the book is called "countdown to zeo day: stuxnet and the launch of the world's first digital weapon." the author, "wired" magazine reporter kim zetter. ms. zetter, what is or what was stuxnet? >> guest: stuxnet was a virus/worm that was used to attack iran's nuclear plant in at tans, is and so the work was designed to manipulate the computers that control the centrifuges and speed them up and slow them down in order to degrade the level of uranium enrichment and also do some wear and tear on the centrifuges and destroy them. >> host: what was unique about stuxnet? >> guest: stuxnet was really sophisticated. it's, first of all, i guess the most unique thing was this was a virus that was designed to physically destroy something n. the past we've seen malware that steals passwords, credit card numbers, things like that, but we'd never seen something that was designed to physically destroy, essentially, leap out of the digital world into the physical realm and have some kind of kinetic activity. that was the first thing that made stuxnet unique. other than that, it was really sophisticated. as i mentioned, it's designed to increase and slow the speed to have centrifuges, but while it was doing that, it also did remarkable trick which was to make the operators at the plant think that the operations were perfectly normal. so what it did was it recorded all the activity on the computers first, and then it played back that normal activity to the monitoring machines when stuxnet was actually doing the sabotage. so that was something remarkable about it. and one more thing was that stuxnet used five zero days to spread, and a zero day is a as a vulnerability in software that's unknown to the vendor so, therefore, no patch exists, and zero days tend to be fairly rare, and they're also time consuming and, pensive to find for the vulnerabilities -- expensive to find for the vulnerabilities. so generally maybe we see one zero day use in an attack, and this one used five zero days. >> host: where and how was stuxnet developed and by whom? >> guest: well, we believe it was developed by the u.s. and israel, and it was tested both here in the u.s. and in israel. where and how, this was a process that took a numb of years -- a number of years to develop. there were multiple teams working on it, we had to have separate teams working on the actual centrifuges to determine the effect stuxnet would have on them. so that requires material scientists to examine the centrifuges, how speeding them up would affect them, how slowing them down would affect them. then you have a team that is looking at the siemens controllers, the computers controlling the centrifuges, and you need to find vulnerabilities in that and ways of getting your worm onto the system in a way that will hide it so no one can discover it. and then you had a third team that was developing these spreading mechanisms, the zero days and things like that. so there were multiple teams over a minimum of six months, probably longer. the centrifuge research itself probably took a couple of years, and then it all came together around 2007, 2008. >> and when you say the u.s., do you mean the defense department? >> guest: this would be -- so there are multiple agencies that worked on it. it's a to covert operation, so getting the worm onto a system requires an agency that has covert authorities. in that case we're talking the cia. developing a code like this, of course, requires really elite programmers. and so we're looking at elite teams with the nsa, the edward snowden documents have pointed to a lot of the activity of those elite teams that are designed to do deep espionage and what's called cna, computer network attacks. and so that would have been also in conjunction with the u.s. military. the u.s. cyber command is sort of an umbrella of nsa and the military. >> host: kim zetter, where did the name come from? >> guest: stuxnet was -- [laughter] it was dubbed by microsoft which was looking at the zero days and finding patches for the vulnerabilities, and they found -- they combined, essentially, two names of two separate files in stuxnet into one word. >> host: so private corporations were also participating in this, correct? >> guest: how so? >> host: well, you said microsoft was looking for the zero days. >> guest: ah, in terms of the examination and the research for post-attack, yeah. microsoft wasn't working to help design the attack, but when the worm was discovered in 2010, multiple antivirus firms and security research labs were taking it apart. microsoft was focusing on the zero days because the zero days that stuxnet attacked were in the microsoft operating system. so microsoft had to examine them, figure out the vulnerabilities and release patches for them. >> host: what was the effect of the stuxnet attack? >> guest: well, it had two different what we call payloads. so a cyber weapon, a digital weapon has two parts like a conventional weapon. it has a missile, which is the carrier that gets it to the target, and then you have the pay hold which is sort of the explosive end. stuxnet had two payloads, and one payload was designed to close valves on centrifuges in order to trap the uranium gas inside the centrifuges. when that occurred, the gas would condense and become more of a mass, solidify. and when it did that, it would throw the centrifuges off balance, possibly making them crash. but it would also deteriorate the rotors inside the centrifuges. also you would getawaysed gas -- get wasted gas. the more gas you can destroy or waste, the less materials that they have. the second weapon was designed, as i mentioned, to speed up the centrifuges. and this would have been a more direct attack because the gas and the pressure is a build up over time. the second payload was speeding up centrifuges, reducing the speed and, again, you would get deteriorated uranium. the iranians would have expected a certain grade of enrichment at the process, and they would have had a much lower grade of enrichment than they expected. >> host: so this was in 2010. has iran recovered? have their nuclear reactors or their nuclear process recovered? >> guest: remarkably, it did. in fact, so a lot of the centrifuges appeared to have been destroyed around the i would of twain -- the end of 2009, 2010. within six months they had recovered from that, previously they had only 164 centrifuges in a cascade -- sort of a configuration of multiple centrifuges -- and they increased the number of those, they increased the number of gas, and ultimately, they didn't come out too far behind what they would have been heading anyway had they stayed on track. but i should point out, though, that iran's uranium enrichment plan was set back by many things. they started in early 2006-2007, and it took, you know, from 2007 to 2010 for them to really get up to speed. and that was because there were other sabotage going on, there were also sanctions, diplomatic efforts to halt the program. there were sort of multi-pronged approaches to try and slow down the program. >> host: what was it like to try to research this? >> guest: it was a pretty complicated book to write. i was trying to do multiple tracks. so i had the uranium enrichment program that i needed to look at, iran's nuclear history so all of the politics around that, i had to look at the technical details around the worm itself, what it was designed to do, what was significant about it. clues in the virus and worm that, you know, i had to sort of follow those trails. and then i started telling the story about these researchers. as much as i wanted to tell the story of stuxnet, i wanted to tell the story of the security community and the intricate and complex labor that goes into taking them apart and figuring out what they do. >> host: was stuxnet considered successful? >> guest: it was considered successful by many because there were estimates that iran would have had enough enriched uranium to build a bomb. there's still no evidence that was the course iran was going in. that was the estimate. and afterwards there were estimates that they'd been pushed back about three years. those were the estimates of the u.s. state department and some others. again, it really depends. the western intelligence agencies have not had a firm grasp on the nuclear program in iran. like i said, there's still no hard evidence that iran was helded in the direction of building a bomb. -- headed in the direction of building a bomb. and in terms of knowing how far along the uranium enrichment was, there's also some guessing there. >> host: and were you able to discover or figure out the cost of developing stuxnet? >> guest: this would have been several million dollars at the least, and we're talking about the testing. you know, you have to build a plant for the testing, you have to do a lo of testing on -- a lot of testing on the worm itself to make sure it doesn't conflict with anything on the system and expose itself. they had to make sure also that stuxnet wasn't going to damage any other systems it got on. stuxnet had a very their owe configuration -- narrow configuration. although it would spread to only windows computer, it would unleash its payload on a system that matched a very specific configuration. to achieve that, you've got to do a lot of testing to make sure the worm isn't going to cause