Transcripts For CSPAN2 Book TV 20131020

But to prepare citizens with the minds, hearts and character to disdain or democracy in the future. Built on hope, not fear, encouragement not threat, on inspiration, not compulsion. I trust. Im releasing the dignity of the person, not devotion to data. Unsupportive mutual respect, not a machine of punishment and blame. And the last thing to revive collaboration humor, student, parents, teachers, principals, administrators and local communities. The american system is democratically controlled schools has been the mainstay of our communities and the foundation for a nation success. We must Work Together to improve public schools. They must extend the promise of equal Educational Opportunity to all the children of our nation, protecting our products goes against privatization, saving them for future generations of American Children is a civil rights issue of our time. Thank you very much. [applause] nonbook tv, molly raskin text that it had them and, and not addition to cofounded a company that specializes increasing speed and stability of the internet. The first person killed during the 9 11 attacks. He was sacked to death by terrorists on american flight 11, which was funded to the north tower. This is about 40 minutes. Thank you very much, jonah. And thank you so much for hosting this tonight. It is not only the only bookstore, but also a place that i know a lot of us come with their case brooks, to read and im very grateful for it im also grateful for the court of local writers and palate, which is really important so im honored to be here tonight. I want to thank you all for coming out on a friday night. As the second week of school for kids. Everybody is busy, so i appreciated. I want to say also that done a lot of press over the last two weeks since the book was released, which has been really great. But this is particularly special to me because so many people in this room have been a part of the process of migrating the book. I mean, im looking around seeing people who counseled me through the book proposal writing process and encourage me when i said that i could never get it done, friends who called me up to find out about how the book was doing. My hasbeens here. So many here who basically hope me get a book done. And so, its awesome to be sitting here tonight in a room full of people who have supported me along the way. I think actually a couple years ago when i moved to maplewood on the six years ago, said village coffee across the street with a lot of your having coffee and writing and working on various creative hot chicks. So its really cool to be here tonight. So i just want to share a little bit about this story that captivated me for the better part of two years. First, for those of you dont know, its a bit about me. John has given some. Ive worked in television, print and documentary film over the past 15 years. And also impossible a great story. I want to start up. I guess a lot of people who know me well wonder first how i came to write a book about a Computer Scientist and mathematician, especially those who know me well. As an english major and brighter come i dont have any background in Computer Science or math. I actually avoided all math and somehow to get through College Without taking any of it and didnt pass calculus. So the answer to that is really simple. It is the book captivated me not for the mass and not for some of the more moments obtain a fact that because of what he accomplished. If you asked me to explain algorithms today, i can give you a very broad explanation, but i still cant tell you what is at the heart of them. People who work with him still cant come as some of them. So it just gives you an idea of just how incredible the math wiz behind what im going to tell you a little bit about. So the story of danny lewin is a complex one. At first i found really difficult to capture in a character study and as a writer. Im just going to read a little bit from the preface of the book to that will give you an idea of these seemingly disparate parts of his life and what made the story in some ways for me, stranger than fiction. Danny story at the leap from the very beginning was almost more unbelievable than fiction. In the spring of 2011, a friend asked if i was interested in a job of producing an independent film tribute for the anniversary of the 9 11 attack. That frame is here, mike stoller, said banks were first introduced in me to this story. At the time i had no idea what it would become. The subject he explained was a passenger in the first lane to crash but in the north tower of the world trade center. From there the story took on the life of its own. It is a story of daniel from the dna mark lewin as as some assert that the first victim of the 9 11 attack. The sister of an extraordinarily gifted young man who believes anything is possible that nothing stand stand in its way of an allamerican kid who moved to israel against its will, ended up falling hopelessly in the country and served as an officer in the most elite unit of the israeli army. Trained to hunt and kill terrorists and put a tragic twist of irony later died at the hands. But a lot are robert and Computer Science formed softspoken Research Professor at the husband and a father and became a billionaire almost overnight. Im a theoretical mathematician who had a better algorithm that would change the internet forever. So that sums up a lot of the story. Danny lewin is going to colorado in 1970 in many ways a typical allamerican childhood. Hes the eldest of three boys, chatted to that is, a very bright, interesting family. There were some ways however in which his childhood with a little bit different and some of those things i later learned resort of early indicators of what would later become success in the field of Computer Science. First there was the fact that dannys parents believe so strongly nurturing children intellectually, teaching and subjects like math and science at a high level around the Kitchen Table while other children their age were probably watching cartoons. The family also had very first home computer in their entire neighborhood. Their father purchased a kit that you felt at home and then later purchase one of the very first personal computers, which was the apple ii. By the age of 10, dna and his brothers were also very talented were Teaching Office in the neighborhood who bought a computer how to program it. At the age of 14 can again if i took an unexpected and unwanted term. His father who had become increasingly enamored with zionism entry to jewish ideology associated with that decide to put the family moved into israel. Ginny was a teenager and he was serious. You can only imagine what that mustve been like if any of you have teenagers are experienced teenage rebellion, it was difficult for us parents. He went to mr. Kicking and screaming and angry. In fact, some people say didnt speak to his father for a here or try to avoid speaking to his father for a year. But he was really too bright and grounded and some say why to really ever go off the rails in any sense of the word. His rebellion instead became kind of his own determination to succeed in a way that anybody who challenged him, then he would hurt anybody who challenged him wrong. He started out as a local time where he built physical strength into what is called biblical proportions. He also sailed through High School Even though he didnt attend very often. He went to the science and Technology School and made it through with very little effort and without having to go to class very often. By age 18 he was so entrenched in israel and he came to love the country. In some ways, its a very intense place. Thats probably all of you know, a place where you grow up really fast. I think that is what is really politicize the character traits in him and push them to become an incredibly driven individual. At age 18 make most native israelis, he decided to join the army. That was not uncommon. But for some common is that city setup that much the surprise of his friends and family come and join the most elite unit that the israeli army, which is a counterterrorism unit. Up until the late 80s, it was hand selected. And so, when dna decided he was going to make it, most people assert is that okay, good luck with that. That sort of begin with pat eddie went on to defy all the odds. It is not only admitted, is two years to become an officer. From there he went on to the technion, which is what allowed the m. I. T. Of Israeli Companies have instituted to elegy. Thats swear he really became interested in some of the hardest problems in math and science for the first time. Also the idea that he wanted to use this highlevel math to solve problems. He juggled two of the hardest degrees and at the same time a wife and two Young Children and a fulltime job at ibm research lab. On top of all of this, he won the top student award in 1996 was bound for m. I. T. He was actually accepted to the top 10 graduate schools in Computer Science and engineering and decided on m. I. T. This is one of the wonderful parts of the story. The recent dna decided to attend m. I. T. Bus because one professor in particular. That professor was commonly, who had been at m. I. T. Computer science for several years and became sort of a legend in this rare field of theoretical Computer Science. Tenet told us back out of the library one day and he looked at it and talk, and this is the person i want to meet. This is the person i want to work with. And that was sent i actually have the book at home. I couldnt understand even the first sentence in the book. The title would take up an entire index card. But danny saw the work of something spectacular and more importantly learned that he spoke the same language as the professor, tom leighton. It is this rare side of theoretical Computer Science that so few people speak. This was back before the time when anybody knew about the word algorithm in terms of sort of interesting, almost term yesterday if anybody read the news today, google came up with a new search algorithm. But this is back when algorithms really werent being as having much practical application. So when dna landed at m. I. T. , tom leighton and his colleagues were working on a way to end what was at the time the worldwide ways. If you think back then, its hard to imagine that when we click and are immediately gratified that the response online that back then, which was the midtolate 90s, you would click and then you would that chirpy and mvps and the modem dialing and then you hear that infuriating message, please click on the server is busy. Try again later. The menu dial again. The whole thing was very tedious and it was really one of the greatest impediments to the growth of the internet at that time. Certain he was a big pediment to