The brilliant fighting of black troops have ensured the salvation of the union. The fact that africanamerican soldiers had defeated lee lent additional symbolic meaning to the surrender for me and his army of Northern Virginia typified the ice of the u. S. Ct slaveholding elites and its racial superiority. Thomas Morris Chester confederate capitulation was especially sweet cousins are reviewed to the first families of virginia who he do after the virginians. In short, men such as williams and chester made and sustained the bold claim that defeat u. S. Army africanamerican troops have dealt a death blow to all that army stood for, including favorite old. They insisted not only the union armies at jury emanated from superior virtue of the black troops in particular exemplified by virtue. Most important, africanamerican soldiers interpretations of the surrender of described the civil rights message into the mud animist terms of the sprecher, emphasizing the promise of appomattox, depicted the free people and black soldiers in particular as agents of national healing. The williams 1880 history of the troops in the war of the rebellion praised like soldiers for treating the confederates with quiet dignity and christian humility. Those were his words. Hero, after the Confederate Army had been paroled, the troops cheerfully and cordially divided rations of the late enemy and welcomed them at their campfires of march 2 st. Petersburg. Forgiveness is expressed in the attacks rebel soldiers who freely mingled with the plakon verse. As a spectacle of magnanimity never before witnessed. Lien sought, africanamerican magnanimity at appomattox is the exercise of moral Authority Come a conscious effort as purposeful as grandson act of clemency to leave to break the cycle of violence the slaveholders had so long perpetuated. In the year after the surrender, each of the interpretations about the income emphasis on restoration from a vindication of liberation aquinas and others came to incorporate an argument about the last promise of appomattox. Adherents of each interpretation argued their political opponents had betrayed the true spirit of greens magnanimity. Everyone embraces magnanimity, but they invest with different meanings. For lee and his followers from the radical republicans for the arch betrayers that the appomattox covenant for imposing a regime and black suffrage in Political Representation that contravene the promise and parole terms of southerners would not be disturbed. For granted and his followers coming into johnson was the arch betrayers were capitulating to these ideas that the piece must bring the restoration of power to southerners. Confronted with the foolhardiness of the far too lenient johnson and planets of the southern people to their own interest, grant had adapted. He would write, i gradually worked up to the point where i see the immediate enfranchisement for africanamericans. This is the only way to dispel the confederates pretension they would be able to control the nation and were entitled to do so as he put it. Grant was deeply disappointed by lees refusal to give that the cursor do. In a may 1866 interview, cryptically to pass, saintly was he hating badly. Setting an example of source acquiesces so grudging and pernicious in its effect as to hardly be realized. Representative lee for denigrating the Union Victory is a mere show of force and encouraging confederates to resist changing the name of restoration. Grant learned after appomattox said he would need to enter the political arena to finish the work he began in april 191865. Hindi has africanamericans, not only those who rejected black citizenship of right, but those who during the long retreat from reconstruction would give up the fight for it, all of these people at the moment of promise at the appomattox moment state unfulfilled. However compelling and comforting the image of the surrender is a gentlemans agreement if he doesnt begin to capture the complex legacy of appomattox peer deep into the 19 century, appomattox is at the heart of the politics of race reunion and thats why its so important people come here and walk the National Park to visit the museum and try to understand its artifacts that we can recover and appreciate that this moment meant in that turbulent era of the civil war. Thank you. [applause] dear sometime . Yeah, sure. Im happy to take any questions people have. I knew i could count on you. Yes, sir. [inaudible] in your view, what changed in what didnt change because of lincolns assassination . Is a great question anyone who knows civil war literature does the assassination when we get the impression of books on shelves of libraries and bookstores, the assassination eclipses the surrender. Scores of books on the assassination of very few on the surrender. Theres been an assumption thats gone on with the notion the assassination surrender but at that moment the northern impulse to magnanimity evaporates under his calls for vengeance. The drowning of the imposters magnanimity. I found something quite different. Northerners are absolutely embittered by the assassination and we do see calls for vengeance against those who perpetrated it. But we see a calling response. We see some northerners say we have been too lenient. Lincoln wouldve been too lenient. Grant was too lenient. Now johnson, they initially believe is going to be an enforcer of Richard Duchenne inventions. Johnson is the right man to correct our course. But we see just as many people saying, upholding the notion of magnanimity and the idea of magnanimity confers moral authority and is an emblem of its moral superiority. We see just as many sticking with the argument but lets not make of these people. Lets stick with what lincoln wanted, bp is characterized by lenient than the union are the best rates one of lincolns memory is to uphold the spirit of the magnanimity. I find this interpretive lines hold. Theres a sort of moment of uncertainty. To a surprising degree, they hold. The other thing i found is we know John Wilkes Booth was in the audience when lincoln gives his less famous speech in which he gestures he made it back black suffrage and modern day say well, booth at this moment since im going to run lincoln through and this