My name is howard unger and on behalf of the United States Holocaust Memorial museum it is my honor to welcome you to todays program title, a relentless pursuit bringing holocaust perpetrators to justice. I am the son of holocaust survivor and have served on the council for the u. S. Holocaust museum for the past five years. Ive come to learn that the museum is so much more than just a building that houses exhibits. The museum researches history cup trees educators, members of the military and judiciary, both in the u. S. And internationally and has many programs focus on preventing the future genocides from occurring again. Here in new york, the museums northeast Regional Office offers a variety of of events including talks like the one you are about to hear, plus Film Screenings and programs on holocaust histories as well as contemporary genocides and antisemitism. Tomorrow, well be holding the same program at the synagogue and mount cisco new york. So please encourage your westchester friends and family to join us there tomorrow evening at 7 45 p. M. Tonights program is a part of a conversation that the u. S. Holocaust Memorial Museum is holding nationwide, examining the role each of us has a when confronted with difficult and complex challenges. Only in recent history has International Law evolved to define and punish a Mass Violence against civilians. Out of the devastating crimes of the holocaust the allied powers were forced to bring state actors to justice for unspeakable crimes, never before tried in a court of law. A small percentage of nazi officials and collaborators were brought to trial in the immediate postwar period. As years passed, the Global Community largely lost interest in pursuing the remaining perpetrators. However, a few remarkable individuals continue to work to bring nazi criminals to justice. These later trials continue to influence national law. Law grows through standing of president s. In other words, how judges apply the laws helps determine what the law means. Through the judgments of these tribunals and courts, International Law International Law on genocide and crimes against humanity evolved. It deepens our understanding of the crime and our capacity to respond. Today, our outstanding panel will discuss how these president s were created and applied, the figures who help carry them out and the ongoing legacy of this history. It is now my pleasure to introduce our special guest. Andrew nagorski, journalist and author of the new book, the nazi hunters, and doctor lawrence douglass, chair of law, law, jurisprudence and social at Amherst College and author of, the right and wrong man, and the last great nazi war crimes trial. Our moderator this evening is doctor elizabeth white, his strain with the United States Holocaust Memorial museum. She goes by barry when they you hear them talking to her that way youll understand. Following the program both authors will be outside in the lobby to sign copies of their book. Thank you. [applause]. [applause]. Good evening everyone. Just so we are straight on whos who, im doctor Elizabeth Barry white , this is lawrence douglas, and andrew nagorski. I think you all for coming out tonight and for participating in this program. This has been a future of warfare since the dawn of Human History, and to the extent that perpetrators were ever made to account for their actions it was true victors justice, ask of retribution by the winning side against the losers. But during world war ii the ally signaled that things were going to take a different approach. Late in 1943 as it became clear that not to germany was going to lose the work, the leaders of the United States, great britain, and the soviet Union Announced that the perpetrators of nazi atrocities would be brought to trial under the laws of the country where they committed their crimes. And the major nazi leadership would face joint punishment by the ally. Andy, did the signal that allies definitely decided they are going to forgo a vengeance in favor of justice . What do they hope to accomplish by putting nazi criminals on trial . Not really, innocence that justice and vengeance were inevitably intertwined at the end of the war. In 1943 the declaration that you cited there was a lot of fighting ahead, all the way to berlin. A lot a lot of it was very vicious and the red army and suffered massive losses and theyre getting revenge among others not just on the military, but for instance rapes by the army are estimated to be close to 2 million in germany. But, there you have that declaration which was a novel idea that instead of exact vengeance you do seek justice. Right away, six weeks later at the toronto conference, stalin says to roosevelt and churchill, well i have an idea of justice, lets line up 50000 or 100,000 of the top german commanders and lets shoot them. That will be justice. Churchill was horrified and roosevelt said something like, old like lets have a compromise and shoot 49,500. Its not go over well with churchill. But whats interesting, goes back and forth whats interesting, goes back and forth and eventually stalin and roosevelt decide they do want to trial for different reasons. Stalin love show trials and in the 30s they had picked trials but roosevelt really wanted this principle and churchill was aware of the danger of a show trial and he suddenly, he recently declassified documents we found out that at one point he was considering a plan