harm to the other systems it's spreading to. and, in fact, the way it was discovered was that it was crashing some machines in iran. so regardless of all the extensive testing that they did, there was something that they missed, and it caused it to get exposed. >> host: kim zetter, four years is a long time in the tech world. has there been a stuxnet 2.0 version developed yet? >> guest: we assume there is. you know, just in the way that stuxnet remained stealthy for about three years, we assume there are other things we don't know about. we can sort of get a hint with the edward snowden documents the level of activity that is occurring in both espionage programs and cyber offensive programs. the offensive ones are the ones that are doing attacks. there's a infrastructure -- infrastructure aof activity. what stuxnet showed us were the rules of engagement were not completely formulated when stuxnet was released. so we're playing catch up now, trying to find out the engagement for how and when we can release something like this, and i think that has slowed down the use of at least attack weapons to some extent. people have told me that stuxnet was the first that was unleashed precisely because of the legal issues and also the concerns of collateral damage. and it was kind of the proof of concept to show that something like this is possible. but i don't know that for sure. there may be -- i'm assuming that there are other weapons that have either been unleashed or definitely have been developed. >> host: would you consider in the stuxnet attack, a form be of cyber warfare? >> guest: this is the first example we have of cyber warfare. i know people use the term a lot. they've used it for the ddos attacks in georgia against estonia, and those don't really reach the level of what we understand cyber warfare to be. or warfare in general. and stuxnet would really qualify as the first digital weapon and example of cyber warfare attack. >> host: we often hear from generals at the pentagon that cyber warfare is the new, the new frontier. how threatened are we here in the united states by that? >> host: well -- >> guest: well, we're very vulnerable. any country that is very connected in the way the is, all of our critical infrastructure is running on computers, and what stuxnet showed, this was an attack that happened on computers that weren't connected to the internet. they had to devise a med for spreading it -- a method for spreading it on a usb flash drive. so that show ed even if you air gap sensitive systems from the internet, attackers will still find a way to get onto your system and still destroy it. it's unclear to the extent, you know, there are a lot of estimates of sort of a cyber pearl harbor that would happen in the u.s. i don't think anyone really knows the full capacity of what could happen because we don't know how things are connected, and that's the danger of cyber warfare. when you unleash a weapon like this, it's not -- the damage isn't geographically finite in the way that most weapons are. because everything is connected and civilian systems are connected to military systems, it's hard to determine in advance the route that your weapon will take and the extent, the effect or influence it might have on other systems you don't expect. >> host: did your book have to be vetted? >> guest: no, it wasn't vetted. >> host: and did you have sources inside cyber warfare within the government? >> guest: um, i won't talk about my sources, but there are a lot of people that i spoke with who have past experience in developing the programs for offensive operations in the u.s. the offensive operations in the u.s. program began probably in the mid 1990s, around 1996, 1997. so it didn't initially start out with attack, it started out in the defense mode. the defense department realized how vulnerable u.s. systems were, and they started to devise methods for defending systems. and then they realized, of course, well, if our systems are vulnerable to attack, then also our enemies' systems are vulnerable to attack. and that sort of opened up this new realm of possibility. >> host: are there other cyber warfare offensive attacks that the u.s. has committed that perhaps aren't as publicized as stuxnet was? >> guest: well, you know, if we're terming it cyber warfare, i don't think that we can, we can categorize anything else as cyber warfare. there has been cyber offensive operations, and those operations can be sort of taking out a monitoring system. so, for example, when israel went into syria to bomb a suspected nuclear plant there, there are reports that the radar systems were taken out. and you can do that through sort of electromagnetic or electronic means that aren't necessarily digital means, but in this case there are reports that in addition to that, those kinds of means, there were some computer attacks that were done from airplanes. so it would have been from air to ground attacks digitally. >> host: kim zetter, what was israel's role in developing stuxnet? >> guest: it's unclear specifically which groups did what. there's some suggestions that israel was, obviously, helpful in gathering intelligence for the development of this, also that they might have had more of a role in the spreading of stuxnet, perhaps the zero days came from the israel. this is sort of a bone of con tension, because the zero -- contention, because the zero days were in part what got it caught, because it spread wildly. stuxnet would spread to any windows computer but only release its payload to the specific configuration. the stuxnet spread to more than 100,000 computers around the world, and it did so because of the zero days that were added to it. the zero days weren't in the first versions of stuxnet, but they were added to later versions, so there are some bones of contention about who's responsible for that. >> host: what about other countries? are they conducting this type of cyber offensive? >> guest: yes. so there are many countries, more than half a dozen, that have developed cyber warfare programs and capabilities; russia, china, the u.k. there are a lot of countries thereafter announced plans to develop them -- that have announced plans to develop them. iran has announced plans to develop its own, and obviously israel. so there are a lot of countries playing catch up at this point. stuxnet showed the viability of using a digital attack as an alternative to either diplomacy or kinetic warfare, and so it opens a lot of possibilities. it also sort of levels the playing ground because actors who ordinarily don't have the resources or the skills or the equipment to launch a physical attack against an enemy can do, can do it for much cheaper, a digital attack. >> host: do you know how the flash drive got to the iranian computers? >> guest: there are, there are a couple possibilities. one is that it was -- there are contractors that work at natanz, and so the belief is that the contractors werefected and that they -- were infected and that they become unwitting accomplices in carrying the worm into the facility. other suggestions are there might have been some insiders who helped and assisted in planting it. there are two versions of stuxnet. the first version, like i said, doesn't have zero days, so it seems to indicate that there was some kind of more instant connection with the computers that were infected, meaning that they didn't, they didn't need to work from from outside to get into natanz, that maybe that first version of stuxnet actually was planted at natanz. and then maybe they lost that access in subsequent versions, and that may have been the reason why they had to add zero days to spread it. >> host: kim zetter has been with "wired" magazine since 2003. prior to that at pc world. ms. zetter, are you a techie? >> guest: no. [laughter] no, i got into tech journalism by, you know, not by choice and then found that i really loved it. i don't particularly like gadgets in particular or computers in the sense of, you know, taking them apart and programming, things like that, but i love issues around computers, the issues around cybersecurity and privacy issues and civil liberties. those are the things that attract me. >> host: and what was it about stuxnet that fascinated you enough to write a book? >> guest: well, it multifaceted. it wasn't a simple worm, and it wasn't a simple attack, and it was unlike anything we'd seen before. there were multiple ways of coming at this story that fascinated me, and i was also fascinated by the opportunity to finally tell the story of the security researchers because i'd been reporting on the work that security researchers do for over a decade, and i think they're brilliant. i wanted to showcase that work and the skills that are required to really -- this was a mystery, and they had to take it apart bit by bit, and it took months before they fully understood what it was doing. and i wanted to highlight that kind of labor. >> host: so have offensive and defensive mechanisms to defend and attack become an industry in silicon valley? >> guest: not necessarily silicon valley. this is a burgeoning market, zero days in particular for the government, for intelligence agencies. there are small, sort of boutique companies that specialize just in finding zero day vulnerabilities and selling them to the government. but we also have