is a lashing out against the possibility of black civil rights. All of thats true, but americans at the time is they receive the news of lincolns assassination didnt know about the details. So what they assumed was the assassination was a response to the surrender. Whos had been infuriated by the souths defeat and he was lashing out against lincoln to rob lincoln of the fruits of his victory. What happened here at appomattox is the context for the assassination in the eyes of almost all northerners. If a site of that. The connection between the surrender of the assassination. They believe booth was trying to undo the Union Victory at that moment. Any other questions . Comments . Knowing theres talented leaders in the room. Would you want to revive that in some way . Something that would fit on a billboard . I mean, i think again the myth that the gentlemans agreement between grant and lee is a compelling one and not one that doesnt have merit. It was a great achievement for these two men to end the war. I would like to say parent radically, sometimes people these days well talk about a long civil war and appomattox didnt win the war. Effectively, appomattox ends the civil war. There are surrenders to come. Yes armies in the field, but what happened after appomattox is not going to revive hopes were confederate independence. They die here at appomattox. It is the effective end of the civil war and a great achievement to end the war. This notion of a narrative about a gentlemans agreement exists from the very start and even some of these editors like really who were arguing about the terms. Theres an air selfcongratulation that america ended at civil war and away no country is ever done so before. The gentlemans agreement is rooted in american exceptionalism, how remarkable we are able to end our war without massive executions and reprisals. Across the spectrum that impulse to selfcongratulation says president , even among people who than express will argue about what the terms really meant. My argument here is nothing that will set clearly on a billboard. I dont think one has to throw out the old billboard so much as remember that the surrender was controversial. How could it not be . 700,000 men have lost their lives. The road to true reconciliation was a very, very difficult one. I think to appreciate the meaning of the surrender who lived at this time, we have to remember they let jjuliett grant, the most prestigious men in the country aside from lincoln and after lincoln dies, the two most prestigious men. Southerners in northerners look to these meant to represent their respective causes from which so many people lay down their lives in pieces they had in war. They didnt expect these meant to be ends in defeat. They sell them as clients and assumed thats what they would continue to be. Part of my argument is landgrant our enemies. How could it be otherwise . It doesnt detract from the achievement of having brought the worst we close. But reminds us these terms down to the cause we dont want to be disturbed and if you disturb us come you broken the covenant. These terms are controversial. I think again sometimes some people are trying to debunk the myth, they tell you something you thought was of greater importance is not as greater importance he thought. My purpose is opposite to say its even more important to say what happens here says the terms for an unfolding debate that we have appreciated. Yeah. [inaudible] yes, yes. [inaudible] i think thats right. Really for me, the most surprising discovery of all was et al. , with web relish the antirepublican democrats, those copperheads just adopted the confederate bob things. It just shows you how the instant impulse to politicize this. My argument if there is never a moment in which northerners and not celebrate grants victory and not very moment when confederates en masse are southerners lament please defeat. Its political from the very start. This has to do them part with the price. What did the traces his followers and here come the campaign, meeting of the clean house from promulgation of the farewell address. I show what happens in the news hits the wires and lands in northern cities and communities and lands in southern cities in the impulse to spin the news is instantaneous for political rivals to try to use it to political advantage. It happens instantly and shows divisions within a society, not just between them. [inaudible] what you are saying is a great, robbery between the usct and everyone sending [inaudible] begin with each other that is not. And that was a quote from a postwar race history by George Washington williams. The context for these africanamericans clinked the idea that the surrender is a special moment for them. A moment which they are in the thick terser old in which they are dispensing magnanimity. The context for that is a very longstanding charge that goes back as far as we can trace debates about slavery but if you have emancipation come youre going to have chaos and reprisals and for williams to highlight, i think his account there is somewhat wishful. But it served a political purpose to highlight the possibility of racial record deletion and say that appomattox could symbolize racial reconciliation with an answer to all those who sent us this freedom in the victory, theres going to be social chaos, resource the one. Williams wanted to allow himself with the forces of progress and civilization and to have decided to magnanimity of africanamerican at that moment was to do that and offer counter narrative to a dystopian discourse about what would happen if you had read in the union to jury. Yes. [inaudible] yep, thats right. I dont have a figure they are. Really, this is a moment at which theyre essentially, you know, the way its described by sherry dan and others is that we and his men thought the might have achieved a breakthrough moment by scattering the union calvary. When they see the infantry en masse in en masse in those Woods Committee realize their hopes were breakthrough failed. So is the presence of the africanamerican troops in the sight of union reinforcements that causes the way flex to start going out. Indeed, it would be in at the grant and an africanamerican postwar discourse that black