to just have summary execution of the few top leaders and some just in prison without trial. So so this backandforth, eventually the trials happened as we know. It was unprecedented, but every step of the way has been controversy override up until todays. And what were the reasons they opted to go for the trials, word their particular goals besides just Holding People for countable . Besides Holding People Holding People accountable and someone has to be punished for the horse, theres the educational element was there. Was very early, president truman said at one point, what these trials are meant to do is to make it impossible for someone to say, now or anytime in the future that these things did not happen. That is why immediately you had at the trial, documents, film, witnesses, in some cases witnesses in some cases documentation, but it was to set the record straight because so many people were in denial of what it happened of course especially in germany and austria, but elsewhere the world people were only beginning to grasp the magnitude of what happen. So was the particular focus on the german people to kind of show them the evils that have been done in their name in . Yes. That was the priority of first. And why we fight this war. But there was immediate opposition, for instance in the United States there is opposition from both the left and right which that this is a victors justice. For the people who went into the concentration, and liberated them, they said no, this is not victors justice, this is just justice. Lawrence you are the legal expert here, the charges before the International Military tribunal at noon burke were crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity. At least some of these word new terms. Did the International Legal community consider these to be wellfounded in existing law . Or some of them particularly controversial . Is and he said the whole trial was developed in controversy. We have to remember that this is the First International criminal court in Human History. In certain respects not only were the 21 individual defendants on trial but law itself was on trial. That is to extend the allies committed to doing a Trial Program is a post education they had to demonstrate that law was an adequate tool for dealing with crimes of this magnitude. So they wanted to certainly make sure that whatever charges were brought against these defendants that they had adequate grounding in International Law. Now that said, i think we need to bear in mind that the nurnberg child trial, the famous one before the tribunal was not in the first instance a holocaust trial. As he mentioned, the principal charge that was brought against the defendant at nuremberg was that they had waged an aggressive war in violation of International Law. That charge of waging an aggressive war, that has not showed a lot of durability since norman burke. And even at the time it was involved in controversy. Victors justice was most applied to the charge of waging an aggressive war because the question merged sense when in Human History was waging war cry. It might be something you dont like, might be something we disagree with, but since when was it a crime . The answer charges that were brought were crimes, war brought were crimes, war crimes was established in International Law. Crimes against humanity, my my mind was the most distinctive contribution that nuremberg made. It was through the challenge of crimes against humanity that most of the evidence of crimes of the holocaust entered the nurnberg child and i think we can say with 70 plus years of hindsight that crimes against humanity were the most distinctive and legal breakthrough of the nuremberg trial. And crimes against humanity includes what kind of actions . It basically included what we can describe as systematic attacks on civilian population. We have to remember that genocide, which is a term that we all would use today to describe the nazis exterminator practices, genocide was only client as a term in 1944. 44. A year before the trial started. It was coined by lemkin who was a Legal Advisor, polish jewish Legal Advisor to the u. S. War department. So even though today it stands as an independent crime in International Law, the time of nuremberg it was still a very much new new term. It does emerge in the trial itself, if you you look particular at the Closing Arguments of the prosecutors, they start to use this new term but the new term of genocide is basically says the description of the nazis crimes against humanity. I think it was in the indictment. Exactly per day in the indictment it is mentioned as a war crime then in the Closing Argument of the lawyers of the prosecutors then they just start describing it as a crime against humanity. Well if youre going to hold trials you have to present evidence to support the charges. So late in the war the United States army formed war crimes investigative teams. Whose mission it was to accompany combat troops as they fought their way across germany and to seize and collect evidence of nazi war crimes. So lets take a look at how this worked according to Nuremberg Prosecutor been friends. [inaudible] [inaudible] [inaudible] in order to have a successful prosecution you have to have beyond reasonable doubt that no crime has been committed, to if you havent got both at the same time you have nothing. Between 1945 and 1948 there 1948 there were thousands of trials of nazi