[applause] Doris Kearns Goodwin and scott heard its wonderful to have you here and welcome to miami. This is our premier annual cultural events so its great to have you here. You both have written books about president s who are part of the progressive era. Really, it was really started by eva roosevelt. Of course he was affectionately known as teddy so Doris Kearns Goodwin how did he start the progressive era and what propelled him to act . And what were his successes that are still with us today . I may indeed call him teddy even though he didnt like to be called teddy that but i think he has lost that data with history so Teddy Roosevelt came into power at a time when really the aspects of the Industrial Age had not been dealt with since the civil war. There was no real Workers Compensation. Women and children were exploited in the factories. Huge monopolies were heating up, the gap to train the rich and the poor had grown wider sounded familiar to situations of today. Additional revolution may have produced an economic change. Even though he was a conservative when he started in certain sense and certainly a republican when he started he realized Republican Party would not able to continue as a major force and a majority for some less it began to deal with these problems of the Industrial Age. Even as governor he tried to introduce legislation angering the political bosses. Of course mckinley is assassinated and he becomes president. Its not really that he did it on his son. He understood that the only way he could move his reluctant congress to take a legislation that was necessary was to mobilize the country to push them from the outside in so thats why he defined the word bully pulpit as the president s power, to educate on morally move the country forward but he needed help and he had help from the press at that time. The most remarkable set of relationships with the press and they too have their own agenda as did the social settlement groups. There really wasnt up rising from the country at large to know that something had to happen. He was at the helm so his name will forever be identified with the progressive era. I taught a seminar on him and the progressive era and i was lot wanted to live with him. Finally after all of these characters i got a chance to be with his most colorful exacerbating extraordinary figure. Sometimes i wonder what im doing spending by life with dead president s but i wouldnt change it for anything in the world. [applause] scott we are going to get to you but lets continue in chronological order. Taft came in and you decided to include taft in your book as well. How did they become close . There were 400 letters between them. How did they become less and how did the rift have been . I didnt know that much about taft. I needed to follow the Progressive Movement up to the time when his guide beats these two. So i knew of course that taft had succeeded teddy and theyd run against each other 1912 but then you always go back and i know scott is too mad. You want the primary sources of letters and diaries and private journals so when i found these 400 letters between the two i realized they had become friends in their early 30s. An odd couple. Teddy is marching around everywhere doing wrestling in doxing and taft of course weighing between 250 and 350 is not doing much wrestling or boxing at that point that they liked each other. The opposites almost attracted so teddy brings him into his cabinet and becomes the most important person in his cabinet even though all of this life taft just wanted to be a judge never a politician. He decides this is the man i want to succeed me. He runs caps campaign, gives him advice at every moment. The only thing he didnt give them advice on was his Campaign Song which i dont think teddy would have approved of a cousin was get on a raft with taft. If you gone on a raft with a traded three and 40pound taffy wouldnt be on the raft very long. [laughter] teddy goes to africa to give them space and he comes back from africa and hes been told by his progressive that taft has become too much and coziness with the old guard of republicans in the congress. It really wasnt that because he did try to do what he thought it was doing but he didnt have the skills of the public leader. He did did not detail of the press and did not give a speech so teddy decided because the progressives wanted him to run against taft in a Brutal Campaign in 1912 and of course because there are two republicans running one in the republican nomination that taft wins and then of course roosevelt runs on a thirdparty Campaign Opening the door for the democrat to win. What was so emotionally moving for me was the heartbreak when they broke was much greater than i realize because the friendship ended stronger. I love writing about emotional thing so it allowed to be much more than a straight linear story. Scott berg Woodrow Wilson came to the picture and he was elected. Talk about that a little bit trades be Woodrow Wilson went back to progressivism big time taking the foundation. Roosevelt, not teddy took Woodrow Wilson out but really built upon it and what wilson wanted to do and its kind of ironic as most peoples image of wilson is of this very presbyterian minister son. That in fact he was extremely human. He was extremely emotional and very passionate and what he wanted to do above all was to humanize the presidency. So where Theodore Roosevelt had created this relationship with the press, Woodrow Wilson really wanted to advance fat and what he did was he started Holding Press Conferences which a president had never done before. Everything he did was toward personalizing the white house and toward that end, wilson came in with really the most aggressive and Progressive Agenda that we have seen. He brought it about largely through this process of humanization and