troops fired the shot at lees army. That is technically not true. But again, it served a purpose in it served a purpose to say we are within the thick or circle and we hope to bring to shield this army that symbolized everything, that symbolizes the very regime that slavery and of the elite. Again, to get back to johns question, part of what im arguing is that literally happened here is fascinating. I talk about the campaign in a lot of detail, but im trying to argue appomattox is a much richer symbols and weve realize. It wasnt just a symbol of victory and defeat in vindication of restoration and liberation. Functioning on office many levels. [inaudible] it was 116, the 27, the 145th. Its all in the book. You got it, good. [inaudible] yeah, and one of the regiment waited in the waiting. As one of the marchers and discoveries for me is how many of the men in those armies, not the officers and leaders of the army and later became prominent in referred back to the service very proudly. George washington williams is the most important africanamerican intellectual of this postwar period and he he was there and he considered it very, very important, sort of a key moment in his life, as dissidents and others who would become prominent political leaders. So thats the story. In a way, this is what got me to the project. Ive been interested in only ingrained for a long time, but i was asked to music or to give a talk in philadelphia on the subject of juneteenth, the emancipation moment taxes for union forces arrived and announced they are free. In the course of doing research, which was something i knew little about, i kept running across references to appomattox is a freedom day for africanamericans. References that dated to the 1930s. The symbolic importance of the place for africanamericans persist a really, really long time. Sometimes it took the form from chris this out maddux, covering the spectrum of africanamerican military service is eventually does lease for the world wars of the one. But it really lingers as a moment of symbolic importance. It goes beyond things that casualties in who in fact fired glass shards. [inaudible] thank you very much. My pleasure. [applause] [inaudible conversations] [laughter] booktv is on facebook. Like us to interact with booktv guests and viewers, watch videos and get uptodate information on events. Facebook. Com booktv. Kara newman looks at how the commodities market influences what we eat and what we pay for. She says the markets have shaped Culinary Trends for hundreds of years. Ms. Newman spoke at the world bank in washington d. C. This is about 40 minutes. Thank you and thank you to the world bank for hosting me today. I do appreciate it. I do feel the need to start by saying i am not an economist, im a food writer, im a culinary historian. Just to explain a little bit about how the book came about, when i first started my career, i wrote about financial topics. I worked with a small Consulting Company that was then acquired by a much langer on larger conglomerate, and i was tasked with creating content about equities market, and then the one that completely changed my life, the commodities market. So how did that change my life . When i started learning about commodities, of course, i realized that there are certain products such as oil and gold, but there are also products that fall into the Agricultural Commodities segment, and those include products like cattle, soybeans, coffee, cocoa. And to me, it read like a menu. And maybe this was a sign that one day i was going to be a food writer, but everything really came together for me when i read the Financial News weekly barrons and investment expert jim rogers was quoted as saying buy breakfast. So what did he mean by this . He was advising people to purchase frozen orange juice futures and pork belly futures which no longer trade now. But he was essentially saying buy orange juice and buy bacon. Buy breakfast. And right there that just solidified for me what the book concept was going to be, a mashup of food and finance. And what i love about food is that it really does allow you to tell stories about people, about history, and in this case, about finance to a degree. And one of the things i found as i went along was the history of americas commodity exchanges really runs a parallel course with the history of industrialization and technology in america. And by this i mean the telegraph. That really helped to sync up prices around the country and around the world. You werent just talking to your neighbor and saying, well, i think this commodity should be priced at this. You were able to find out what it was priced at if in chicago and in hamburg, in london and, of course, we have the telephone, we have computers and the Electronic Media now. Every good trader has a smartphone in their pocket. Were also talking about improvements in canals and later the railroad system. That played a really important part in getting product from the center of the country where they were largely produced to the east coast where most of the people were located. And, of course, the floors of those Financial Markets really have changed considerably over time. Well show you some of those shortly. But you no longer see the chalkboards and the whiteboards, everything now is completely digitized. You no longer have these ankledeep thickets of trading tickets. In some cases, you know you no longer have trading floors, and its just a completely different world now. So we have my be lovely hamburger. I thought it would be fun, i mean, its a lunchtime event, so instead of just talking completely in generalities, i thought it would be fun to talk about some of the specifics. In this case, the hamburger. So just for a minute ill explain what a commodities contract is. Of its, essentially, a contract between a buyer and a seller. Its a promise between a buyer and a seller to buy or sell a specific quantity of of a specific good, lets say cattle, beef at a specified point in the future. So the futures market. And what isnt spelled out in that contract is the price. That really goes back and forth. Be and the more often that contract trades and the greater the spread between those trades, the more money can be made. So talking abou