the growth of anybody who wanted a Business Online because if everybody thought into one website looking for something or wanted to buy something or see some paint and they could or would that make you mad they would go somewhere else. So everybody was working out the problem in their own way and most people were working on in ways that were effectively made sense, like building out the hardware. People would have to server farms where they just have tons and tons of servers. If they cut traffic of a server crash, the other servers picked up the slack. But then, the more traffic increase, the system started to fail as well. People were using other sources, highlevel Computer Science technology by cashing in marion and diesel were on a large scale. So the question before danny and tom and her colleagues at m. I. T. Was how to grow the internet into something that was actually could be used universally. So danny at the time is looking for an idea for his master thesis in a came up with this idea to be called consistent hashing. It is a rather complex idea. I explain it in the book, but its a set of algorithms he came up with and assist team of assigning a unique set of numbers. He wanted to use them and thought he could use it to help create traffic anywhere effect give an accurate way. Fortunately for him, a lot people initially didnt seem much potential in this paper, but tom leighton did. By 1997 they form the start of a company that Promised Land was being called the world wide wait. Danny, tom and the cofounder said the Company Public in the fall of 1999. They grew up very quickly and they had an ipo in october 99 that made them overnight billionaires. In this breakout star of the. Com boom. I will just read one more little selected toasty weather this lake at that time. This is the time again right at the height of the. Com boom. Technologies is like a lot of other businesses, very exciting place to be. To him on broadway in cambridge with a nondescript cluster of cubicles and offices, but it had all the trappings of a trendy started. M. I. T. Whiz kids who were barely or not to order came to record rollerblade. Every thursday truck pulls up ben jerrys ice cream, popcorn for us in peace for us in peace as big a group of programmers otherwise known as java for the caffeine fueled all nighters spent their time producing interface and graphics to the system and taking naps in a hammock suspended from the ceiling. Will koppel come a student m. I. T. Recalled juggling corporate or his dual degree at m. I. T. With a parttime job where he worked the overnight shift overseeing operations. Will koppel at all hours of people going around in Office Chairs someone does to another, tossing footballs and microwave in an Endless Supply of burritos. Who would be microwaving all night he said. There was so much energy you didnt even realize how exhausted you were. Two employees tossing a frisbee across the river play miniature golf under makeshift par person of course in between a few desks. The atmosphere was so fun and the intoxicating that it became easy for people to lose track of time. So there was this very exciting time and the company again just rocketed the tabs and quickly earned customers that were big names like cnn and yahoo and probably 1997 when danny was in his late 20s thomas d. Jobs called up and asked if he could buy the company. So danny stories that tackier in so many ways. And so the ending to this personal story is not a large part of the book, but it is obviously one that people ask a lot about because it is true that danny was quite possibly the very first victim of the 9 11 attack. We dont know exactly what happened on that day and we never will. But what they do know from the evidence that was gathered by the 9 11 commission and some very harrowing and courageous phone calls that the Flight Attendant made before the flight was steered crash. We know nine b. , danny c. Was on way to los angeles for a meeting is engaged at this struggle is a terrorist in the skillet killed when someone stopped him from behind. He was only 31 years old must behind a wife and two children. And yet another tragic twist of irony, that they proved so much of what danny predicted for the internet to be true. That day when is the equivalent of a 100 year flood. The nations federal agency turned to the internet for information about the disaster that was unfolding. Websites are crashing, phone lines were down and in the short time, danny had always predicted there was a time of the internet could not handle the crush of traffic to come its way and promised to knowledge he would work to keep you safe life would not have been. That day, even though the company was already struggling, and this is after the bubble bursting companies are struggling financially and they lost the heart and soul of their company. They worked through the next two days and kept a lot of these websites live like cnn. If you like on that day come you may can be made out of cement down, but a few hours later went back up to life the next few days and provided an amazing amount of information partially because of the technology, and the new first wrote at m. I. T. So thats probably enough about his stories, but its just great to be aired tonight to talk about this story. I hope really to take away from the book is this idea that you know, theres a quote in the book that i quote, commence the father of Computer Science has this wonderful thought, which is that an algorithm must be seen to be believed. I love that because the dna wrote this as a starving, struggling graduate student, there was a lot of people who didnt see the beauty and didnt see what he was proposing to be possible. There were academic promises the rejected the paper professor that said this is crazy. There were companies who said which are proposing cannot be done. Please leave. He knew any of faith and a big idea. So i think this is the take away from the book i hope is to inspire anybody with an idea thats greater than themselves to go ahead and pursue it matter what anybodys is and put everything into it and hopefully it works out. So thank you so much for listening. [applause] i thought maybe you could talk a little bit about the challenges that you say. It seems like this to be a tough story to follow about science, expertise. Any advice as a layperson to get into the meat of some of this. Im curious how you approach that. Thats a great question. It wasnt intimidating at first because the first part of it was that i was writing about all of these people. Many of the characters of the book, almost all of them are still living and still working on the field of Computer Science. Professors at m. I. T. , engineers at google and microsoft in their all very fine people. When i first started this book and i said im writing this book about danny lewin and tom leighton. The first thing they would say, hard disk i have ever met. This coming from a phd. Im thinking should i really read about this person, the smartest ive ever met . The wonderful thing about writing about these people is tom leighton is a professor and has been for so long. And he was really good about sitting down with me and explaining what the company does and what danny wrote in laymans terms. One of dannys best friends who is the marketer for the company, he didnt understand the algorithms and he was the one hired to do marketing for the company. He said my job was to explain and when my grandmother would understand. If i could do that, i succeeded. That is my take for the book, if i can explain this in a way, i use a basic analogies in the booklet the pony express, and that my grandmother could understand, then i would succeed. So just approached it from ground level and i approached it the way i would approach in a difficult in reporting, like i say to myself, and this is just as complicated as political gerrymandering or treatment for cancer or gene therapy or any of these stories that dont work you are interested you could take it down to basic level. But i couldnt have done it without the help of everybody and Computer Scientists who walked me through a lot of the language of us frankly completely lost. How much time did you spend in israel . I guess you are speaking with people who are highly educated. Im curious how much time. No language barrier. The barrier at the beginning of the book was the fact that danny family was reluctant to have the story told and that was the barrier that i felt that if i couldnt if i couldnt sit down n. Meet them and talk to them about the book and in some ways get their blessing, it would be very difficult to write. And so, the first thing i did before i really havent started writing the book was to go to israel in may with his family and i really had no idea what to expect. They are very religious people. Theyre lovely people. They are warm, incredibly intelligent. Both parents are still doctors who practice in jerusalem. His brothers are extremely successful in business, but they really didnt tell me much more than we will meet with you in jerusalem. So i start a high do you dress in jerusalem and id never been to israel before. I dont speak in hebrew. I got on a plane and went with my sister whos here tonight traveled with me. The first thing i did was to sit down with them and really what i try to do is explain to them that the story wanted towel was heard the story of how he died, which would be a part of the book. They wanted it to be, but it was the story of how he lived. I told them i just spent a couple months of my coproducer talking to all these people who said just because of danny ive done this, ive done this. I started this company i never thought i could. I said do you realize how your son changed all these people lies in the fact, they said okay. I only spent a week in israel. I wish i couldve spent a lot more time there. I went on a visit to technion where some of his professors are still there and still remember him like he was yesterday, which was really amazing because he only spent three years there. Im going to it up now to questions from the audience. I promised my friend that if you pass around her email list i would let him i hope all of you will find out if you havent already, you get to ask the first question. Mali, i had a really good time reading your book and there was one part of the book, which did interest me, what she went through very quickly and i wanted to get some more color on what happened. And it was the period of time after tom and danny were able to build the model that they actually had the algorithm. But now they had to actually get it to work. Another was to have to transfer it the servers. You know, jumping from whats on the way forward, you know, onto the computers that should make these electrons do their magic words to me a really, really impressive