criminals by the alleys in germany and also by the countries that suffered under german occupation. Andy, you have written about some of the trials, can you highlight some that you think were particularly significant, or controversial . There are several but i will point to three. I will start and get back to bed in a moment. But with poland thursday investigator who was from a polish family of german origin, and as i discovered researching his story it turns out his brother during the occupation had actually registered as an ethnic germany became the mayor of the small town and disappeared after the war. To write his whole life story handed is i think the most trawling document of the holocaust because here he explains how he is working so hard to put men and women into the gas chambers but i dont have time to play with my own kids across the yard and he understood the value is on record everybody tried was on record later it was used as the auschwitz trials so of course, he was hanged in 1947 but was much of the verdict in the outcome is what was produced if you dont know, deferences still live 96 years old and 5foot tall and an amazing person. I went with my wife he was just back from the jim showing by white his biceps is in the florida. [laughter] at age 27 the prosecutor were the special killing squads on the eastern front. This is a form of mass murder and a researcher found all the records how many people were killed on this day and the next day he said i sat down with my calculator and adding machine when they reach 1 million stop counting. And the prosecutor for the followup trials and they said we dont have that budgeted but he does that age 27 than they are prosecuted in very well educated commanders is a fascinating and more bad case but it encapsulates of what happens. Eventually only four were hanged. Finally and other u. S. Army prosecutor was in charge of the dachau trials to get those who were actually there carried out the worst work of killing and torturing prisoners. And he espoused a theory called a common design that if you were part of the machinery were guilty whether or not if you killed person x y or z. This is a complete contradiction to the of their case of that controversy was set up. His chiles were overshadowed by one case of the widow of the longest serving commander in was known for going around and flaunting her sexuality and then to respond in any way. Will also to have prisoners with tattoos with the lamp shades made of their skin. A lot of this became dubious and later this sentence was reduced and they were furious in washington but even when west germany wanted to end a triose but committed suicide in prison. After 1948 the allies war Crime Program petered out. And by 1958 everyone who was convicted but not executed was free. So the reasons for the change that we have accomplished. There are three and answers. One is the cold war the second is the cold for the third is the cold war. It is the reality were at some point that we needed west germany as an ally and it was really a calculation to appease the germans and they turned against the War Crimes Program really aggressively and that the time of the nuremberg trials the germans were sympathetic but at least in the polls taken by the americans express their support for the trials with the additional trials that amd was describing continued that was like grabbing a hour face of the crimes with a transition to the denver Credit Society obviously there was a tremendous number of nazis to continue to occupy the power within the legal apparatus of west germany in those persons have little support of aggressive war Crime Program so was the soviet union emerged as theyre principal antagonist of the United States in the United States calculated it was an ally then the americans were willing to do a lot for the support of germany basically a commuting sentences of the perpetrators of genocide. One very specific example the man who became head of the first cia the oss that was the predecessor of the german shoe who have left as a teenager in the 30s and then came to an end states to become in the army in then the cia. He said i was not interested in fighting but it is time to move on even despite his family ties he really felt that very strongly. You talk of raw the pursuit of justice for the crimes in the focus of that era after the Trial Program so your book focuses on specific individuals to play a very different rule role of the pursuit of justice hidy pick your subjects and why is this a good way to approach the topic . When you say not to hunters and i know many people have qualms about it but there were two essential groups the government or the military prosecutors in those who had the authority and then the freelance not see hunters like holocaust server 81 dash survivors those who made it their mission to push these issues when it was unpopular and when that situation happened and governments were dropping this very quickly in the is the policy and as a controversial character but to keep the issue alive and not allowing people to forget it but what intrigues me as a reporter with the collapse of communism dash struck by history is so inevitable. But in fact, it is not true of my experience i say there are two things about the people i write about determination and huts buff. And tuesday at one case at 27 to say i could take on the case he guarded the bath then just walked in when he