the defense industry, you know? the raytheons and saic and those companies that we're used to seeing in sort of the conventional warfare realm have now gotten into the digital realm. and they have teams that are also looking for vulnerabilities and designing digital weapons. >> host: is this a case where contractors would use hackers? >> guest: the contractors are hackers. so if you've got the nsa, you've got internal team, elite teams that are doing the hacking there and the development internally, but you have contract firms that will work for the nsa and design weapons, find zero days on a full-time basis. >> host: i don't know if you want to answer this or not, but what would an all-digital war look like? >> guest: you know, a lot of people have sort of posited scenarios about this. i don't know that we will see an all digital war. i don't think that digital war can accomplish everything that you need to accomplish in a war. i think that it's more something to use as an adjunct to conventional warfare to get at systems you normally can't get at, to get information you normally can't get at and to, you know, someone was describing to me this, you know, in world war ii despite all of the carpet bombing that occurred, you still needed troops on the ground. and i think that's the same thing with digital warfare. you can disable computers, you can attack computers, you can attack systems that are connected to computers but, ultimately, in a warfare scenario you're still going to need boots on the ground and to seize territory. i'm not sure if we'll ever see a wholly digital warfare. >> host: now, has there been any effort among the countries in the world to develop standards or at least rules when it comes to cyber warfare? >> guest: we're just seeing that now, and that's what was, you know, interesting about stuxnet, was this wasn't fully developed prior to the launch. in estonia there was a group of legal experts from the u.s. and from other countries who looked into what are the laws of warfare in relation to digital warfare and whether or not they still apply or whether we need new laws. and they've come out with a huge volume examining that to sort of assist the nato countries in defining rules of engagement and developing their cyber warfare programs. i don't think we fully have all the answers. i think the u.s. began developing its rules of engagement around 2011-2012, and we're further along than we were when stuxnet was unleashed and discovered, but i think that there's still a lot of questions that we as a society have to answer about how this, how we're going to conduct warfare in this manner. >> host: are there political, is there political opposition to some cyber warfare by the u.s.? >> guest: the political opposition in the u.s. to cyber warfare? >> host: right. specifically in congress or perhaps the administration. >> guest: there has been very little discussion in congress, on capitol hill and the white house. the white house has never fully admitted to engaging in offensive operations. and we're just sort of seeing a peek at this now publicly. all of this has been, you know, classified, the reports were classified in terms of the development of expansive operations, and the government never wanted to go on record acknowledging that it was developing these capabilities. and as a result of that, we haven't had the discussions that we need to have. i think we need to have the discussion about the use of zero days, about stockpiling of zero days. because when you have zero days and zero day vulnerables that you would hold and you don't tell the vendor about them, that leaves everyone else vulnerable to these same kinds of attacks from others. so while stuxnet was exploiting five zero days, we don't know who else knew about those zero days and who else might have been using them. and so is i think that we -- so i think we haven't fully explored the full consequences of an attack like stuxnet, and we haven't fully explored all the issues around it. there are other issues as well. stuxnet stole, the attackerrings stole what's called a digital certificate to sign their mall wear and make it look like a legitimate code. and these are certificates that are owned by legit mitt companies. so when you do that, when you steal a legitimate certificate and use that to sign malware, you're creating problems for the company itself. stuxnet attackers created an espionage tool called flame which undermined the windows update system which is used by millions of computers to obtain security patches. so when you undermine a system like that, you're really undermining the trust that we have in the digital infrastructure. and we haven't discussed that as a society, and partly because the u.s. won't openly admit to creating these tools and unleashing them. and until we really examine the full-time repercussions of that, i think we're going to be putting critical systems here at the u.s. in danger. >> host: we've talked for 30 minutes, and we started with this, let's end with it. again, the definition of a zero day. >> guest: a zero day is a vulnerability -- so there's a zero day vulnerability and a zero day exploit. a zero day vulnerability is a security hole in software that the vendor doesn't know about yet and, therefore, there's no patch for it. zero day exploit is the malicious code that hackers develop to attack that hole and obtain access to the system and install a virus or a trojan horse or something else on the system. i describe it the equivalent of a burglar using a crowbar to pry open a window and gain entry to a house. that's what a zero day exploit is. >> host: and "wired" reporter kim zetter is the author of book, "countdown to zero day." thanks for joining us. >> guest: thanks for having me. >> world bank president today outlines priorities for global climate change ahead of a conference in lima, peru, this month. he'll also discuss agreements for an international effort. live coverage of his remarks begins at 12:15 p.m. eastern here on c-span2. >> here are a few of the comments we've recently received from our viewers. >> i'm in my 80s, and i'm a big fan of c-span. i want to compliment them on being able to bring together two different ideologies like they did this morning from the cato institute and the immigration policy center. i think you need more programming that way among people that can conduct themselves with a very civil tone, and i applaud you for that. ideology can be overcome to reach a common ground, and i think that there should be more programming to that effect. thank you very much for c-span. >> i listen to c-span pretty much on a daily, regular basis. i find it to be very inform informative, it's a very good look at all of our different politicians so that citizens can understand exactly who we elect and what's being done in congress. because it seems to be that congress is undecided or always fighting. it's important that the citizens have a nice outlet for them to see the proceedings that go on. so i appreciate c-span, and regardless of whether or not it's popular with mainstream culture, i just want them to know that there are young people, i'm 18, and i watch c-span on a regular basis to make sure that i understand what's happening in country because i truly do care. thank you. >> american history tour starting with the battle of little bighorn, i just watched it in its entirety. it's priceless. so many peoples of the world do not understand their own severals, but if they watch american history, they can see themselves and america and why we're such a great and wonderful nation. of all the peoples of the world. thank you. >> and continue to let us know what you think about the programs you're watching. call us at 202-626-3400, e-mail us at comments@c-span.org or you can send us a tweet at c. c-span:@comments. join the conversation, like us on facebook, follow us on twitter. >> civil rights leaders, family, friends and colleagues of the late marion barry gathered for a memorial service at the washington convention center in the nation's capital. the former washington, d.c. mayor passed away last month. some of the many speakers included nation of islam leader minister louis farrakhan, d.c. mayor vincent gray and the reverend jesse jackson who delivered the yulely. -- eulogy. we begin with the late mayor's son. this is about 30 minutes. >> marion barry was brilliant. when he worked on his doctorate degree, just short of his dissertation, when he quit school to go to work with the student nonviolent coordinating committee and with his completion of his ph.d., he had learned 180 chemical equations that he shared with his son christopher on several occasions and could still recite them in these late years of his life. bible says that a tree is known by the fruit that it bears. so if you want to understand and know the fruit, you need to check the tree. christopher marion, christopher barry exudes the ebullience of his father. and we are going to hear -- i was asked to sit with him as he prepared what he was going to say. after i listened, i said, christopher, i don't need to say anything, but just say what you just told me. and it will be the greatest tribute that you could ever give to your father. brothers and sisters, i want you to stand on your feet and receive marion christopher barry -- [cheers and