part of what they did. What it sounded like in the book at least couldve been of undergrad student over the summer because they were rewarded with some star trek stuff. I wanted you to tell us more about those two months. You know, was it just a bunch of undergrad . It sounds amazing. Yeah, thats a really great question and one i really had on when i was writing the book because i myself could not understand. I had dnase pieces in my hand and i would feel this out but i couldnt understand how that god she servers around the world and then to the system that i sort of skipped over the head, or controls 30 of the internet traffic. If you log on to cite the day stuck in itunes, you just dont the sea appears to use the word magic and i think it is a good word because you dont see a and because so much of the power and it is en masse. To answer your question, that summer danny and tom had this idea. Danny wrote his masters thesis. They submitted it, but then they had some help from some friends in the Business School who said, you know, what youre saying here on what youre doing if you turn it into a business. Thats where danny at tom had a big learning curve. They described to me how they go to the library and check out these books, public business 101. They had no idea how to even write a bit as planned. These guys were academics. And apparently programming isnt the hardest part. It was a lot of long late nights but they created a prototype essentially by using different floors at mits lab for Computer Science. The seventh floor was paris. The 64 was london. The fifth floor was new york and they put these servers on each floor and simulated web traffic. By the end of the summer they realized that the more data and information they loaded into the system, the better it worked. That was just this incredible moment where danny was at bell labs that some are doing an internship because he needed money to pay the bills. They called him and said, this thing is working. Thats when i realized okay, we could have a business model. It wasnt until the money they could program the service and place them around the world. [inaudible] they were a Computer Scientist, and they were programmers. Next question. Yes, thank you very much for your talk. Enjoyable and really easy to picture everything you were describing. Im wondering how you went about the nuts and bolts of recording, especially this kind of difficult information . Did you take shorthand . Digi data recorder . What did you do to capture it . Thats a good question. I get that a lot a like writing classes and as a journalist. People look at you nervously when theyre giving you an interview and youre taking all the nose, like she cant possibly be writing all this correctly. Id shorthand but i record every interview. I do a digital tape recorder. So i can go back and put on my computer and have the files there, and transcribed every word, you know, precisely. Thats pretty much the secret. I always have both because ive had that experience as a reporter where ive gone out with a tape recorder that failed somehow, and so ill never make that mistake again. I always have a pen and paper with me as well. But, yeah, tape recordings. I interviewed almost 120 people for the book, and he was either taperecorded in person or i set of recorder on my phone so i could digitally record the phone calls. And keep all the files. Thats always important when youre writing a book about people who are in positions of prominence in case there to come back and say i misquoted or anything like that. Thats important to me. Hi. I wanted to ask the question. So this is obviously a very complicated subject, at least what they needed, right . I wonder as a writer and what inspired you, this is something you didnt connect with, said you werent very well versed in math. What was it that made you inspired to write the book . Great question. It was the person. And, you know, its really interesting writing about somebody, you know, spending almost two years, like inhabiting the life of this character who is so large to everybody who knew him. But i think to answer your question, i decided to write about him after, i can we did this documentary and tribute to him, and i kind of realized early on that we would be sitting in the room with these people. I mean, seasoned, Corporate Executives of huge fortune 500 companies, legendary professors at mit, commanded in the israeli army. And every single one of them would look at me and say to this person that they met 10 years ago, 12 years ago, inspired them to do something today. And i guess, i felt like that was so unusual for somebody his age, you know, to have died tragically at age 31, but then left behind this like incredible, not only company and set of algorithms and this technology, but more inspiring to me it was all these people who said they couldnt put their finger on it but when he walked into a room he just changed the dynamic and made them feel like they could accomplish something. And the best part of that was, again technology is so complicated that when danny and nation went out with his whiteboard and his mit academic language, you know, people were very confused and didnt understand. But a few people said to me, you know, he created in them this idea that they did know what it was but they knew they had to have it. And that was really funny. These are people who are writing checks for a lot of money and they didnt really understand it. But they just hav had this sense that this guy was going to be big. That was fascinating to me. And you said he wasnt that into business, he was more of a scientist. So what the people who knew him well think had he been alive . Like what was his trajectory . Wasnt somebody who wouldve been the google ceo type, or someone who is committed to like, science . Well, i got a lot of different answer to i think in some ways thats the kind of heartbreaking question. Because everybody who knew him, even for five minutes, would also say to me that they were left wondering what he could have done. And pretty much everybody unanimously who i interviewed and also people who knew him, you know, in all different arenas in israel to hear, said that they have no doubt that he would have been a household name today. And i do think, i think he would have been. But when asked the question that sort of what he would have done, that can is also fascinating because he was so successful in so many areas of his life. And he would have never been satisfied just to sa stay at the company he created. In fact, when he had amassed all this wealth after the ipo of the company, one of the first things he did was to go reenroll to do his ph. D, which he never finished because he left to start the company. So he really had and somebody told me actually that they asked him, they said, its going to be so easy for you to go back to mit and to your ph. D. All you have to do is write up the secret thoughts of the company and you will have your ph. D. And he looked at them and said, no way. I would never do that. I had to come up with some great idea. He was already struggling with what that would be. And so he was never he moved so fast that i think he really could have accomplished really great things. And so many people noticed him from an early age. I spoke with the cofounder of yahoo , and he told me that tens of thousands of people came to his office in the first few years of yahoo s big boom, and he remembered danny and thought, you know, he wouldve been so for what its worth, but people in israel also said he could have come back like some people, great people Like Netanyahu who spent time in the army and also in the estate even at mit could have come back and have a great career in politics in israel. He was very political and he loved the country. I think you know that wouldve gone back to israel at some point and done something amazing there, too. I know we had a question in the front. How did they come up with a name [inaudible] its part of the story. They came up with a name, it was so symbolic to the do tcom boom. So keep in mind that founded the company when the big countries were amazon. Com and ebay and names that did not necessarily make sense. They were sort of Traditional Company names. So at first after the company was called cachet which sort of had this double entendre of being the cachet of cool but also cachet technology. Someone came around and said, thats actually a terrible name. [laughter] we really need to make this a lot cooler. And it was dannys restaurant who was the marketing officer of the company said, you know, what about something, i dont know, hawaiian . It was literally that sort of impulsive. And he had some ties to hawaii, this friend of his, and they opened up a dictionary and started leafing through it and found out bunch of words. And it meant, or means in hawaiian clever, cool, smart. So that was the name. They came up with a list of a bunch of hawaiian words, and then that was it. Speaking of clever, cool and smart, i know all of your fans are wanting to know whats next for you. Could you tell us . Whats next . Okay. I dont know yet. Im actually just the book just cannot to weeks ago, id love to write another book. And i would love to expand on dannys story in some way. I dont know what that will be, but i think it has life beyond the book. So just think about it, im very hesitant, you know, you spend so much time on the story and in the book comes out, and then, i dont know. I would like, my kids are little but like a kid leaving for college for something. I dont really want to let go. So i would probably find some why i hope to continue working with the story in some way. The movie version. Yet, maybe spent speaking of the fans, all of your fans want have a chance to greet you and buy the book and site. Were doing a book signing after such as want to thank you, molly, so much for coming. And thanks to all of you. [applause] we have a little present for you. Thank you. Congratulations. I really appreciate it. Thank you. [cheers and applause] we would like to hear from you. Tweet us your feedback, twitter. Com of tv. This fall booktv is marking our 15th anniversary and this weekend we look back at 2005 pick in 2000 by the National Book critics circle award for general nonfiction. Im not interested in from permission to information which serves more and more as the foundation for obligation to i think information has discredited itself as a way of knowing human beings. [speaking in native tongue] translator what im interested in is human feelings, human turmoil. This is what interest me. Its been able to try to make some ca kind of guest of whats going on inside of people and what has meaning for them and what causes them to suffer. [speaking in native tongue] translator right after chernobyl happened with us make my first