Haymarket . Aces of books coming from noam chomsky. In fact, if you can write over there, a series of 12 books, the event either out of print or inaccessible with the introductions, new covers, resetting them all and really presented in a way that we think highlights the important and a Lasting Legacy of his work. And they are done by issued . Ya. They cover a range of issues come and we will be bringing out to a month over the next commonwealth six month starting in the fall. And finally what else you want to tell us about . I want to mention a book by Tom Engelhardt who is a regular author of ours. Is this is a books called dispatch books and also writes his own books for us. And this third book is coming out, shadow government, curly on the new best times. Its looking at the nsa and the politics surveillance in this country. Anthony arnove at haymarket books out of chicago, haymarket books. Org is the website. This is boonktv on cspan2. N next from the recent Chicago Tribune printer rose lit fest,e Monique Brinson demery talks about her biography of the former first ladymo of vietnam, madame nhu. This is about 45 minutes. U ver. Welcome everyone. Its great to see here this morning and its my pleasure to welcome today Monique Brinsonry, demery, the author of the amazing book, finding the dragon lady the mystery of vietnams madame nhu, which hah raised been published by Public Affairs books. She holds a masters degree fromr harvard university, and when shi made contact with madame nhu ean 2005, she was the first journalist to interview her in almost 20 years. She is based in chicago where happy to walking, monique. Thank you for having me. Thank you for coming today. Its such an interesting book. Im curious how you first became interested in writing a book about what i think a lot of people might be somewhat unlikely an unknown subject, someone who was known to scholars of history of the vietnam war, but probably not that well known to so many other people. How did you become interested in madame nhu . It started sort of by a mission. My mother is french and my dad is american, so it was a very clear to me what had happened there, and every time i tried to ask the adults around, it was too controversial to really talk about. So there is this nagging question of okay what happened in vietnam and every time i looked at a book there was a very gory picture, that youve seen a vietnam or napalm picture and then flip the page and heres this beautiful, stylish comes with a very cosmopolitan looking woman and theyre calling for the dragon lady, the diabolical what is not to be interested in . I started digging around, and actually out of curiosity wanted to read a book about this woman because her life sounded interesting to me, putting the pieces together. I would have known that she grew up during the French Colonial period and i thought, okay, someone has written maybe a great historical book about this one. There was nothing, really just these articles from the 60s that had been written about her. And then no biography, no mr. Koh fiction. What i noticed was no obituary. So that led me to think, ma wow, she still alive. Somewhere out there. Yes. Great fascination for writers who are reporting from vietnam. There was very much a builtup image of her in the United States, but then after she went into exile in rome and later in paris, she does kind of disappear from the records. You had a lot of sleuth working and tracking her down. I did. I mentioned there was no obituary. There was no obituary from madame nhu but what he did find was an obituary for parents. Her parents in 1986 were living in georgetown. They made the elder after he resigned in protest from his daughter and soninlaws government so they been living in georgetown. And 96 they were murdered in their sleep by their only son. And i thought, this is a reallife . This is nonfiction . So the ministry really threw me in zooming in and those of us time madame nhu emerged from her self imposed exclusion to say this is a family affair, leave my family alone. At the time she was living in rome but she was back and forth between rome and paris. Did you startou did you start out possibly, the parents, did you start out thinking about writing about their lives perhaps and then she became such an interesting figure to you along the way . I sort of thought that was something there. Faces looking, 90 im going to get the names wrong, they were like 90 and 86 or something when they were murdered and they were murdered i read in their pajamas. That seem so heartbreaking and sad. I started digging into it and what i found was that these lives, these very sympathetic, elderly couple had, in fact, lived quite a life before that. Madame nhus mother was not as a pearl of the orient by the french. And in the french archivesall these references to who should slept with and why and then she slept with the japanese. And then to sort of further confusing, she was 14 when she had her daughter. 14 years old. So i thought theres so much contradiction here and she wasnt just a sweet old lady. She was a sweet old lady who swept that slept around quitea bit. She also had a daughter when she was 14. All those questions lead me to pursue them. We need to take a step back and say exactly who madame nhu was. She was, our brother in law, the brother of her husband became president of South Vietnam in 1986 or 55 . Fiftyfour he became premier. So yes, madame nhu was de facto first lady because of president of South Vietnam, and theres a few titles before that, prime minister, the president come he was a bachelor and actually makes it sound like he was going to vegas on the weekend but he was really very moral. You slept on hard wooden. He personally would find entry visas in and out of the country staying up late at night. So theres like this kind of catholic austere man who needs a first lady. In its own to host the parties and go to the orphanage and host the flower shows. So madame nhu, his younger brothers wife becomes this woman and shes perfect for. She looks great for the cameras. She likes to be out there. Plus this gives her a voice. And all of her life i think madame nhu had been looking for this purpose. She was the second child but she been overlooked as a chill. I think chat a bit of a chip on her shoulder, and so for her to be handed this, you go, the first lady, be the official hostess, she took it and ran with it. She basically occupied this role up until 1963, when the government was upended by a coup, and her husband and her brother long president diem were both executed. Thats right. One more thing, madame nhu wasnt just first lady. She was overwhelmingly elected by like an unrealistic 99. 