he did it by showing up in the congress. Wilson had an extremely peculiar view of how the legislative branch and the executive branch should function. He thought, being a political scientist, that these two branches and now get ready, youve got to work with me on this. He thought they should cooperate. [laughter] [applause] its bigger than that. He thought literally they should cooperate the cover so wilson did something president s have not done since john adams in 1800. He showed up in congress to conduct business. He brought out the president appearing to deliver deliver the state of the union address. Woodrow wilson delivered 25 addresses to joint sessions of congress and he actually showed up in a little room that sits in the congress, which was designed for president s to come and work with the congress. Now i think a lot of president s have failed to find this room. Im not naming anyone. But i think they have failed to find it existed as a rather tricky name. Its called the president s room. [laughter] lbj found it. Yes, he didnt really he founded big time. That why so much legislation got past i think. These were guys and johnson was in many ways in the wilsonian tradition of getting in there, rolling up your sleeves and navy cracking a few legs and arms and twisting them and that is what wilson did. With that, we immediately saw in the first few months of the Wilson Administration the lowering of tariffs, the introduction of the modern income tax which had a graduated scale so the rich are paid more. We saw the establishment of the Federal Reserve system which has been basically the basis of the American Economy for the last century. He went into eight overworked days, Workers Compensation and so forth. He heard the first jewish man on the supreme court. He was not antiwealth, he was not antiwall street but he was antitrust. He was against unfair competition and anywhere he saw it he tried to fight it. So you have both alluded to the fact that there are a lot of parallels between today and those times. Are we in another gilded age . I do think one of the things that produce that great gap between the rich and the poor at the turn of the 20th century was as i said the whole economy had shifted. It used to be that if you are living in some country town, the richest person might be the doctor or a lawyer on the house on the hill and suddenly with these massive trusts forming the big railroad spanning the country and the oil industry coming, it you have these millionaires sidebyside with the immigrants and their tenement slums. At the turnofthecentury the pace of life that sped up and because you had telegraphed replacing letters and local horrors exploited in the tablet press. People were saying there were a lot of nervous disorders because the pace of life has so sped up. Think about it today with the pace of life speeding up even more. The problem is i think yes we are in some ways in another gilded age but that progressive era that mobilization of the country to handle these problems has not seemingly emerged. So as a result im not sure the bully pulpit has the power it did. In both wilsons time in teddys time when they would give a speech it would become the common conversation in the country and it would be reported in full even by the time that fdr went on his fireside chats. He could hear 80 of the people would listen to his chats. Saul bellow said you could walk down the street on a chicago night and not sure if what they were saying because everyone was listening to the radio. Primarily you would listen to the whole speech. Now the network is divided. The National Newspapers came at my time, the turn of 20th century. Even sometimes when im writing checks i am writing 1913 instead of 2013. The National Newspapers have emerged in the early 20th century replacing partisan press. In the old days you would only read your newspaper if you are republican or democrat. Lincoln gave a great speech that was carried out on the shoulders of his people and the democratic news he fell on the ground and he bade ludham and histamine in the same speech. National newspapers and radio and television here we are again divided media. You only hear a part of the president s speech. Her Attention Span has so diminished. The guys that wrote about them in the magazine were given two years to write a the thousand word thesis month after month and people read them and talked about them. Im just not sure that anybody would be given that amount of time by newspaper or magazine today and expense accounts they had and the camaraderie they had and the Attention Span to talk about it. So i worry about where the country is going in terms of our influence on the government. Mcclure, the guy who ran at one point said theres no one left but all of us and sometimes i think thats true for a stu. Where are we . We just complain about whats going on a motion family of an ticket out how to do some about the paralysis that is there. Yes think the fragmentation of the media is only going to continue because people make up their own media all the time. The social media and the fact free media. That is happening all over the place. Scott berg how is president wilson treated by the media . Was treated pretty well by the media especially by theite tarbells and ray sanders they are. I love baker. He was my favorite. He spent his final years not only working for wilson but an 8volume biography of Woodrow Wilson he so adored him. One of the most glorious thesis about wilson was written byite tarbell in fact. Its so wonderful i find myself not quoting it. I thought it was too partisan in Woodrow Wilsons favor but i think its quite true what you have said just about this great fractionalization of the media. Because what we have lost and your ticket waited why, we just dont think as much anymore. We just react from the gut so