trip to the region, icelanifor dozens if not hundref journalists better, and i said to myself, those guys are going to put their books out really fast. But the books im going to write are going to take years. And, indeed, i worked on the book for 10 years. [speaking in native tongue] translator when i speak of these journalists who are about going to turn the books out quickly, pocketbooks that were filled with facts, information, medical information because try as the soviet authorities might to suppress that kind of information, nonetheless it did get out, as well as that even chernobyl gave rise to at the comic books, antirussian books, books against the adam. But the most important thing that we need to learn from that event took more time to emerge. Booktv now in its 15th year on cspan2 is looking back at authors, books and publishing news. You can watch all of the programs from the past 15 years on line at booktv. Org. With the help of our Time Warner Cable partners, for the next hour we will explore the history and literary scene of a place nicknamed pennsylvania Flagship City people take a trip around press ill. Today where in Presque Isle State Park. It was formed by a series of pines that were connected back in the late 1920s to early 1930s. She wrote the most famous work of her probably generation of business writing. Meet others help us understand the roots of the area spent pay attention, set fire to her stepdaughter in erie, pennsylvania, spent we sit down with local author david hurd and learn about his book, getting a feel for lunar craters. Years ago my team came to me and basically told me that i would have a blind student in my science class. I teach in a planetarium totally visual but at the time i was intimidated. I was very scared, how am i going to make this visual class successful for the student who cant even see . Well, it turns out that here on campus at the time we had a tactile lab who, and this person, john, we do some tactile material for students who are blind. He also just happened to have a love for astronomy. He was an amateur astronomer. So i hooked up with him, and the rest is history as they say. We started to develop astronomy pack the material for our students, and that led to a tactile star chart. That was one of our first products that we produced because in a planetarium we spent a lot of time learning constellations, major stars, a little bit about the seasons. And those things really had to be visual. All textbooks can be braille and should be braille for you if you need them. The problem isnt so much a text. Because that can be done. It is timeconsuming. Its oftentimes too late or after the fact, which is something we need to do better on is to get this material to them immediately. Thats really not a problem. One of the major problems, particularly in sciences, are the diagrams, are the pictures that go with the text. Those cant be just produced automatically like you can braille text. All you have to do is have a pdf of it and you can braille it out. An image, a picture, a diagram has to take a lot more thought, has to take a lot more effort. So thats where we have made these books very tactile in the diagrams. So in other words, our text is minimalized your our tacticals are actually the crowning achievement of our books. We want to try to make our images feel like the actual, like actually look. In order to do that we use all sorts of creative materials on our masters. Basically it starts with a conception, an idea, a picture. So, for example, it was a nasa picture. Eight and a half by 11 sheet of paper of an actual picture from the curiosity rover. You can see the rovers robotic arm and the camera attachment. And in the distance is the mountain that we went to study on mars called mount sharp. So it starts with a picture. So what we have to do is we have to develop a master that matches that picture. So this is a master that we created of mount sharp. Its labeled and braille up in the top and upper right hand corner. And you can see the robotic arm and the camera mount. And in the distance is mount sharp. So here you can see the difference and the similarities between the actual picture on top and a tactile on the bottom. Once you have a master produced, then you can make the tacticals. To do that we use this machine right here called a thermoformed machine but its a very simple process. It uses heat and the vatican. Heat and the vacuum will form these beautiful tackles. So what you do is you simply put the masters on the frame. You take a sheet of plastic called braille. You place it on to the machine, put the frame down and then this portion, you pull the heat over it and set the time, it will heat it up for a few seconds. After for five seconds the vacuum pump will come on. You slide it off and we would peel off the braille on and we would have a finished product of the camera mast and camera attachment with mount sharp in the background, all made from this master. We have to collate all these sheets together. We have to print it out and then we take it to a bindery in erie, pennsylvania, who blames it for us. And we have a finished product at the end with the tactile in there. And then we get is we beta test these with blind people. They can look at them and study them and feel them and give us their opinion. I am the tactile graphics specialist. A lot of times they are too subtle. So when youre bringing your hands over the whole graphic you might miss a crater. You might miss, you know, a ring. You might miss the arm of a camera. Even if it is labeled in braille. Just because it is blended with the rest of the graphic for the paper its on our theres a lot of dimensions that go into why you might miss part of the graphic. Making a more diverse and more intensive for the particular thing youre trying to point out, and more boldly. So if youre trying to create a folder, for example, you want the rams to be more defined so you could see the center of the crater while youre moving your hands over it. Otherwise if its just a small indentation around the walls of the crater, its oftentimes can either be misleading or might not even see it at all. Even students that are cited really can learn from these books. Because they can get their hands on it. They can touch the actual thing. They are what we would call two and a half. They are raised images and diagrams in these books. The difference between what we produce are like night and day. A raised line drawing can be very graphically pleasing to the visual i. It could be very colorful. However, if you just have something outlined, depending on the Knowledge Base of the student or the person that is sitting in front, it will totally depend on what they get out of it. For somebody thats in middle school or high school, you have to explain a lot of the details to. And oftentimes you help put their finger on where you want them to be. In comparison with making graphics how they look, feel how they look, so basically taking a graphic and making it feel how it looks to the i is to totally different because you were saying all the dimensions of the particular item but youre saying the rings around saturn. Youre saying all the craters around the moon. Using the volcanoes in the Atlantic Ocean when its done by making something thats just plain, twodimensional, threedimensional to the cited i to a twodimensional graphic path to for the blind and visually impaired. Every book comes with a cd. On that cd there is an acceptable pdf file that you can access the text. Also theres a professional recorded audio file of the text so you could listen to it, or you can download the pdf. The beauty of that is that to produce all the braille adds a lot to the cost of the production of the book. And would make the book rather thick. And so by providing it on a disk we save money and we save space also. Most users got a blind have whats called refreshable braille. And if you use that refreshable braille, you put the disc in your computer, you have a little braille pad out in front of you and you can read the text in braille as you scroll down actually sure that your speed everything. To the right is a rough area. How many finger widths is it a cross . If you multiply your number of finger widths times 174 columbia, what is your protection for how large the particular is . I could be in the atmosphere in spacetime class and sit down with a whole bunch of site appears in the on the same playing field, same everything, take the test in the same amount of time, the quiz in the same amount of time. With a star chart, you do the same exact things he was going on the dome of the platoon at the same speed. And nobody was held back. So it was totally inclusive. These books are just one of the way for students with special needs to understand and to learn about the beauty of space and the wonders of astronomy. And so i think that that is the biggest thing that we want our users to come away with is just the appreciation of those details that you can find in our solar system. And thats what we are really proud of. Erie, the Third Largest city in pennsylvania is home to 11,000 acres of vineyards and the World Headquarters of Ge Transportation of the largest employer. Time warner cable in the city of erie recent hosted booktv as we enter the local authors and toward historical sites. I may crime historian. So this book really force me into a new discipline and that was to wrestle with womens history and understand discrimination, gender studies, gender roles and expectations. In doing so i realized that all the kind of studies that had been done about gender roles and gender expectation stereotypes also applied to crime. And that it hadnt been really done in many ways. Psychically kind of a model from other historians and apply them to crime. And the short answer is, women are expected to be pure, domestic inotropic when they are not and they commit an act that seems to violate the social norm, we get excited about it. I focus only on pennsylvania woman who killed. When you parse it out into other states and other communities, you have to examine a whole host of different factors, race, ethnicity, geography, economics. All different types. A different nature of law and Law Enforcement in those other states and communities. So i think by focusing on pennsylvania ive been allowed to kind of see a consistent pattern of how women commit a particular crime and how the society responds. The book deals with 18th century crimes. A lot of 19th century crimes and mostly early 20th century crime. But i do go up to contemporary times. So few women who killed compared to the numbers of men. Its insignificant. But yet we are captured by. We are titillated by. We want to know what happened, what drove a mother to kill their child . So the fact that the Casey Anthony case captured