applause] who in turn after he speaks will introduce the honorable minister louis farrakhan. [applause] >> morning. first off, i want to give honor to god and his omnipotent wisdom. he's the planner and doer of all things, and through his plan there's no imperfections, and there's no faults and no mistakes. and i want to thank the community, i want to thank everybody that's been praying for our family, everybody that lifted us up in prayer, and i can truly feel the prayers, and this has helped me through this hard time, and it's empowered me, and i feel the embracement. [applause] these past few days have been a wonderful tribute. everything has been appropriate, everything has been fitting, and i want to thank personally my stepmother, cora barry. [applause] without her, i don't think her vision and her around-the-clock planning and the committee, none of this could have been pulled off in the manner that it was, with the detail and the pageantry and just the wide range of supporters that are here. so first, i want to speak on the man, may onbarry. marion barry. many of us knew marion barry in a lot of different capacities. some of you knew marion barry, the community activist. some of you knew marion barry, the politician. some of you just knew marion barry as a friend. but today i wanted to speak on the side of marion barry i knew, you know, just as being his son. [applause] first off, first side of marion barry i wanted to speak on was marion barry, the teacher and the chemist. and i remember many nights when i was in the seventh grade and struggling with chemistry, and he would sit me could down, andi said, he knew the periodic table like the back of his hand even years later. i'm not talking about the chemist in the classroom sense, i'm talking about the chemist in the formulas that he used for his leadership and why he was such an effective leader. [applause] you know, with chemistry you have elements, and you combine them together, they create a compound. you know, and he had some compounds for the way he handled his business. he said if you take, you take one part courage and one part determination, you can accomplish any goal. [applause] you know? if you take, if you take one part faith and is one part prayer, you can protect yourself from any harm. [applause] if you find yourself short on resources and you're short on -- and you feel like you can't get something done and you're short on money and resources, all you need is unity and have your people behind you, and you can get anything done. [applause] the second side of marion barry i wanted to talk about was marion barry, the gardener. not that he had a green thumb or he planted plants or flowers or anything. i mean, a gardener in the theoretical sense. he was a man that could, what does a gardener do? sees a burned strip of land, he tills the soil, he chases the snakes away, he removes the bugs, he removes the weeds -- [applause] so you have a fertile soil. and then with thatter fertile s, what do you do? you plant seeds. you plant seeds and you water and you make sure it gets the proper sunlight and the proper nourishment. and he planted seeds in people's lives, and he planted hope in people that didn't have happy. [applause] and he planted seeds in this city. [applause] he grew, he grew, instilled values in people's hearts, but he also grew physical things. he saw a barren lot full of warehouses and a parking lot, and he created this building we're standing in now, this convention center. he grew that out of the ground. [applause] he grew the verizon center. he's responsible for the revitalization of an anacostia. he's the one that laid that foundation and planted those seeds. and then i want to talk about marion barry, the father. i remember i was 13, and he took me to his hometown in mississippi and through the delta, he told me to mccomb and greenwood, mississippi, you know, where jim crow, the headquarters of jim crow and white supremacy and oppression for our people, you know? and i got a chance to see what a real cotton field looked like and what a shotgun house looked like, and, you know, to see one of those people living on the bottom. and what it had take to come from a place like this and rise to greatness. and he said, you know, man on the left of you is weak, and the man on the right of you is weak. i'm weak. you have to build and uplift your brothers with you. [applause] you can't feel like you're better than the next man or -- money and power can be stripped from you, but if you have strength with your people and you have unity, you know, you can carry on. and i've carried that with me, and that was one of the things that always stuck with me. and it was times that, you know, my father loved his people, loved this city, and there was times i didn't feel like he was always, had the time to spend with me as a father, you know? but one thing he taught me is that love is a force that doesn't, that always recycles, and the love that he had for people and the love that he passed on to others when there was times that he wasn't there, there was other people that embraced me. even though i didn't have my father, i had an extended family all over the city. [applause] so i never felt his absence, because i always felt his love through others, even if it wasn't directly through him. and so in saying that, by that love he gave it's not a person in this city or a corner of the city that he hasn't touched. and -- [applause] and in knowing that, marion barry will never die. because he's taught us how to stand up as black men, he's taught us how to live amongst each other and work together with each other. [applause] and his spirit will never die. so as long as we take the things he taught us and the values, you know, they say d.c. will never be the same because marion barry's gone. you're right. because now there's thousands and millions of marion barrys out here. [applause] so he'll never die. he's immortal now. and i just want to say i've lost my father. i always have my spiritual father. in 1991 at the old convention center on ninth street, this was when he was going through his time and his trials and a lot of his friends had abandoned him, and that was the first time i met minister farrakhan. he took me to hear him speak. [cheers and applause] and that, that empowered me and left the biggest impression on me because i knew that i'd seen his friends leave him, i'd seen business people leave him, but he had an army of black soldiers that were behind him. [cheers and applause] and i just wanted to let you know that, that that always meant the world to me. you embraced each oh as friends -- other as friends, and more than y'all just being black leaders, i knew that that was his brother, and you were his friend. it's just only appropriate that on this day i'm able to introduce the minister and bring him on. [cheers and applause] i just want to thank everyone, and i want to introduce minister louis farrakhan. [cheers and applause] >> in the name of allah, the beneficent, the merciful, i bear witness that there is but one god, and and all of the prophets of god are from that one god, and all of the scriptures that we read are from that one god, and every human being that we see and that we don't see has come into existence because of that same one god. [applause] to sister cora masters barry, to marion christopher barry, to all of the brothers and sisters, reverend willie wilson and all those who made these four days possible, from the depths of my heart i thank you for putting together a program that rightly honors marion barry and his will legacy. [applause] a life ends, the legacy begins. what a joy to hear his son speak the way his son spoke. [applause] indeed, the legacy has begun. i'm honored beyond words to be here today to celebrate the life of our brother, our champion, our mayor. but not just a local figure, but a man who whose work was both national and international. [applause] i was introduced to mayor barry by my esteemed brother, the reverend jesse louis jackson. [applause] and i found in mayor barry a brother, a companion in struggle, a man who loved god and loved the people of god and loved humanity as a whole. and sometimes, my dear christopher, dad wasn't with -- wasn't always there. because some of us that come into this life are born for a higher purpose -- [applause] than just to work for our families and our vanities, but to work for a people and to work for humanity. such a man, was marion barry. [applause] i was here in washingt when my brother went through his great trial, and the reporter from one of the washington newspapers came to me with a question. but before she asked her question, she was building me up as some moral giant, somebody who was married and had a good life and didn't use drugs. and what do you think, she said, of a man who broke his marital vows and used drugs and -- i said, who are you talking about, john fit gerald kennedy? -- fitzgerald kennedy? [laughter] [applause] now, -- [laughter] [cheers and applause] that ended the press conference. [laughter] it is not right or moral to speak of the dead in an unkind way. [applause] i only raised that more those who like to talk about our deficiencies while they hide the wickedness of their own leaders that have been over us and over the world. [cheers and applause] nobody passes this life without committing sin. [applause] and when i said "nobody," i mean nobody. the pope, the cardinals, the bishops, the imams, the presidents, the potentate. nobody comes this way without committing sin! [applause] i am a sinner. and if i did not commit sin, i would not need the mercy, the befifth sense -- beneficence, the forgiveness of god. [cheers and applause] so the holy quran says if allah were to punish man for his sins, not one soul would be left alive on the earth. [applause] so will the holy ones, please, stand up. [cheers and applause] and i'm going the sit down. [cheers and applause] this is no time for grief and sadness. this is a time for joy and gladness and thanksgiving for the life that god sent our way that made life better for so many people in this city, in memphis, in the south, in the north. [applause] the million man march could never have happened in any other city at any other time but washington, d.c. in the time of mayor marion barry. his wife and all of his team that came together to put on this program with reverend willie wilson and dr. dorothy hyde and so many. we call for one million men and two million, nearly two million showed up. in this city. [applause] mayor barry was a principal helper in that effort. 