was sure she was in bed was so impressed invited him to lunch with the general. [laughter] it is that determination not to be stops you have people who were very strongly motivated of brady was from a secular jewish family and then came back and was determined to make dead germans face up to their past when sentiment was running against it then eventually providing the key points for the case so everywhere and later on in the United States she is not jewish but she grew up with the juror read fellow much of even though her father had died in auschwitz she learns about this and then goes after the nazis river she saw them and then with the chancellor of west germany she actually got on and was taking by with their press credential in she shouted you not see this is 1958 when kennedy was assassinated she could have been shot so some people took incredibly dramatic action. See you have so long odyssey of the case to tell the story can you summarize briefly the case . [laughter] as seven of you probably recall the the most of his adult life in suburban cleveland as he worked as a machinist for ford and also happen to be the subject of the most bizarre criminal case arising out of the holocaust all told was tried four times twice in the United States on civil immigration charges for having lied on his immigration form and the dubious distinction the only person in American History to be twice stripped of his naturalized citizenship and was tried once in israel in the late 80s as ivan the terrible. It was a spectacular case in israel field the case that rivals that it is that of adolf but he was condemned and sentenced to death and has a policy of trial coincided with the Pacific Union and both defense lawyers suddenly got access to hundreds of thousands of pages of documents that was in the kgb files and this evidence indicated the israelis had the wrong guy ever convicting him almost exclusively on the testimony on the survivors to support the absolute certainty to recognize him as the former commander in days were survivors who went out of their way to say i am not like someone who suffer the trauma of a passing car accident where it was the fleeting glance of the person who injured me. I saw of this guide day in and day out on months on end and yet with the appellate phase of the court they could conclude theyve misidentified him that legendary sadistic guard was an entirely different ukrainian the was in a legal perfect storm at the same time it made clear if he was not ivan the terrible also that he was also the ive been not so hot but he had been a guard at another location and was an equally lethal death camp that led to an entirely different set of meetings that resulted in his deportation to germany in 2009 so they call him the not so hot instead of the terrible. [laughter] so it is a very lengthy case for that conduit to look at the struggles to bring those perpetrators from the holocaust to justice. But that trial was a watershed event can you talk what you think the impact of that case was . As a prelude to that trial is we all think of that trial as the israelis are out there hunting for the nazis but researching this book i have found to members of the team that physically snatched him at the time as the commander of the greyhound operation i talked to him and he said in 1953 went to germany and i am thinking nazis he said no. I was there because at the time israel needed to vet all of the jews coming from soviet union and poland but they also knew some of them were being recruited by the kgb and intelligence agencies to report back to their capitals in warsaw and moscow that was our priorities are is not even thinking about the nazis the u. S. Had its prey preoccupation with just existing but by the late 50s when i got this tip about his presence at that point there is one member of the Prosecution Team that says paul holocaust was forgotten but not being talked about in israel the reason young israelis could not understand how this happened or to go seemingly without fighting it would be a chance to explain the whole process and at that point authorized the operation which is a very long told the story. It is the great holocaust trial looked at nuremberg not in the first instance of the holocaust trial and the fact that disturb many the nuremberg trial was not of the testimony of people who survived but it was by documents that the prosecutors basically read thousands and thousands of pages of captured documents into the record in one of the consequences was the famous british writer that covered it for the Daily Telegraph famously described it as the citadel of boredom on a historic scale part of it was it lacked the vibrancy of having a human voice the israeli attorney general who was the prosecutor very specifically wanted to make a trial to really focus on the holocaust and in which history would be told through the survivors and that is exactly how it unfolded with many survivors testifying and both were astonished by the success of the trial they wanted one with the purpose to keep the domestic audience about the holocaust they were completely caught by surprise the way it wasnt just a domestic audience but international it put the holocaust on the map in west germany and also on the United States and in many ways i hope this formulation is it confusing but it created the holocaust as the event that we now know it but up until then we can say the extermination of the jews of europe was one of the features of the Second World War after the trial that starts to merge that we see it today as the exemplary even to the 20th century that generated huge intellectual debate if it was the minor functionary who was just carrying out orders and then what you save someone is a monster does that involve other people . Sova focal point not just justice san holocaust studies but psychology. Gave rise to many psychology experiments there were all motivated to make sense of the psychology of the lab perpetrator so that is one of the interesting things of the trials those images of what it means to be a perpetrator of those crimes. 