our attention nationwide tells us something less about Casey Anthony as it does about ourselves. And that is, this woman broke a social norm. She didnt just break the law, she broke a social norm and seem to violate a social norm in this case. Thats true of women all across the board. Anytime a woman kills, it is shocking to us because we have very standard stereotypes of what a woman is supposed to be. In the 19th century it was women were supposed to be quiet, demure, i is, pure, domestic and maternal, kind of a fragile vessel. And so when a woman kills, violates that social norm in a significant way and we are shocked by it. That shock captures our attention. We are curious with what went wrong with this woman. What kind of circumstances compelled a woman to do that . And so i think my book works less on why women killed and tries to understand that, thats all very good, but to kind of focus on the fact that we are curious about it and that tells us more about us and society and our gender stereotypes and gender expectation that it does about the women itself. I have broken down the chapters into kind of stereotypes. The stereotypes of women who have committed these crimes from the seductress to the blonde bombshell to the which, even, accusations of witchcraft. We have kind of the evil stepmother. I paid particular attention 1930, set fire to her stepdaughter in erie, pennsylvania. What to say about that particular case is that she was a woman who saw her, so girl go up in flames and immediate coverage at the time described as the grieving mother having witnessed the death of her daughter. When immediate found out though that she was stepmother, then they began to cast her as the evil stepmother, the torch killer of 1930, and begin to the in casts doubt on the womans innocence. I think aetna mumbulo escort a guilty but the fact were able to look at her as a grieving mother and then twist it to an evil stepmother so quickly without all the evidence being heard tells us again about our stereotypes and american psyche. One of the cases that the code is the story of Irene Schroeder. Irene schroeder was a woman, she was working as a waitress in west virginia, led basically kind of an average, common life. She fell in love with a married man why the name of walter. Together, for whatever reason, perhaps because of the great depression, she and walter went on a series of robberies in west virginia, ohio and southwest pennsylvania. It was in southwest pennsylvania near butler pennsylvania that in the course of one of the robberies she murdered a Pennsylvania State trooper. Shot him dead right there on the road. Walter, irene and her son then fled. Is was a woman who was caring for her child in the course of robberies and now having just murdered a state trooper. She fled back to her parents home and, unfortunately, in the course of their flight, the little boy who was three i think testified that, they basically spilled the beans on his mother, unwittingly. And the hunt was on. Irena shrader and walter then fled out of pennsylvania and west virginia, made a beeline to the southwest near saint louis, missouri. I got into another gunfight and shot another police officer. They were ultimately captured until they were in arizona. They were caught there and brought back. Irena shrader was tried and convicted and was sentenced to die for her involvement in these robberies and a number of the Pennsylvania State trooper. She is the first woman to be executed in pennsylvania history. Her story is important i think, at least from my perspective in this book, is she was consistently portrayed not according to her skill and her smarts, but she was always consistently described as the blonde bombshell, this beautiful, bad woman. She was portrayed by her looks. Men killers, male killers are never portrayed according to their looks. Women are portrayed, shes this gorgeous killer. She is this beautiful woman who has an iron hard. So they refer to her as iron irene, this coldhearted, beautiful woman who could kill at the drop of a hat. Thats not to Irene Schroeder was. She was caught in the moment. She was not a cold hearted murder. She committed the crime but shes a human being. I would venture to say she probably felt bad about what she did. But she was also scared and panicked. So then she did what she did. But the fact that shes portrayed according to her gender and her looks, and more description is given about her dress and her clothing than about anything else tells us about what society perceives these women at the time but i dont think the media has changed how we perceive women have to. I think we are still curious, still titillated by it, whether it be Casey Anthony or susan smith, or whoever, we are always asking the question, how can a mother killed . How can women kill . I think we still have those same stereotypes that women are somehow different. And maybe because of the statistics women are different. Women dont give us much. Maybe we ought to be curious and titillated by that. The fact is women to kill. And im not sure women kill for any different reason than anybody else does. Its anger, frustration, revenge, desperation, abuse. And so those kind of things compel women to do. The Media Coverage though has always been the same. The differences in the print from print to video, and the difference is also in terms of the extent of the coverage. We now hear about murders in florida, in arizona and elsewhere. Whereas in the 1930s we would have only known about the particular smalltime cases in our own particular small town. So it may seem like its a greater epidemic. It may seem like weve seen a huge increase in the number of women who kill. I think thats by and large a product of perception because of Media Coverage. We are watching everyone everywhere. If you read the book you will feel, get both a smattering of gender studies and academic analysis of a stereotype affect what we would do. But you also get a strong narrative of the particular cases and what happened from the background of the woman through the actual Murder Investigation and trial. It punctuates it nicely but i think what you come away with is really a complex and nuanced understanding of why women kill. And that its part of us. We put that value on it. Now more from gary pennsylvania. Booktv visited the area with the help of our local cable partner Time Warner Cable. The state park looking area, it was formed by a series of ponds that were connected back in late 1920s, early 1930s, and was originally meant to be a statewide World Biggest Fish Hatchery. They connected all the ponds but they ran out of money before they could take it any further. The results today have been the fact that we still have a great natural Fish Hatchery that the semiclose to the public because the only transportation back here or by electric powered boats or kayaks and canoes. So the public is sort of limited consequently, it is a fairly natural area with all kinds of animals and birds and things populating it all summer long. Presque isle is french for almost an island. Thats because six times are in record history of the part history of the part it was an island but it broke through the peninsula and became an island. At one point the open, over a mile across and 20 feet deep. In the 1920s, the state turned it into a state park. It was the second state park in the whole state of pennsylvania. That was one of the first and then this part. It wasnt called it wasnt called Presque Isle State Park at the time. It was originated Pennsylvania State park at erie. This is where youll see where the monument is pick up one point it was called crystal bay. Crystal point. And the monument was dedicated to Commodore Perry after his victory on lake erie at the bay. Five of the nine ships little they produced many deaths and many problems because of the severe winter we had, and the fact that typhoid fever was running rampant through a many people died. To get them off of the various ships after their deaths, they would throw them in, and old sales, put their bodies in an ad rocks and fill it up and take it over to the pond were going to right now which is called graveyard pond. The next place we will be visiting is waterworks park, a park given to the city by the commonwealth of pennsylvania to provide a method of getting cleaner water to the city because of that typhoid epidemic. There was typhoid all over. It was rampant. Part of that has to do with the way the ships were built. Most of the sailors coming over from england and france, and all over, were used to salt water. All the water they used was carried in big barrels and tanks in the ships because they couldnt drink the salt water. When they hit the great lakes they found they could throw a bucket over and pull up fresh water. That was great, but part of the problem develop with typhoid was when the sanitation of the ships everyone had a hole in the front of the ballot that they used to take care of their duties. That was fine because in the ocean it was go over it would go over. They would wash the deck. And that the great lakes some of that was apparent but when angered the ships, this continued. But they also were throwing the buckets over the back of the boat to pull up the water. And thats when Commodore Perrys soldiers got typhoid. This is happening in the cities. They were taking the water from the bay and taking the water in for water only 100 yards apart. So that typhoid was rampant. There were years where 12, 14 are people died, and maybe 40 of the population was sick during this time. Thats why this part was started, begin to bring clean water into the city. To bring the water to the city, the actual had to cut the peninsula and have and cut a trench all the way across. They dredged this pond first and then they dredged the west the pond next. It took about two years. One of the funny things that happened was they brought a truck load of fighting and all of that in on the lake side of this. A storm came up, the barge sank and all of the piping was lost and never recovered. They were told before this not to do that because the lake was too treacherous. Of course, no one listens and it was destroyed. The park today, the coupons are there. They were used the two ponds are there. The water was pumped. What happens over the years is the water settled out, silt buildup. All of a sudden the ponds were about eight feet deep. So they built the building on the side and they put in a Steam Powered pump where they pump the water out of the pond your first the east bond and cleaned it all out and then they decided, they cemented that pond. The bottom was cemented and the sides were cemented, and then refill the. The west part is cleaned out but never cemented. About 1951 or two, they stopped using the ponds to filter the water. They just pumped