9 of the population to hold seats in congress, in their legislature. So by doing so she was build the first lady hosting parties budget also pass laws. So madame nhu asked what she called family and morality laws. Some of them were very well intended but i think perhaps they were all well intended but South Vietnamese women were not able to open bank accounts, not allowed to own property. Madame nhu before the laws . Before the laws. Madame nhu recognized what her husband and his brother did not was that 50 of the population was being just ignored except by the kindness were doing a great job of recruiting women. So madame nhu thought okay, lets give these womens rights and power, and she did answer took it upon herself to be the voice of the women. She wasnt like most vietnamese women. She came from a very aristocratic family. They spoke french at the dinner table. So for to suddenly declare herself the voice of the vietnamese women with little presumptions. She was unable to write in if it is, correct . She didnt right coming she could but she spoke in french which is what she studied in school and what they spoke at home. So the of the law she passed were a little ridiculous. Thinking about them in context it seems to make sense. Vietnam was a country at war and the north vietnamese, congress were doing a good job of saying this is a war, we have to treat its usually. Madame nhu was worried, it was almost like a party. There were pizza stands and girlie bars and all of that stuff that was already starting in the 50s and madame nhu said no, we have to take this seriously. So she outlawed dancing along with prostitution. She outlawed and holding and kissing. She outlawed underwire bras, but she wore them. So she had these sort of, this moral, like high horse, and then the best was her sister had been married young like madame nhu had, and this is her old decision she was married to a guy who worked for the government. And they fell out of love, i guess, and she fell in love instead with a french guy. He was a big game hunter and madame nhu thought you cant leave good upstanding vietnamese guy for this french guy. This is looking sort of colonial. So when her sister tried to divorce her husband, madame nhu outlawed divorce. And the story goes, theres no records of this but the story goes mad and new sister slashed wrist and goes running through the palace, it takes her own mother to come back to saigon and break out the daughter who then goes to the United States and marries the french guy anyway. They are still alive, corrects . I believe so. Spent lives in North Carolina . I tried to reach out to her with letters, but they have been an intricate so her husband has published a couple of memoirs of his time, and they been published by a small press and candidate, or perhaps selfpublished. Thats one of the things is remarkable about your book about the personally but i should point you mentioned her looks. Shes a really striking figure. Its hard to characterize her, but this image on the cover really says it all. You all probably cant see it from a distance, but she knows how to handle a pistol. Especially with the kind of sort of beehive haircut thats a nice look. She did have a fashion thing. A high collar, and madame nhu is one of the first to say, you know, show it if you got it, flaunt it. So she cut the neck down so you can see kind of her collarbone. At the time this was like really risque. So the president , her brotherinlaw said, dont you think thats a little too flashy . She said Something Like, its not your neck that is sticking out, its mine, so shut up. Is a great line but what i was going to say though is its faceting notches from a geopolitical standpoint and from a historical standpoint but it really is a family saga as well. And one also where you see someone who was able to come whatever we think about her, and we can come back to that in a little bit, has an incredible amount of attention. She managed to shake him out of gumption. She managed to greater self and to direct her own idea of what the republic would be with an iron will, and i think thats fascinating about her. It seems like when you make made contact with her, many years later, that that sense of herself was still very much intact. I love the word gumption. I think thats a great description. And yes, madame nhu was going to tell her own story. So when i did find madame nhu, she was in her early 80s, and she sort of say to me, this is great, you are the angels that god sent to me. Were going to do my memoirs. Youre going to get me bill clintons book do. Its going to be gray. All right, you know. But i really want to hear what she had to say but she had very specific way of seeing her past. Which is understandable. Perhaps we all revise history in our own way but madame nhu, she was vietnam was the center of the universe and she was sort of the thing everything revolves around. So she was very much at the center of her story, but then again it was also understandable. Her husband and brotherinlaw were killed by the sanction of the americans and should gone through this life had been quite hard. And so i think to make sense of it she really turned to religion and that was the only way that she could really make sense of things, and biblically or ordained. A joan of arc idea, survivor story. How did she come do you think its just the force of her personality gave her the presents she had in the government . The american thought she was really the problem behind the problem that were very clear wiu that she had, that she was the one pulling the strings. And i think the way thatc youc write about her, she does, you know, she does come across as someone who had an unbelievable amount of influence overc what her brotherinlaw did. Do you think thats just a, you know, force of her personality . You write about, for qample, when she was taken prisoner of the army. , and that this figure images from that who is so strong. Is that your sense of it or do you think her role has been somewhat overrated in government . I think it is actual bit of both, if thats possible. Madame nhu has the story of when shes taken by the communists and shes carrying her infant daughter, walking across the bridge and bullets are flying and she emerges unscathed. For her, she was like oh, yeah, i got i a. All got to do is be brave. And that message, that, in the face of your in any, stare him down, and stand strong the matter what you do dont back down, that was kind of her motto. Everything she tried to pass that on to the brothers. There was one point when they ty were negotiating, there didnt t attend to attend an institution to open up his government and madame nhu thought that was just awful, that he would