25,000 orphans found a home after that march. 1.3 million new voters came on the voter rolls after that march. [applause] derelict fathers and husbands went back to their wives and family ares and too -- families and tried to make a new start. but in this world when you do good for the masses -- [laughter] you are not loved by those who suck the blood of the masses to maintain their wealth, influence and power. i'm going to close now. in this audience are the elders of the children of israel. i love your singing, your spirit. you prove that you are the people of god, worthy for us to live for and worthy for us to give our lives for. the young people are rising all over america because somebody sold some -- somebody has sown some seeds out there that are germinating. [applause] the bible says cast your bread upon the waters, and after many days you'll see it coming back to you. thank you, reverend jackson. thank you, dr. king. thank you, malcolm x. [cheers and applause] thank you, elijah muhammad. thank you for all of those who went before us, because we could not be where we are if it were not for those who went before us. [applause] it is on the shoulders of yesterday that barack has a today. [applause] so to the elders, don't get tired. don't get weary. done be retiring. a lion, as long as it has teeth, does not retire. [laughter] a lion will continue to hunt until death overtakes it. there's a lion asleep in judah who will waken, pussycats cannot arise. lions, it takes lions who roar to awaken a lion that has been trained to think he's a pussycat. now, martin king on the last night of his life -- and i have to say this as a follower of the honorable elijah muhammad -- i grew to love dr. king more in death than i ever appreciated him in life. and it is a grave injustice to narrow that man's life down to some cheap words, "i have a dream." they did not kill our brother because he had a dream, they killed him because he was on an evolutionary path of growth and development, and if you hear the final words that he spoke, you would know why they assassinated him. but he said i'm not fearing any man. that's our problem. we're fearing men. and that's what chokes us! when we meet the adversary, we talk with garbled speech because we want to win friends rather than tell the truth that justice may come. [applause] i'm not fearing any man. i have been to the mountaintop! i have looked over, and i have seen not the promised sky, not a false promise of nearness to our oppressor and a little money. he said, i have seen the promised land. i may not get there with you, he said, but we as a people will get to the promised land. now, elders, the elders of israel didn't get to the promised land because they were afraid of some giants. .. and they will inhabit the promised land. our children are rising today, and they don't see giants. i wonder why. there's a man in the scripture as i close named jesus. and some man came to jesus and jesus asked him, how do you see him? he said, i see them as trees. jesus knew the man wasn't trees so we put some spittle on his eyes, and then asked the man, how do you see me now? and the man said, i see them as they are. there are no giants here. that cannot be comfort in the name of job hundred and countrye name of god. if that legacy of that great man is to continue, and it will, then let's rise up from this hallowed ground and go back to the struggle for freedom, justice and equality. thank you for these few moments. [applause] >> can somebody shout glory? >> let me take a moment and acknowledge the great service that was rendered on last evening by bishop staples and the good people of temple of praise. would you give the temple -- [applause] great service on last evening. thank the honorable minister louis farrakhan for those encouraging and inspiring words. we are not going to hear from our dear beloved sister who represents us in the congress. she worked with marion barry, student non-violent coordinating committee. she has been a soldier for justice and righteousness in the congress and in our nation. has served the district court any number of years, has done such a great job, it's automatic when it comes time for her to take her place again on the congress. please receive unwelcome congresswoman eleanor holmes norton. no, on, d.c. [applause] -- come on, d.c. >> thank you, reverend wilson. members of congress, all of you who have served have had the privilege of serving as mayors of the district of columbia, as members of the city council of the district of columbia, public officials from all over the country and the world, reverend clergy, friends of marion barry, jr. all. i offer my love and condolences yet again to my good friend core of very and to christopher -- cora barry and to christopher. i have been asked to speak about marion barry when we first met when we are both in the student non-violent coordinating committee, or sncc. in speaking about marion, a son of the civil rights movement, i speak not only for myself today, i speak in memory of some who knew and worked with marion but have passed on. for others of his movement colleagues who wanted to be here today but could not, and for still others who are here. the role of those who first worked with marion in the movement is much too long to call, my friends. but among them are and were john lewis, frank smith, doris and dori bland learned, baba molders, ruby fay robinson, portland cox, diane nash, james forman, stokely carmichael, ivanhoe donaldson, fannie lou hamer, ella baker, bernard lafayette, the rapper to jesse jackson who will deliver the eulogy here today. all of us new marion barry when he was being formed as a man by the civil rights movement. years later in washington when marion and i have different roles, i used to tease him on the dance floor about bringing those cotton shopping moves to the big city as marion did what he called dancing. he laughed, knowing that this was my way as a d.c. girl from of south of saying to my old friend from the southern movement, you have come a long way, but he -- buddy from picking cotton in mississippi to running the nation's capital. [applause] but those cotton picking roots served marion barry, jr. well. he challenged poverty by working himself out of it, coming from the cotton fields of mississippi, he said, i was used to hard work. it doesn't bother me. that's what he wrote in his autobiography. but it was the civil rights movement that equipped marion to challenge segregation and prepared him to become our mayor. if you want to understand marion barry, don't start with his years as mayor. go first to the boy who chopped cotton at seven while going to school in a one-room schoolhouse, and sold newspapers and rags in memphis. then go to his first years as a man and you will find marion barry in the civil rights movement. for marion, it was those beginnings in sharecropping poverty deep in the bosom of segregated mississippi and tennessee that led him to the civil rights movement. that childhood embedded in him a dedication to civil rights and to the poor throughout his years as mayor and as ward eight councilmember. as a child he saw sharecropping binding black people to the plantation economy, and make any attempts to involve a life-threatening act. i have no choice but to join the sofa rights movement, he said. the injustice of segregation was all of round me. marion barry as a boy he knew only segregation. marion barry as a man groomed himself to challenge segregation. he had used his fine mind and pension for hard work to write his own ticket into the professional class. but married and gave up chemistry graduate school fellowship along with his ph.d, although he finished all course work except for the thesis. for marion could not resist the call of the movement. he moved from chemistry classes to james larsson's nonviolent resistance workshop, and leadership along with diane nash in the nashville city ends, to raleigh where he became the first chair of the student nonviolent coordinating committee, into the mississippi movement and the work of the mississippi