1979 day United States Justice Department creates the office of special investigation to give exclusive authority to investigate and freeing the the action against those living in the United States why hadnt anything been done before . To undertake this venture . As suggested the trials and hog this affected people over time in the key moment 1964 when they hear about the woman and heres the story from the survivors who talk about this vicious guard issue of lasch showed that the prisoners gratuitously what happened to her . Eventually they trace her she was from austria and was briefly imprisoned then she made in american and is living in queens. The editor of the New York Times said we have a tip from this guy that this woman is in queens and knocks on her door and writes a story in 1964 it takes them until 1971 for the ims to finally stripper of citizenship she sent to germany and is convicted and spent several years in prison in germany and they say who else is in the United States . And there are various reports that not to conduct the war crimes trials but under false pretenses then you can strip them of their citizenship in the early 70s the congresswoman from brooklyn heard about this and said first about the case was the aberration but then i hear of not to war criminals in the United States and the imf commissioner testified before the subcommittee and he said yes she said i about fell lot of wheelchair and in clearly theyre not investigating these cases and then to the office of central investigation that becomes the unit that finally gets back into business to identify people who are nazi war criminals to strip their citizenship to reporting if possible and getting them tried someplace else each one is very difficult but to establish that principle if youre a war criminal youre not welcome in the United States obviously some small percentage were involved in the war crimes then they were pretending to be somebody else. That was a representative approach how to go about the pursuit of justice would is a string in the weakness of this model . American prosecutors are basically taking crimes of genocide against humanity treating him as if walking on your immigration form so in a certain way youre torturing history to try a2 digest these horrific crimes into something that was a civil wrong but the reason they do this it is very clever and important because these took place outside the United States to which the perpetrators were not american citizens at the times and the victims were not american so we had no jurisdiction to bring charges sarah they developed a clever strategy to use immigration charges to go about it but it had its limitations the defense bringing these cases was incredibly complicated and require the lsi to really create a new paradigm to bring the trial for a typically you have prosecutors and investigators then they help develop the cases but is simply would not work first you need people with Language Skills most evidence was in a Foreign Language a typical investigators were have no ability to negotiate these documents so they pioneered this unprecedented arrangement to basically get rid of the verbal investigators you have to he conceded the way that lawyers would be tempted to believe people who suffered such of trauma ultimately came to realize the documentary evidence was more solid and the identification of eyewitnesses. So why did germany decided to prosecute over 60 years after the crime in what was the significance of that case . So just to be clear he was not to the nazi in nodded german originally from the ukraine and was taken as a prisoner of war in the spring of 1942 and the someone somebody said he could have been a collaborator clearly and serving as the death camp guard but what good are we doing trying someone who was at the bottom of the hierarchy in certainly was not a german . So when i started a road about a for harpers magazine have to say i thought it would be grotesque and my conclusion would be what are they doing . By the end of the trial i came to the realization this is incredibly important because it got the logic of genocide right going back to the point that it is understood a number of people made the same point earlier the german courts had treated the holocaust as if it was a garden variety active murder but the great achievement of this trial is a really understood that genocide is not like murder dealing with statesponsored mass criminality it doesnt matter if someone is a social pact and someone were to the factory of debt they were accessory to murder and that was assembled yet historic breakthrough of the german court it took them 60 years to frame that conclusion but it was the critical conclusion to make sense of other instances that is why we still have