare workers. This wasnt easy but when you travel back and forth and look at the outbreaks that took place in the outbreak in the democratic republic of the congo were all alternately controlled. So now we have something that we are making progress because when when lex one looks at the variety of government the United States has been heavily involved in liberia, the uk in sierra leone but thereve been a variety of agencies involved have put the resources in. Things like safe burials etc. [inaudible] this is where it started. [laughter] so i started here and then the things happened and thats when people started to get concerned and in july things really got bad and in september and october my life changed and turned into medicine again which you translate into getting sleep in an intense situation. Then what we are seeing actually right now in the sierra leone case overtaking the considerable cases in liberia. I mentioned above responses that were actually involved in keeping bees in the effective countries under control. Really without looking at things like ebola specific therapeutics and not a vaccine, hygienic practices, contract chasing, david burials, Supportive Care getting involved in that is in the departmental defense playing a major role when the president called in the department of defense and abroad in the ability to do the engineering command and conjugal and the number of people that theyve deployed to the area. So its been an extraordinary effort. However, we are asking the question now and that is what i want to focus my few minutes on on is that while we need intervention in the form of the vaccine therapeutics that is out and impossible because you completely snuff out every case in west africa as you know about ebola until all are out there is always the threat of an outbreak. We have seen it and we know that it can happen so that is important. So the two things that i want to throw out for the discussion is that we need a vaccine to put down this epidemic and even if we dont get one in time and we dont prove that its effective well i say yes for the inevitable outbreaks that are occurring i told the audience this because its going to be very important to know whether the vaccine works because things you dont want to do is deploy a vaccine that might be harmful and for the next epidemic you have a problem and that gives why quite hope you have the chance to discuss the vaccine trial. So one thing about vaccines that are in phase number one getting ready to go to two, three. There are three that you will hear about not that there are any less in quality because we dont really know about the quality. But temporally they havent gone into the phase one trial and i want people to understand that. Is this deep reorganization of the vaccine . Yes and no getting him into the advanced trial but not necessarily a Predictive Value of whether or not it is going to be better which is why at the meeting we had at the nih the other day they argued strongly for many candidates to be in play at the same time. So lets focus very briefly on the two that are the most advanced temporally and that is the first that we are calling the vaccine into which was inserted into the lipoprotein. This has gone into the trials that the chimpanzee studies have indicated a very favorable protection using this particular candidate. Thats good news. Also phase number one was uneventful. We had individuals and it have individuals and it was uneventful. Its also been tested in the uk and it will also be tested in africa. This is the new england journal of medicine paper that came out a couple weeks ago about the trial and we are now setting up for the testing again. The other candidate is the same principle into which has been inserted. A phase number one trials in collaboration with the department of defense rather than getting it from the medical institute by the department of defense the United States army again now in collaboration also and you will be hearing more about that from julie. Its the company that is involved in the Public Health agency in canada and the dod together with niaid are enrolled. You may have heard that the trial was put on hold because arthritis. People get confused about that. Four individuals had inflammation but that doesnt mean its the end of the vaccine by any means. It is very common. We saw that in a significant number of people when you give a live virus vaccine in fact you dont even have to and you will see it and individuals. The question is what is that going to mean and thats why you have the phase one trials so you can investigate that pretty easily. The proposed path again this has been in close collaboration in the liberian department of Health Officials is the plan of the randomized trial in liberia and the trial in sierra leone with possibly one or two we are working with the cdc to decide on that. The pipeline of the therapeutics again i want people to appreciate that none of these have been shown to be effective. We do not know if any of them worked. Mechanistically we wont know whether they work and i also might make a comment we will get the chance to discuss the distribution and a trial in which not everybody gets a particular intervention is different when you are dealing with a vaccine but to an absolutely healthy person compared it to therapeutic when you are giving it youre giving it to someone that may be drastically ill so when you think about the trials that is the reason the discussion is different. This has been given to several people. Its an antibody cocktail of glycoprotein antibodies and its been shown to protect monkeys. There are phase one trials that are ongoing. B. C. X. 3140 can test monkeys in a phase one trial. Its developed for other viruses that was shown to have activity against ebola. So this is db2 protects mice and it hasnt yet gone on to win nonhuman primate. Remember despite the fact that they are either given in compassionate use or the phase one trial it doesnt work because its the balance in the need for the therapeutic and the need to show that it works and you dont hurt them. The other is the plasma. Its been kicked out just a couple of days ago in new guinea and the ssierra leone and liberia which will be determining whether p. Antibodies in a persons plasma will be protected. Weve put together with other people in every and nebraska a design to take a look at a couple of the therapeutics with the control on the enhanced care in other words the electric light of the lens so it isnt a placebo because it is different than a situation in which you are getting the vaccine. A positive thank you for the invitation. Whether it is on the r d side of things are the commitments to the vaccine but also on the manufacturing supply and we are happy to be part of this. Congratulations for driving the community to participate in the tragic situation not only on the west african countrys. What i thought i will talk about in the bucks next few minutes is the program and number two, but has been very important in helping us and others to rt