freedom democratic party. during those years marion not only steeped himself and nonviolence resistance, but in active strategic organizations. what marion learned about organizing in the deep south help them in good stead for the rest of his life. he brought community organizing to the district of columbia, and organized his way into the leadership of this city. a man can choose to escape and forget childhood poverty, and merely reminisce about his early years in the movement. instead, marion join his childhood poverty with his life-changing years in the civil rights movement to form his own worldview. whatever else you may take from marion barry's life, we must recognize the roots that shaped him. today we rejoice that the civil rights movement brought him to the next, or is it the last, frontier for civil rights. people will choose their own part of marion barry's life to remember, but here in the district of columbia, here among those of us who still struggle for statehood, let us always celebrate marion barry, jr., freedom fighter. [applause] ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ what do you do when you have done all you can? ♪ tell me, what do you say when friends turn a way? ♪ what do you do when you give ♪ ♪ ♪ the guilt of your past? tell me, how do you deal with the shame? ♪ how can you smile when your heart has been broken and filled with pain, filled with pain? ♪ tell me what do you give when you give in your all and it seems like you can't make it through? ♪ child, you just stand when there's nothing left to do ♪ ♪ you just stand, watch the lord see you through ♪ ♪ yes, after you've done all you can, you just stand ♪ ♪ stand and be sure ♪ be not entangled in that bondage again. you just stand. stand and into her ♪ ♪ god has a purpose, yes, god has a plan ♪ ♪ tell me what do you do when you've done all you can and it seems like you can't make it through? ♪ child, you just stand ♪ stand stand ♪ stand ♪ you must stand ♪ stand ♪ through the storm ♪ stand ♪ stand through the rain ♪ stand ♪ through the heard ♪ stand ♪ yeah, through the pain ♪ stand ♪ don't you bow ♪ stand ♪ and double-bind ♪ stand ♪ don't give up ♪ stand ♪ no, don't give in ♪ stand ♪ hold on ♪ just be strong ♪ stand ♪ god will step in ♪ stand ♪ and it won't be long ♪ stand ♪ through the storm, through the hurt, through the pain ♪ ♪ stand ♪ after you've done all you can ♪ after you've done all that you can ♪ ♪ you've prayed and you cried ♪ after you've prayed and you've cried ♪ ♪ after you've done all you can, after you've done all you can ♪ ♪ after you've wiped all the tears from your eyes ♪ ♪ stand ♪ stand ♪ stand ♪ god will see you through ♪ and after you've done all that you can ♪ ♪ oh, my brothers and my sisters, you stand ♪ ♪ [applause] spink i've been asked to ask that you please do not snap pictures with your cell phones come as i see them flashing now as i speak. me a -- they are interrupting with what is being videoed, what have you, and also the family requests that you not do so. thank you very much. please regard the screens at this time for a video tribute from former congressman newt gingrich and julian bond. did i say that there many civil rights leaders who are in california today? oprah winfrey is doing a series on the civil rights movement so that they would be here today, but there is this video by julian bond who was one of those who was there, and also newt gingrich at this time to be followed by the mayor of this city, mayor vincent gray, who has gone far above and beyond the call of duty in helping to facilitate this great four days that we are celebrating, and we do think in so much. he will be coming along with former mayors anthony williams, sharon pratt, and the mayor of new jersey, roz baraka, who i must apologize to publicly. last time i saw him he was a student at howard university and i locked him up at union temple, would not let him out because we were about to shut down the 14th street bridge to say to those who are allowing the guns and drugs to come into the city. if we could stop the traffic and they could stop the guns and the drugs coming to our cities. so after video, mayor vincent grega bole former mayors of d.c. along with the mayor of newark, new jersey, roz baraka will be followed by prince george's county executive and mayor marc morial, former mayor, president of the national urban league whose father they came into office as mayor even at the same time that marion barry did. give them all a round of applause before they come following the video. thank you so much. >> married and barry was a remarkable citizen. as mayor, as city councilman, as neighborhood activist, and as a civil rights leader. the most workable thing about his career was his passion for the people of washington and particularly for the very poorest neighborhoods in washington. is commitment year after year to do everything he could to improve the lives of people, of all the folks i worked with when i was speaker, i think that marion barry was the most people oriented in dealing with washington, d.c.'s problems. in meetings i had with him he was always concerned that we remember that the our poor neighborhoods, poor schools, places where there are folks who need extra help, and that we have an obligation to remember them and to reach out to try to improve their lives. with his help we did a number of things that improved washington that would not have occurred without his leadership and his support. so i think all of us should take a moment to remember that you can be a remarkable citizen. you can make a big difference. you can lead a life worth studying, and you lead a big mark. we will all remember him with affection, with respect, and with an amazing sense that here was an american who made a real difference in our national capital. >> i remember meeting marion barry at the organization meeting of the student nonviolent coordinated committee in raleigh, north carolina, in april of 1960. and he was already well known to me, as were most of the leadership figures of the civil rights movement, because we had seen the pictures in the paper. occasionally we'd seen on tv and he was an impressive guy. he was tall, commanding, he was outspoken. he wasn't afraid to say whatever it was he wanted to say. he cut a swath through the people there. he was an impressive guy, and i'm still curious as to why in eulogizing him to do but he talks about his time as mayor, his public life. but nobody talks about this period when he spent with the student non-violent coordinating committee. he was part of this young band of brothers and sisters, young people who dropped out of school, who agreed to sacrifice their education to fight for justice and freedom. and i hope that that this ceremony that i'm missing because i can't be there, that there be more people to talk about that. i know the sncc people, i know many of them will talk about that and many of them will talk about over and over and over again. i am sorry to miss it. [applause] >> mayor vincent gray, accompanied by former mayors anthony williams, the mayor of newark, roz baraka. please give them a hand. will ask everyone to move quickly. thank you so much. >> good afternoon. i am pleased to be here with my esteemed predecessor, mayor sharon pratt, mayor anthony williams -- [applause] and also with the mayor of newark, new jersey, roz baraka. [applause] on behalf of the 660,000 people who live in the district of columbia, i want to once again extend, as others have done, our deepest sympathies to former first lady cora masters barry, and, of course, to marion christopher barry who spoke so eloquently when he was up here earlier. [applause] you know, while marion is now absent in body, i think we know that he is all fully present in his spirit in this place today. isn't he, ladies and gentlemen? [applause] though he is no longer with us, we also know how much you can she be did to the growth and to the development of his beloved district of columbia. [applause] there are so many marion barry stories, so many instances in which the mayors -- the mayor change someone's life are opened the door of opportunity for a person or for a community. like many other washingtonians, i choose to remember marion barry by remembering his lifelong commitment to building up our city and working to free it from congressionally imposed shackles, the servitude to which we were relegated here in the district of columbia. marion's own story is replete with witnessing injustices here and around the country. he knew well the daunting heights of the barriers of advancement and success faced by african-americans in this nati nation. and he was especially gifted at getting young people involved and creating a new future for themselves, and for all of us. when marion barry came to washington in 1965 to work with sncc, he saw a city that in many ways was every bit as segregated as the mississippi of his childhood. he found a majority black city that was ruled not by its residents, but by congress in which residents had no voting voice. and he also learned that congress had delegated oversight of this city to its most conservative white southern members. marion barry had found the place where he would make his mark, first as an activist for better relations with police, and better job opportunities for african-americans in the city. he