the remaining trials today because theyre operating on that assumption of that conclusion why try someone who was 95 years old 70 years after the war . But you dont have to prove that every trial established there were options there were no consequences if you opted out so they are seen today to make that point but the irony is that same logic was used but the point is made to say i obeyed orders is Never Acceptable defense that is the worst defense you can have. It think people need to ask questions. The 1. One of the most interesting things to come out of the Holocaust Research many people argued the reason they engage in the dax is they were forced to with the gun to their head that is why they engaged in mass atrocities they spent huge amounts of time looking into that claim the total number for those who suffered serious draconian consequences as a result opted out the total number who suffered consequences is exactly zero. There are interesting aspects to this subject i am sure you would like to ask questions have a the microphone at either end if you want to wind up asking questions fokus said don the female perpetrators that diverted the attention from the criminality where nobody is responsible with that personal element of cruelty . Could you talk more just like lithuanian now one commander was put on montreal in lithuania even after all those were murdered in three months. I am curious about the trial reading about the trial today that suddenly the germans have decided to prosecute and convict . So one trial that is going on right now in germany in this past summer the socalled bookkeeper of auschwitz was convicted this past july both trials were building on that precedent so if they had a cynical reaction to the trial isnt just ironic the germans had this great conceptual breakthrough of theres no more perpetrators to bring to trial so what they were interested in doing to say we will try to use this president as an opportunity to go after some of the remaining guards who are alive but the point of the trial is that many survivors who have attended the trials are interested to see that symbolic statement less interested for those to be sent away but to see the symbolic understanding as an accessory to murder because that was a job he was performing and of question about the female perpetrators in those trials are very misleading that fit into this understanding of an anticrime that has been sexualize and that was the whole point of the trials not a person who was a social paths or acting out of sexual deviance states but it entirely ordinary but the figure that he never was we know he was an antisemite like this lowly foot soldier of genocide. It isnt so much the punishment that is the issue but we get the perpetrator but here eyewitnesses tell and testimony to put on record and it is critical from the beginning like the german prosecutor first case in 1952 was against a man they saw about the attention attempt to assassinate hitler he thought hitler was dead ben heller gets on the phone to say rest of the plotters but theyre suing him for libel because he said after the war in a rally the people that tried to assassinate hitler were traders and he won with the damnation case but the point was to show that they were opposing hitler as a patriotic german otherwise there is no satisfaction the man said i did ask for a sentence the crimes were so great but basically it was 3,000 people every day we would go out to shoot people in nuremberg their 24 seats so that it was 24 then to drop out so then we did 22 of the four were put to death so it was no more than symbolic of what of it was but the notion the least to get the verdict and the history that has an impact. But people operated in the were tried by the west germans but they didnt do all the killings themselves they were really the organizers and relied heavily on local support and that was true with many lithuanians who were involved in the killings with the radio was under the soviet union but then had this perception of themselves they have suffered under the nazis and the soviets with a great reluctance to face up to what some of their countrymen had done and that is the process they still go through. There has been progress but now it is probably too late. Plan of the purposes hopefully would be to prevent from this incidence from happening in the future but if i will get the world today, if anything i think the world is becoming even more brutal and engaged in genocide than ever before. What are your feelings about these trials and the roles they play in terms of changing the way people feel about genocide in acting on those feelings . Acting is the hard part we have not done too well. With get rwanda but what has changed is the principle that every tyrant summer in his mind is the thought if i am no longer in power can they charge me with war crimes or crimes against humanity . That was not a concern before but people like me from the voice of brazil but some of that myth may people escape justice who baby hiding living in terror at the end of their days but in terms that the principles have been established reality is a long way but get back to the principle to say obeid orders went clearly every individual has to judge those orders and at one point the judge asked one of the most educated readers if you were ordered to shoot your own sister would you . And some of them were speechless what you say . Yes . Then