the water through underneath into the city to a water plant where they used for nation and infiltration process so they didnt have to settle the water out any longer. In 2012 the Erie Art Museum began a project to promote Healthy Lifestyle and environmental awareness through bike racks and decoration. These can be seen throughout downtown erie. Booktvs most recent stop on our cities tour. We are at the penn state theory, the college and where in the john m. Lilley library on campus. Right now we are actually in the archives room where we have a collection of documents, artifacts, photographs related to the barren family and documents related to the Hammermill Paper Company. They were the founders for many years which was located in erie. The barren family had come from germany. They were very successful paper makers. The name of the paper mill was called when they came here to erie. They named it hammer mill, a takeoff on the germans. Several reasons why erie was chosen. First of all, Paper Production takes a lot of water. What better place for water than on the shores of lake erie, on the great lakes . They had access to large amounts of water. The other thing that appealed to them was our location between the midwest market of cleveland and chicago, but still close to the eastern markets of new york, philadelphia, boston. They like the location. The third thing that they liked was access to forest in pennsylvania, the great lakes and into lower candidate. The first Paper Production was in december 1899. My 1905, records show that they had 520 employees. In the 1920s they had over 1000 employees. By world war ii they had around 1500 the Economic Impact was significant. They did experience more difficult times in the 1930s. They tried as hard as they could not to lay people off. They cut down the number of ships so people were working parttime rather than being laid off. He really was someone who looked after the well being of his employees. The Hammermill Paper Company is noted for several innovations in regard to papermaking but in the 1930s they were the very First Company to develop what was called xerographic paper of which we now refer to as photocopy paper. They did that at the request of the company that led became known as Xerox Corporation but they also develop patterns that have to do with the watermarking of paper. It led to greater efficiencies. So this is the actual Patent Office model for the watermarking that hammermill received back in 1900 to. The important part was it found a way using rubber surfaces rather than metal to keep the paper from tearing when the watermark was applied in the papermaking process. The reason the paper was caring is because they were using wood pulp instead of ragged content. So when they made that switch which is more economical, it created a problem with the watermarking process. So anyway this was their solution. They were the first to devise the method. Finally, they were the First Company, Paper Company to use all hardwoods in the making of writing paper. Before that only soft wouldve been possible. In 1912, hammermill paper used three innovations kind of contamination to change the way they marketed their paper. Up to that Time Companies would come to them, other Paper Companies and ask that their watermark be put in the paper. So for instance, busy bee bond would be so by some company and they would have to put in the busy be watermark and run so much bigger. Then the Robin Hood Company watermark we need to be put in the next round of paper. They were switching things in and out. Very inefficient. They got the idea, what if they saw hammermill bond . The way they did this was a develop a system of agents who are franchised, and through those agents people would purchase hammermill bond. The reason the agents were eager to sell the paper was because at the same time hammermill promised they would to a National Advertising campaign and continue. This had never been done before in the paper industry. Starting in may 1912 they ran their First Magazine ad for hammermill bond. They continue to do that and they advertise in time and businessweek, all the big magazines of the day carried these ads for hammermill bond which made the agents happy because it helped them sell the product. And innovator in terms of how he treated his employees. His motto, Company Motto was teach, the boss. That reflected his vision of trading a friend and partner. He backed it up with the use of paid vacations, sick leave, bonuses to hourly employees, all at a time when these were not common. It was more common for the relationship between the employer and the employee to be hostile. And Ernst Behrend worked very hard to try to eliminate that. Another thing that worked in that regard was the formation of the publication of the hammermill bond. In 1917. It was one of the First Company magazines that ran for many, many years. And the employees were encouraged to read it. And it had news about new employees, you know, comings and goings, promotions. It also focused on substantial articles related to papermaking, informative things that employees could use. New technical news about paper. And it pushed the issue of safety. They were big on trying to maximize employee safety. So all of these things taken together show how he was a man who is truly committed to fostering a good spirit between employer and employee. The Company Never left erie. What it did was the eventually closed. In 1987 it was purchased by international Paper Company things kind of went downhill after that, and by 2001, the plant closed at the time it employed about 750 people. So there were jobs lost. That was a difficult time. You can still bu buy hammermill bond but its under the auspices or ownership of international Paper Company. You think people can take away from this the fact that the collection of an important American Company and the documents related to american industry at the time, specifically papermaking. We hope people will come and use it. Erie, pennsylvania, is named after lake erie and the indian tribe. It was once called against it because of its sparkling lake. Heres more from our recent visit. Well, the first war that was declared by congress under the new constitution under the first test of national unity. A lot of americans dont realize that. They think of it as the second were independence. So it makes it seem as if it creates the impression try to regain their colonies and that was not part of their test the it was the day the british came out to attempt to break through an american blockade. The battle was very hardfought. It spans a large part of the day, although most of that was maneuvering into position. The british were cited at dawn about 10 miles away. The wind was very light out of the southwest. The british had the weather gauge. They could keep on course and maintain an upwind position. Perry was forced to beat the weather to get out of his anchors. By 10 a. M. He was four hours into this and they were not able to get clear of rattlesnake island, this island that closes the harbor. The wind shifted at the moment and went flat. When it came back he had the wind from the southeast. Now the british are right in the face. He could sail out to meet them. He is closing in the maybe two and a half, three knots. The american squadron was trying to take over the other squadron but about after an hour and half of silence, all the preparations have been made and now theyre waiting and waiting. They get in range. The british have an advantage in range. The detroit, their largest ship is armed primarily with long guns. Perry starts taking its. Is going to turn right for the british line and close in come running down wind towards them. This exposes his ships to fight. Perry figures if he could endure this for maybe 20 minutes, half of the most, he could get in there. Once he closed and he would have such fire superiority that he would be able to defeat them. It didnt work out that way because his secondincommand decided to keep the niagara back. Once kerry got in close to the british and closed arranged, the position of all the ships stayed static for the next two hours. Is niagara had closed in, i believe the battle wouldve been over and have the time without our casualties. As it was, the british ships could concentrate on the lawrence because the niagara was out of range. The other vessels were so far back. I think perry ended up in an disadvantageous position to he jumped in with both feet and because he wasnt supported by ctech by the second command in doing so, he ended up where the british have fire superiority, and that little space of a quartermile. And then the lords crew became decimated over the next couple of hours they showed an amazing degree of courage and determination. The lawrence, they stick it out and accounts or the rate its up to about 75 of every kind has been knocked off carriage on the starboard side to every line has been shot away. Perry cannot maneuver. He cannot fight. And he stuck. Hes helpless. A ship is a shattered wreck. Hes facing an end and inevitable surrender. But just then, just then the wind comes back and fills in this afternoon breeze and it is very strong from southeast again. The smoke cleared, the ships start moving, the british line moves fast. They respond and before. The lawrence drops back. And as the smoke cleared and the british blinds start moving away, harry looks around and realizes the niagara is sailing for the head of the line, putting on more sail, and starting to speed up. He doesnt know what elliott is going to do, but he knows elliott has been pretty useless so far. Perry is determined to jump in the boat that he still is pulling alongside. He takes form in, his flag and has himself rode over to the niagara. They have to roll like hell because the british have shifted far to the boats and a buddy gets soaked from a splash of nearby mrs. He get gives over to the niagar, gets on board. We dont know what gets said but elliott does take the boat and volunteers to take the boat and go back and round up the lagging gunboats, the smaller vessels that hav had been strung out be. Perry then takes the niagara, orders more sail set in a another downwind turn. This time hell cut the british line and go in front. And at this time the officer of the detroit is not the captain. The captain is downwind. He tries to maneuver, turn the ship down wind to keep his broadside bearing to prevent from being when he doesnt, Queen Charlotte, the second largest vessel that had been pounding on the lawrence, together with the detroit, the Queen Charlotte comes up. Shes basically out of control because so much of her running rigging lines have been shot away. They ran the detroit. The two ships get stuck together. This makes them helpless and right at this moment the niagara sales