stepped up to the plate as a servant leader, because there was work to be done. he got elected to the board of education, and then after home rule, such as it was, such as it is, was approved for the district of columbia, he was elected to the first popularly elected d.c. council. many of us know that in his first term, first term as mayor, he achieved some truly remarkable successes. he helped to get the city's chaotic finances under control, and helped her our metropolitan police department into an agency whose officers looks so much more like the people of the district of columbia. ladies and gentlemen, couldn't a lot of other cities learned that at this stage? [applause] he also helped to build the districts black middle class through a groundbreaking program, a groundbreaking program that required a share of city business to go to black owned enterprises. and, of course, he created a widely acclaimed summer youth employment program. how many people have you heard say, i got my first job under marion barry? [applause] i knew marion barry four years. and there's one anecdote that leaps to mind, and he and i talked about it often. it was an example of his true character or some may know i once served as the executive director of what was then known as the association for citizens. one of our key goals was to move people with intellectual disabilities from an inhumane institution named forest haven, and to community living in the district of columbia. [applause] there was, there was, ladies and gentlemen, these opposition in some neighborhoods to group homes. unfortunately, supported by some of the worst myths imaginable. one evening i was with mayor barry in an affluent community where the district was seeking to establish a home. nearly 200 people showed up and packed this room for this meeting, and they only had one purpose. the purpose was to stop this home from opening. once mayor barry had finished his presentation, there was a man who immediately rose and began to pepper him with questions. when it became clear that the man's inquiries had no constructive purpose, mayor barry said, and i quote, you really don't want an answer, do you? if you want to talk about how we make this work, i will stay here with you all might. otherwise, i have nothing else to say to you. [applause] that was vintage marion barry stand up for people who are disadvantaged, people who could not effectively fight for themselves. and by the way, the meeting ended soon thereafter. the home opened and was a huge success. because marion barry have stood up for a group of people that could not effectively speak for themselves. [applause] many of us don't get to smell the flowers while we are here on earth. in his last year of his life, mayor barry's book was published and he was able to share his story, his thoughts and his insights with many of us as he appeared at book signings and interviews on television and radio. those who have never heard of marion barry were able to learn more about him and gain insight into the person who was popularly known as mayor for life in the district of columbia. [applause] as longtime supporters and newcomers to the barry story swarmed around him, they embraced his journey and worked with him so he could pass the torch of knowledge on to the next generation. marion barry's legacy is intimately woven into the fabric of the district of columbia. he is still alive in so anyways and the district of columbia today i'm at ladies and gentlemen, marion barry will always be alive in the district of columbia. [applause] let me end by just saying on behalf of those who are up here, well done, m. b. we appreciate everything you're done for all of us in this great city. [applause] >> bless you. we are about 45 minutes behind schedule. we must be in the cemetery before it gets dark or we will not be able to inter the remains. i'm going to ask that everyone be limited to two minutes as we go forward. we must get our eulogists up in a timely fashion. at this time, the prince george's county executive is coming, followed by mayor marc morial, former mayor, president of the national urban league, then reverend dr. michael bell and reverend doctor stanley will read scriptures followed by council members past and present and mayor elect mark marielle bowser in that order. thank you. >> thank you. thank you. to cora masters barry, to christopher barry, it's my pleasure to your to represent the people of prince george's county. [applause] there you go. i'm pleased to be joined by our council chair and council members. we are pleased to be here because representing ward nine, i think they said -- [applause] i like to say we tended to claim our land back. [laughter] you know, in life, like you encounter and experience. it is about the people you meet, the places we go and the situations and environments we are exposed to. over the course of our lives, we welcome and meet people across the world who possess wonderful gifts of capturing our hearts and our minds. through their energy, passion and commitment, they cause us to believe and understand that we can dramatically change the course of events in our lives and in the world. marion barry was one of those people. on december 6, 2010, the mayor for life was sitting in the front row as i raised my hand and took the oath of office to become a prince george's county executive. it was an honor for me to have been there supporting me. i've said this over the course of the last few weeks that i, too, was one of those people that god is very first real job thanks to marion barry's summer youth program. [applause] so it was an honor to have the man who helped start my professional life be there as i reached the height of my political life. so i'm glad to be here today to support him in his transition, his homecoming, home going transition. there's a scripture, titus chapter two verse 14-15 that i think so aptly describes marion barry. who gave himself for us that he might redeem us from all inequities unto himself a particular people of zealous works. speak these things, extort and rebuke all authority. let no one despise you. i believe that scripture sums up marion barry. he gave himself to the people so that we would have a better life. and despite so many, so what people will say about him, he was there for us. we are proud to represent him. god bless marion barry's legacy. [applause] >> my dear brother, marc morial, national urban league. >> greetings and good afternoon first to cora masters barry, and marion christopher barry. let me express on a half of the urban league movement, friends and supporters around the nation, our prayers and condolences on the loss of the late great marion barry, who just joined us at the urban league conference in cincinnati, ohio, in late july. marion barry was part of a generation, a generation of civil rights leaders who worked and toiled and thought, and then became that generation of african-american mayors in the 1970s who brought the ethic and the edict of civil rights and social justice to the city halls of america. they were hatcher and stokes, gibson and jackson, bradley and young, ford and morial, washington and good, pioneers in city halls across the land. now, a president over 100 years ago said, it's not the critics who count. it's not the man who points out how the strong man stumbles or whether the doer of deeds could have done them better. the credit belongs to the man who is actually in the arena, whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood. who strives valiantly, who errs and comes up short again and again. because there is no effort without error, and shortcoming. but those who actually strive to do the deed, know the great enthusiasms, the great devotions, who spends themselves in a worthy cause, who know the triumphs of high achievement. and if he does daringly fall short in his place will not be with the cold and tired souls who know neither victory nor defeat. marion barry was a man in the arena. [applause] and as mayor of the city he was in the arena in providing thousands and thousands of jobs to young people of this city. he was the mayor in the arena who built not one but two convention centers to augment washington's tourism industry. he was in the arena in helping to bring the verizon center to downtown washington so that the capitals and the wizards could return to washington, d.c. he was the mayor in the arena in helping to orchestrate real estate transactions which rebuild the riverfront of washington, d.c. and he was the mayor in the arena who helped to develop a minority business enterprise policy which changed the landscape of washington, d.c. [applause] marion barry was not a cold and tired soul who knew neither victory nor defeat. we celebrating today as a champion, as not only a pioneering civil rights leader but as a pioneering mayor of a great american city. marion barry was first of all, he transcended all, and he continues to live. thank you very much. [applause] ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ >> good evening. [applause] and thank you. of those of you who know me, they know that i'm not shy. i'm not a person that's ever at a loss for words, and just like marion, i ain't scared. [laughter] but this has been overwhelming. and everything that has been said, you know, there's nothing left to say