you come across but if you say you wouldnt bid to undermine the whole idea of no free will. The question is about deterrence and that is not as strong justification if you look at the charter of the International Criminal court that is meant to supplant the idea for the bad ad hoc courts expanded after the trial or the International Tribunals talking as a justification but nobody takes that seriously or believes these trials will be necessarily deterrent a country from atrocities against his own population. By a breakdown population in the country that perpetrates such prominence of that is the value rather than day perspective not to mention in deterrences also speculative to prove that something didnt happen. That is a possible but i would say that in that regard. As part from genocide, there is an increasing prevailing to become used and one of our great but to be suspended because of antisemitic remarks. And the mayor of london one of the strongest opponents has called for in the expulsion of the former mayor of his mythological belief or assertion that the zionist worked with heller. Heller was a zionist. [laughter] so i wonder if that means we dont have that type of horror to increase antisemitism that is granted in europe with the former allies that is evidence that lessons have not been learned. I cannot argue with that but lessons would be less learned without the efforts of these people who have kept this issue alive to make the holocaust a part of the conversation. That was not inevitable any of these trials navy had not taken place about pressure on governments but in europe definitely and also with the muslim and immigration problem people are fearing to speak up and the french jews are afraid of being attacked sole issue of silence im glad you brought up the new mayor i am impressed how he stood up against his own party and actions have been taken but the knowledge of history those who called it to the efforts to unify europe and it is astounding we still have this. The highlights the way that for the international of criminal law that has been an important breakthrough. You can see the whole field of International Criminal law with the crimes of all holocaust at the same time it is incredibly the boulder will set the same time those two are being prosecuted for genocide it is alarming the way prosecutors can claim that she justify the prosecution of the israeli head of state so highlights the way of the International Criminal law as a double edged sword. Banks to merge to authors they will be outside. [applause] their books will be on sale they are engaging read to with great reviews so come down and ask some more questions and by some books. [inaudible conversations] to show to them over to republicans states. Most of the architects of the program has started in you will see duster expose 430 miles and a new and a garbage dump in michigan and this is how the districts were created. We are being polite to their use but the whole word it is in the book . It is not but it was used by warburg and bernstein a longstanding word to read political espionage and dirty tricks and espionage. Another book that did come out already . Just out of paper back first book by a brilliant and young historian the details what happens when they come to the north and the research is one of the continent and it was so unusual. Youre very proud of the book. Who is wendy . She has written paul slavery is linked to the founding of america they all were going to the west indies many of the Founding Fathers invested heavily in shipping in general sitting on the hill his son was in barbados in 1626. I assume he was there checking out the producer his father kim over four years later when he is a major part of that. Shirley jackson . There is a huge winner that private but to trade this womans life through her novel in the 50s. If its a stunning biographies. Is one of the most famous written stories purpose she was forgotten then suddenly she is all over the place. There is a novel coming out what is set . One of the hottest novels in the world including ameritech coming on september mostly of the graphic novel was to leave but he worked on this 20 years that lives the hermit like existence in North Hampton a glint and this story over one family over 12 centuries and it is at back getting kravitz the people everybody sees it as a monster work of fiction. It is 1200 place pages. Is made after a poll on the and is the story of the universe and that will last i also would not be for victory and you were going to see explosion of interest is about the city . To read the underclass that jerusalem was written by either the poor people of england and he transferred to northampton but it did say very ambitious and Exciting Book and they think it will explode. I gave a lot of people in your audience know of him he has written before century history of of white houses started with boston he tells the story of america to the warehouse and what the white house papers were burkhart technology versus old fashion and is a moving boat hundreds around Lake Michigan you wouldnt know where they are in america and whod doesnt like a lighthouse . One of the most pronounced war correspondents, everywhere were there is danger this is all about what happened give is a remarkable story to portray a country. We dont cover many novels but we have covered this offers several
comparemela.com © 2020. All Rights Reserved.