much. That is why we flock to that cable station that speaks what we think even though we havent thought it yet. I think thats a big factor today. Wilson had a very Good Relationship with the media up to and just into the First World War which wilson ultimately brought us into. At that point in this becomes one of the great ironies of the wilson story, the most progressive resident we had to date not even forgetting t. R. But this president became the most suppressive of the press which he did during the war, read vitalizing alien sedition acts that really had been quiet certainly since the days of adam and somewhat with lincoln they were brought back. In fact wilson used to cite lincoln all the time. Thats a good cover a thing. s interesting people have asked me what would Teddy Roosevelt have done in todays world with twitter and i think he would have loved it. His great strength was to reduce complex problems into shorthand language. A square deal. Anything that scott said the wilson believed in about fairness, im not going after the rich must they have accumulated their wealth with unfair means and im not going after the poor as long as they are taking care of their opportunities. He would say its the rock on which the country will flounder. He gave Maxwell House the slogan, good to the very last drop. It is said that he drank 40 cups of coffee a day. That explains the Incredible Energy of this character. I think t. R. Would have loved twitter because you couldnt shut them up. You loved being in the center this was his strength and his weakness. His daughter alice said he wanted to be the bride of the wedding and the corpses the funeral. [laughter] all of this of course made wilson cringe. He thought t. R. Was just at duke caricature of a man. In fact somebody once pointed out to t. R. That colonel roosevelt you have the same objectives here. You have some of the same principles and plans that you believe in. You are really so much alike. Why do you attack him every day . Roosevelt thought and he said i guess wilson is just the weaker version of me. [laughter] wilson was the president of rensin university before he was president. Environments affect did him in a positive for a negative way. Ivory tower helped him very much. He was trying to tear down the ivory tower. Woodrow wilson was the son of a presbyterian minister who had the good fortune to go north to college from georgia and the carolinas where he grew up in virginia where he was born. He went to princeton in new jersey and there he found a very exclusive campus. He resented it as a graduate and he came to resented as a professor there. He then became president of the college and it was at this time he decided, now i have the ability to change with this college is. Wilsons predecessor in the presidency of rensin was a man who used to brag that he ran the finest country club in america. And he did. There was no question about it. This was an enclave for the sons of the very rich. Wilson tried to tear that down and it was in doing that but he began writing about what he was doing and speaking about what it was doing. This is how the most meteoric rise in American History occurred because people began to look at wilson who use the princeton campus is a great metaphor for america. He believes Higher Education should read the great catapult for people, that anybody from any class in the country that has not classes, but in such a country anybody who is educated and works hard should we able to leapfrog, should be able to go was to or a rung or two above the latter. Wilson became famous for this so much so that some of the bosses in the demo that it party were attracted to him thinking you is a perfect combination to be their puppet. Namely he sounded very progressive and reformist but also he was perfect or so he would be very weak. Little did they know when he got elected governor of new jersey, which he served for about 18 months, the first thing he did as governor was kicked out and put them in office so everybody saw this was no weak college professor. Lets turn to the women in these president slides. Im always interested in the women behind the man. I am interested in how these women help these president s. What is so interested me is that there are three women that im writing about, Edith Roosevelt nellie taft andite tarbell. They each made choices that they had to make. There were narrower choices for women at that time that we have today. Edith roosevelt came from a family where her father had been wealthy and he had lost a shipping business and became an oggaholic. She had lived near teddy when she was the young girl in a wealthy area and they had to move to more modest homes. She drew a protective curtain around herself. She loved teddy from the time she was young. They were boyfriend and girlfriend through college. They had a fight in his soft warrior of college. They have broken up and he felt madly in love with this beautiful girl from us boston. He married alice and alice died a few years later. He went to the badlands depressed and thought he would never love again. The light had gone out of his life but he went back and married edith and it was an extraordinary strong and joyous marriage. All she wanted from the marriage and her First Leadership was to give companionship and strength and a sanctuary tour ever restless husband. She said when she became first later she had no intention of ing of public parsonage. What mattered for a woman was only to be in the newspaper twice when you are married and when you are very. She left the first ladyship little known by the public at large but very much known by her family. Nellie taft growing up in cincinnati had ambitions from the time she was an adolescent to do some bring. Her Father Center brothers to harvard and yale and not she. She just started to start teaching to her mothe