across their bow and in a range of have this was shot which is basically the length of this, so right on top of them, sales and enforcing broadside support and star board support. They sailed across the bow one after another. They fire and pop in the space of about 10 seconds or less, over 600 pounds of hot metal countering down. And so this is devastating. The british take a least half the battle. Downwind, a stroke they stop the ship and then they rapidly reload and they fire another broadside. At this point the british, casualties theyre taking. They cant respond anymore. They surrender. They are flak has been nailed to the mast. But any event they had to, so they ended up waiting a tablecloth, a white cloth and the surrender was accepted. What the options of the commanders were, what couldnt they do, what they could do cannot help analyze traces a little better. Where we are going to be the cannot the ida tarbell election. She graduated from Allegheny College in 1880, one of the first women, the only woman in her graduation class. She was born on november 151867. Her earliest years are in this oilrich area where she was exposed to the beginning seven oil industry that came to dominate American Life in the next several decades and came to dominate her professional life because one day she wrote many years later she wrote the statements work of her probably generation of business writing, the history of standard oil. But when ida tarbell began her history of standard oil, for she claimed she was relocked and to take it on. She was a very modest woman. She was a very humble woman. I dont think it was staged. I think that is who she really was. She knew of her origin. She was from a humble background at the same time she knew she had earned everything she had accomplished in her life. But she would never have preserved to have taken on at that time the greatest trust in the history of america and the american economy. She began her study around 1900. The first article does not come out until 1902 tells you how many years she put into doing the legwork that was necessary. But she had one ace in the hall and not what she had her on the version i guess you could say a deep throat. She had a man by the name of henry roger, who worked for john d. Rockefeller, who is willing to talk with her privately. She did a lot of very, very meticulous, scrupulous research. She had assistants, people who helped her. Job title of cleveland was one of her assistants he really did help her great deal, together accumulated a really damning case against how john d. Rockefeller had achieved to his accomplishments. This is one of the most important pieces of work we have here. This is the first installation of the history of the Standard Oil Company published by ida tarbell and mcclures magazine november 1902. This is the first installment of what became and 18 part series that ultimately resulted in these two books. This is the addition that she gave to Allegheny College beautifully bound, volumes one and two published in 1904. When asked later in life by a history professor at Allegheny College, ms. Tarbell, is there anything you wouldve done differently when you wrote that book . Is there anything you wouldve said differently when you wrote that book . Her response was not one word which i have changed. Not one word. What you took were ida tarbells notes about the incident where she actually saw john d. Rockefeller. The only time she saw them in person. They worked in cleveland for her and did a lot of her investigation for her cleve bryan had heard that john d. Rockefeller who is a proud and long member with his wife and family at the euclid avenue back to his church was going to be giving a lesson on sunday, october 11 in the military. He told ida tarbell that this is going to happen and she wanted to come to cleveland. And so on october 10, she went up on the train to cleveland and they settled into the church and sat down and they had a lot of other bigger men around them because they want to be very surreptitious about this. John d. Rockefeller caught up and began to give the lesson. They sat through the lesson. She didnt remember much of what he said, but she remembered most the power he ever needed. He was an older man at the time. She thought he was not going in. She described him as reptilian and his appearance. With them was a man and in the church balian, who was an illustrator for mcclure magazine. The future of this while sitting in the pew, observing john d. Rockefeller gave the lesson at the baptist church, the euclid Avenue Baptist Church. Afterwards, as the service continued, john d. Rockefeller took a seat in his pew and ida tarbell and jumped several went up into the gallery and watched and observed john d. Rockefeller as he was worshiping. She always felt a little bit like insatiate kind of gone and spied upon him in a not worship it on the other hand, i think she felt the need to see her nemesis and she saw him and she kept a very i guess clear notation. Here we have her reminiscent of that moment. What i love the most is this little chart of the euclid Avenue Baptist Church and she says where she was sitting, were other people were sitting, church barrenness over here observing and john d. Rockefeller at the podium in front and there is tarbell sitting there and i believe that was shot for those sitting next to her on the right. But you can see they are sort of sitting back in the middle of the group. That is her kind of drawing of where they were and what they were doing at the euclid avenue Baptist Sunday School rally on sunday, october 11, 1903. Its the only time she ever saw him directly. Shed never encountered him facetoface. She wanted nothing to do with her. He called her miss tower barrel in mockery. Why not you Say Something . He would not dignify. He said her accusations of any kind of response. She knew that and thats one of the things she had understanding of. She knew he would never respond to her charges because as soon as a response to my charges, then he and his sense validates them and start a dialogue about this. So she understood she was safe and what she was discovering a publishing. There was a lot of violence around the standard oil takeovers. Some people lost their lives in the violence that is to in the oil wars. She always felt secure and never feared for her life. Because of anything happening to her, everyone would know who is responsible for it. This i think is an interest name encounter. Many years later in 1916, john d. Rockefellers son came to ida tarbell and nasty meet with her and did meet with him. His father had been working on an autobiography. John d. Rockefeller junior by his father could do no wrong. He abided by his fathers coming in now, fathers interpretation of how he lived his life. He asked for ida tarbell to kind of look over what his father had written see if it was valid or to make the point that he had done this all before and ida tarbell basically said no come in not telling the truth. Hes avoiding the truth here. Some said that john d. Rockefeller junior walked away from that meeting. He remained friendly with ida tarbell the remainder of his life. But he walked away from that communication with ida tarbell kind of having a different view of his father, how his father really perhaps was not completely truthful and how he accomplished the achievements he accomplished. If anything, ida tarbell was a very moral woman. She believe you are your brothers keeper, and that you do have a responsibility to others and i think this all plays into what her horror was that she began to really expose some of the methodologies of john d. Rockefeller at the corner of the oil market. At penn state erie, Gannon University in late erie college of osteopathic medicine. To look at what liberal state to cause their own decline. Liberalism is a slippery creed. We find its roots deep in the american past. I think youd like a sort of Thomas Jefferson seen as the god father, for janitor of american liberalism in a sense of not just social egalitarianism, but a sense of equal opportunity for all americans. If you want to boil what liberalism means, it would mean, you know, a sense that it could america, and america at its best is one in which there is not social equality and mass Economic Opportunity. Through the 19th century, it was seen at how to achieve those goals of social equality and Economic Opportunity was to keep the states small. Eighteenth century liberals love the enemy of liberty, the enemy of opportunity with a monarchy. So the state was seen as the rival, as the enemy of the end. By the early 20th century urbanization and industrialization has rapidly changed in the united states. So slowly, liberals begin to understand that to achieve these jeffersonian and that equality and opportunity, they need to pursue them through ethicon hamiltonian means, meaning the government and i would argue that is not a contradiction because in 18th century liberal, they opposed government because when you set government to them, that a monarchy. So by the 20 century when they start using campbelltown and as an alexander hamilton, government does not mean monarchy. So jefferson and other liberals were never post government in and of itself. They were opposed to police, aristocracy, monarchy. So liberalism changes in the 20th century. That means change. You are going to achieve social equality, Economic Opportunity through the same federal activism. When we talk about certain federal activism and an executive led federal government looking for problems to solve, not just solving problems that come to the door of the white house. I mean, this emanates from the new deal, which was a response to the emergency of the great depression. Obviously 30 years later john kennedy comes to the white house. Theres no great depression. The pressing problem for american liberalism at that time was to give liberalism for an age of affluence. It was no longer the immediate postwar era. So liberalism by the early 1960s was so pointed out the problems of depression in the immediate postwar era. So kennedys major task was to update the creed to deal with a society of affluence and a changing cold war. So this is kennedys task and it was the liberal project of the early 1960s. How do you update that was someone you dont have a depression and Joseph Stalin is dead. The wilderness for really 1965 to 1966 through the age of reagan. Liberals lost faith in the american project. I mean, that is how i was on a. It is understandable. Watching your own countrymen and countrywomen beat africans americans in the street and the Civil Rights Act this in the street and watching on television the horrors of vietnam, you know, a war that Lyndon Johnson himself never wanted, that the American People never wanted. Those two seminal event so enraged