except to you that marion was my dear friend. we have known each other since 1970. he was my partner. i knew him in a way that every time i listen, all i can think about is just one thing, the essence of them, that -- >> take your time. >> he was not fake. that everything he did big he did little. every big thing he did for people, he did little things for people. he was a person who felt passion everyday of his life. he was a person that loved his people. [applause] >> that's right. >> he loved his people. he was a person who took great pride in helping people get up. not that big stories you hear but the little stories you hear. he -- i stopped letting him go to the gas station because he would spend all of his money. not on the gas but the people. given the people who were asking for money. i stopped letting them go to the grocery store because he couldn't get out of the grocery store. i don't like the grocery store so i want to go into town. how long have you been on that job? how old are you? where do you live? [laughter] what church do you go to? who are your people? this is him every single day. and the most important thing i want you, to safety about my husband was that as complicated as he was, he was a very simple man. nine of the trappings of anything that he was exposed to from all over the world affected him, to the extent that it was embarrassing. and i was first lady and he was mayor we would get on the plane in first class and i would look over there and marion would actually have a supermarket bag, a little plastic bag with his stuff in it. [laughter] back of the house was 11, you know, blah blah attaché case. i get a grocery bag with -- that'll make no difference. yes, it does. [laughter] it just does. he didn't -- you know what? i would say that's the mississippi stuff. [applause] and the last thing you need to know is that his heart was so pure that he had the goodness of jesus christ. he really did. he was, people do terrible things to him, not only would he forgive him because we always say we're going to forgive but we don't forget. marion forgot. he would forget it. it would not even stay in his mind. that was my job. marion, why are you talking to him? that was the person the just -- oh, he did? so he was a pure of heart. it was a man after god's own heart. he was our david and he was my husband, he was christopher's father. and thank you so much for honoring him. [applause] give cora masters barry another great hand. [applause] ♪ ♪ >> friends, to my dear sister, cora barry, beloved christopher, the heart and soul of marion, congresswoman norton, great former mayors, mayor elect bowser, former congressman walker, city council officials for all that you can to make this a glorious sendoff. the family wishes to thank you. to my daughter, let's give her another hand, please. [applause] into the mother from whom she got divorced. stand up. that's jackie's daughter. [applause] second timothy, if i'm not ready to be offered at the time of my departure at hand, i fought a good fight. i finished the course. i have kept the faith. there is a crown of righteousness. the righteous judge to the lord, the righteous judge, to give me of that day, all of them who loved, that's the blue-ribbon, the ticket to the contender i want to talk a minute about the crown of jewels on marion's head. there's a song that says watch and, therefore, we not know the day when the lord shall call your soul a way. if you fight, striving for the right you should wear a robe and crown. i'm going to wear a crown. i'm going to wear a crown with the trumpet sounds just as soon my feet of strike. i lay down, i'm going to wear a crown. the crown to be offended it must have jewels in it. brother variants of jewels where he was born in itta bena, mississippi, on a cotton plantation in 1936 to 18 years before the board versus brown decision to 19 years before the lynching of emmett till, august 28, 1955, which was eight years before the march on washington, august 28. august 28, 19 use before rosa parks emerge in montgomery, alabama. years before the little rock nine, the assassination of medgar evers and other events, august 2008 brought obama gave his part of his acceptance speech at august 28, emmett till, august 28 march on washington, mary was born in the ugliness of the deep south in the throes of a revolution that continues to reverberate in our streets today. he was nearly 30 ever had the right to vote. how does one sum up his life during the one who went from and dignity and disgrace to amazing grace. i never thought i would live long enough to say good evening and farewell to this fellow traveler. i met and married in 1960. we shared scars and stories about our fights. in the retrospective seemed if we are so certain of victory that the risks we took going to jail, dogs biting, horses kicking, blasted by the press, it did not seem to matter. after greensboro sitting in and the uprisings, along with several classmates, i was allowed to use the public library gringos dr. linda. we became friends. we live as if life, death is uncertain. the fact is death is certain in life is uncertain. sometimes a death comes suddenly and sometimes later, but always a certain. as mary and i walked through our 50 year journey together, he was a radio station, two weeks ago, and after his passing i get to thinking, brother farrakhan, about the baseball analogy. the baseball game has nine innings for regular game and there are hits and errors. usually plays in the hot sun. nine innings packed with drama and sometimes trauma. and in the big leagues it's always against stiff competition. with the struggle we face all of his life, the u.s. congress and the white house, to change laws and ancient habits of oppression, that's the big league of politics. the game is so tough if you get three hits out of 10 at-bats, another ticket to the hall of fame. babe ruth and reggie jackson to the greatest homerun hitters and yet they struck out a lot. whenever they came to the plate those expectations in the air but you would hear some -- you get some, you strike out some. to catch some and to drop some. you are judged not by the catch with a drop all, you're judged not by the catch or the drop all. you're judged by the box score but it's all over. are you a winner or a loser? when the game is real tight and sometimes you play extra innings. some pictures get knocked out early. some lawyers get hit and they're called designated hitter. only pictures only pitch relief. marion played extra innings. some players played with such enthusiasm that lift up those as others as they climbed. the odds were against him in the game was threatened with the rain that because storms and thunder and lightning often come in the summer. neither clear skies nor rain stopped and. the new indeed he had to take the heat. he knew deepwater does not drown you. the only drowned when you stop taking. he never stopped kicking. malcolm x and dr. king were down there for 39 years. marion twice that long. he had his highs and lows but like others, fears came upon a. at the end of his life his friends friend. he never lost the faith. he went down, way down. he got that because he knew nothing was too hard for god. as job set to i know my redeemer lives because he lives within my soul. though you slay me, yet will i trust you. he lost his footing but not his will to serve. he got up again because he knew the ground was no place for a champion. he did his best. his back was against the wall. he had three options. one, he could have chose the easy way. he could have walked around full of resentment and anger full of no action and could become a better. but he chose a third, to resist and run on. he never stopped running. he never stopped serving. tired feet, aching shins, a slower pace but walking, but he never took his focus off the poor and those with their backs against the wall. that's why the people love him, and the lord kept a blessing him. in this game, jesus sets the standards. the righteous judge, choosing those who made the all-star team. the sun is not perfection but dependability. you show up when the game was on the line, the jesus standard. stand up for the righteous judge, a fair referee when i was hungry, did you feed me? when i was naked did you clothe the naked? when imprisoned did you visit me? on this basis he separate the sheep from the goats, the real players from the also-rans as champions from the heroes. marion captain dettra elected and the crowd stood in the rain yesterday to watch him go by. he was a hero more than a champion. a champion went to contest and they ride on the people's shoulders. he knocked out someone. when champions win, they rise. when he rose rose from the people ride their shoulders. .. >> the summer's gentle wind blew the apple from the tree, but few are willing to shake the tree. one of the architects of the new south the day dr. king gave his address in washington, the south was under military occupation. the reason minister said don't just stop and talk about the dream, d.c. was locked down that day. federal troops had been ordered to be on guard at the train station. the bus station, the airport. cars didn't have a tag from d.c. or virginia or maryland, they were stopped and profiled and put under suspicion. the day

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