liberals and understandably so, that they begin to question the basic fairness and decency of their own country. I argue that american liberals in some, not all begin to have a more radical piece of American Society democrat roosevelt tied or john kennedy had, instead of coming in now, piecemeal reform from the know, they want more radical approach is to change america for the better. And so when Middle America feels that their country is being demeaned an attack in their own values are demeaned and attack by well, the term is appropriate, liberal beliefs, using upper middle class educated higher income levels to take over the Democratic Party in the late 60s. The term liberal elites has been used and is used as a way, but there is some truth at the same time. Middle American Voters who have been the rank and file of the Democratic Party turn against their own party and leave their party because their party took on a different tone towards their country and towards them. Jimmy carter is coming in now, look, who doesnt laud and admire jimmy carter . Is the greatest expresident in american history. Jimmy carter came into office i would argue, wholly unprepared, one term governor of georgia for the extraordinary burden to the presidency, but probably more important is the civil war thats going on in the Democratic Party. Jimmy carter you can argue the senior democrat, meaning that bill clinton sort of democrat before there was an additional structure. It goes to show that one person cannot change a party. You need institutions. You need to have allies. The Democratic Party was that war the late 1970s. It was the oldstyle true believers who would claim of the selections because we are not liberal enough versus jimmy carter and the scattering of maybe hubert humphrey, who passed away during the carter president d. , who understood somehow the Democratic Party has lost its finger on the pole for the American People. So i have a chapter on carters welfare reform. Welfare was incredibly unpopular program. Carter understood that. He wanted to reform it. This is something bill clinton does in 1994 and was laudatory. Carter wanted to perform often opaque the democrats controlled the congress. It doesnt even get out of committee. This is partially carters ham handedness, his inability to deal with congress . Yes. But it also shows you how the Democratic Party fundamentally divided against itself. As in the Democratic Partys interest to reform welfare, to support its own president. Jimmy carters bill to introduce a National Television that was one of the major hallmarks of the 76 Campaign Never even saw never even got about. Its a revelation that liberals didnt have the ability to reform themselves. American liberalism spoke on reagan comes into office. Liberals just cannot begin to understand how the country of roosevelt and kennedy should have elected reagan. On one hand it reemphasizes their alienation from their own country and believing that americans are no longer capable of embracing these ideas of social equality and Economic Opportunity, social justice. But the idea of reagan in the white house to send them into fists of fury. At the same time, you have midwestern and southern democrat who look at, you know, the reagan revolution and they take the really hard steps in understanding that american liberals have lost the pulse of Middle America. What they do is they build an infrastructure, an organization, a set of ideas of moderate liberal ideas that can retake the center of american politics. Thats at the last couple of chapters are about the rise of Democratic Leadership Council, the rise of bill clinton. This didnt just happen. There were a decade of Institution Building that went into building policy ideas, building an apparatus so that these moderate liberals, not just moderates. They are moderate liberals can take their party back from what are called new politics liberals, these upper middle class, highly educated liberals who take the more radical take on American Society. Clinton is in the merit country and interesting figure because hes from Middle America. In his gut he understands assorted democrats that democrats need to win in order to govern. At the same time, and someone to who has an elite clinton as a foot in both worlds, right . He the foot of new politics liberal world and if the foot of the moderate Democratic Leadership Council world. So, the first couple years of the clinton administration, aside from a few policy successes against first budget, which reduces the deficit, which plays a significant role in the booming economy of the 1990s, it was a fiasco because it was the new politics clinton who govern and it was the new politics liberals who, you know, were throughout the bureaucracy, of the white house in the west wing. So you know, clinton loses the congress for the First Time Since the 1950s. Republicans take control. Now there were some longer forces at work, especially in the south to cause that. But clintons first two years, and you know, were just a disaster. And what he learned, and this is to clintons credit, he did this in arkansas, too. It was a twoyear term as governor of arkansas until they change the constitution. His first term as governor he did not cover as a moderate democrat. He governed as a new politics liberal and they voted him out. Somebody learned after 1994 is to go back to his roots, to intentionally come you know, governed as a moderate democrat. And its just no accident that come you know, with clinton governing, what he called the vital center, which has a different meeting, but you know, clinton meant it because most americans support him on the cover their activism, social security, medicare, pogroms. Most americans any see this in electoral results, most americans want these programs. Even when republican start to go after them, even Republican Voters sort of rise up in protest. So you know, once clinton gets through the first two years, he governed as a moderate and especially the domestic sphere, it is a largely successful presidency and one that promised to end the National Debt. Even Newt Gingrich had a secret deal at one time about how to sort of get rid of the National Debt and begin to end the culture wars that were plaguing come is still continuing to plague washington to the day. Liberalism i would argue has been the best position it has been since the kennedy era because of the institutions and because their opposition is so absolutely just flailing. They dont understand that the American People generally speaking are not in cursive and their solutions. They talk about Ronald Reagan in 2013 exactly like democrats talked about Franklin Roosevelt in 1980. The problem is its not 1980 anymore. For the democrats in 1980 is still a good 1936. So they are stuck in the past. They are looking to political idol and a set of political answers and answer questions from another generation. And so, i put my money on liberals dominating the National Landscape because they are the ones of these may not have all the right answers, but they are looking at the right questions. They live in 2013. Conservatives arent living in the 1980s. Woodrow wilson, heres another one for you, another superlative. Woodrow wilson was the most educated president weve ever had. I hesitate to say he was the most intellectual. Im not going to forget Thomas Jefferson standing here in washington d. C. But i will tell you Woodrow Wilson attended what was then the college of new jersey and princeton. He graduated in 1879. His aspirations then yet political terms already. His great aspiration was to be comments i discovered going through his papers because he had once made a little business card, homemade is the card that said thomas Woodrow Wilson, senator from virginia. And that was the dream. The way to achieve that dream was to become a lawyer because most president s begin their professional lives as lawyers and also as you noticed, senator from virginia because virginia has sent more men to the white house than anybody in his jury. So wilson went to the university of Virginia Law School and there he studied law, really didnt like the study of it much. But after a year or two, he moved down to atlanta, opened a law office. He was really a terrible lawyer. In his year or two down there, he obtained no clients. He loved spending the afternoons reading. He read a lot of his tree. He read a lot of what was actually becoming a new discipline in this country and that is something called political science. So you read a lot about politics, government, economics, history and how they were all melted into this it inchoate political science. After wilson realized he was not making a living as an attorney in atlanta, he decided he was going to go to graduate school. One very good thing came out of his atlanta years and that lizzy at one apec business as a lawyer and that was something his family had thrown to him. There is some piece of property that needed some contracts and cumbersome legal work, so wilson went to rome, georgia, where he was tying up these loose ends and where he, a presbyterian minister son met a woman named alumna paxson, who is a presbyterian ministers daughter in the two of them fell in love and had a real oldfashioned 19th century courtship. A little more extensive than most because wilson although he was desperate to marry her realized he didnt have the resources to do it just yet, so they had engagement that when im for several years, during which time they exchanged thousands of love letters. Now let me restate this. They exchanged thousands of love letters. I mean, this is not the most romantic correspondence is that its ever been put down on paper. Im not forgetting the items here. Im not forgetting the brownings. This is very occasionally hunts back. Many of you out here can at least picture Woodrow Wilson, the grand tour, presbyterian minister, why the long face woodrow. Well, the fact of the matter is he this is incredibly passionate, intensely emotional man and all of this comes out in these letters. Watch this and other programs online at td. Work. Up next, afterwards with guest host leslie sanchez, former director of the white house education initiative. This week, u. S. Representative Luis Gutierrez and his memoir, Still Dreaming my journey from the barrio to capitol hill. The 10 turn democratic commerce and from chicago discusses his journey from cab driver to community organizer, to begin the charge for Immigration Reform in the u. S. House of representatives. The program is about an hour. Congressman, good to see you. Lets have a conversation. A liberal or conservative. I think we share about from puerto rico. Were both committed committed to Immigration Reform. I found the book fascinating as great storytelling. Have a great sense of humor. Are some fantastic and it is here