dare to share power and all of us do. She convinced him to stand firm. In some way yes, she had the power to convince the brothers that they did need to open up the government. They needed to lock all the doors and keep it even more but i think the other thing is just the appearance that it looked like the men were following what she said. Kennedy said Something Like she looks like she is leading the meant around by her apron strings. So theyre just sort of following and i think i was just as dangerous as any real power, to make it, they were sort of an estimate by her and that was kennedys biggest fear is that they would look like america was following us for late around and that was not going to fly. Yes, and so much of her criticism of, well, i should put it this way. So much of her reaction to what was taking place in vietnam, modernization, its neocolonialization if you want to call it that, westernization that started to appear in South Vietnam, in the late 50s and 60s that she run it against, was very much a criticism of america. It put her very much, because so much of that was made possible by the influx of Foreign Policy money from the United States, which put her very quickly i think on the opposite side of the thinking of the government of the United States. States. She was happy for the money. Lets be clear, that was how they were funding the fight. But what they wanted was the money but then stay out of our business, let us run our government. And the United States obviously wanted Strings Attached to that money. When things were going the right way, for example, the United States tried to send in Ground Troops a lot earlier but the brothers of said absently not. You know, these have to be advisors only. It wasnt until much later that the vietnam war escalate into what it became. There were several trenches attempts against the government began in 1960, i believe. Coup attends. A couple of air men desperate she narrowly survived spent there was a direct hit on madame nhus bedroom. Some rogue South Vietnamese air force pilot was tired of this sort of bossy lady, pushy lady. One of the vietnamese i talked to said she was, talked to big. She was too much. One of these South Vietnamese air force pilots was upset about it and did a direct hit of her sweet. So there was this gaping hole. Madame nhu fell through she said three stories again, one of her sort of survival, she survived it, it was magical. But she hurt her arm but one of the childrens nannies was killed but otherwise no one, no one in the family was hurt. And then finally the protest against the government began to escalate in 62 and 63, and there are, for the first time very strong confrontation with the buddhists in vietnam, which he described very well. Why dont you tell us about how those protests started and what, i think this is really when madame nhu filter place, a bad figure in history around the buddhists protest to if you will remember, there was the famous pictures of the Buddhist Monks burning themselves at traffic stops. I think they were seven who committed suicide that way, the way of protesting against the government. It started with a law that had been on the books since colonial time. No flag was allowed to flya state like but, of course, nobody really paid attention to the. There had just been a catholic festival and white and gold flags have been flying all over, and so for the buddhists birthday sometime in may, one of the brothers, so theres the president , his brother, madame nhus husband who was kind of ahead of the secret police, also in charge of all the politics, he was kind of a guy who did the dirty deeds, and there were a few other brothers, one of whom was the archbishop of a city in central vietnam. When is coming into town one when he noticed that buddhist flag was flying to i. So he ordered people to take it down and there was this backlash by the buddhists of why are you enforcing this random law now against the backing down and saying, youre right, were making a mess out of this, they cracked down and it was suddenly a protest by the buddhists. People started firing on them. People were killed, and so then assessing we are sorry, things got out of hand. The family played the communist. Blame the communist. Sort quickly turn into a mess, and basically the buddhists repression was less, less repression in the way we think of now than more of a vehicle for every grievance you think of because no one had been allowed to say anything against this family. But 90 of the country was buddhists so anyone could identify with this, youre putting down these people, so it would everybody jumped on the bandwagon. Elderly monks were self immolating, which means they were letting themselves on fire. When madame nhu solid, she sounded like marie antoinette. You know, great, lets clap our hands and have a barbecue. The most cruel response you get to old Buddhist Monk lighting himself on fire and that just spread like wildfire around the world. People couldnt believe that she could be so callous. Now, from madame nhus perception was the buddhists have been intoxicated, which doesnt mean drunk, it means poison. They been intoxicated by communism everywhere a very loose knit association organization. There were no strict rules coming in, coming out. Madame nhu was pretty sure they had already been infiltrated by kindness. And it turns out actually that by 1968, the United States even agreed, yes, they had been used as a cover by communist. But it was such a shocking thing to say and then to be so light casual about suicide, its unforgivable. Its never, i dont think its ever a good tactic for a leader who is dependent on foreign aid to castigate Buddhist Monks for protesting in the name of religious freedom and whatever else. And that is really when i think at that point that the u. S. Government knows that is a problem on its hands, and i. Y supports the coup that will,. Correct. In august, president kennedy okayed a change in government. The new ambassador was sent over to saigon goes with the understanding that he is there to go look for alternatives to the summit has been in power now. And it takes some, theres some false starts but, you know, some real alternatives have finally been identified. The brothers are killed in november 1, 1963, which many of you know thats just a few weeks before kennedy himself was assassinated. So madame nhu is a conspiracy figure in some of these who killed kennedy questions. Many think it has something do with madame nhu, but i can assure you it doesnt. But it was a terrible, terrible time. And so kennedy seems really shocked that the brothers had been killed. By all accounts he gets up when he hears the news and he is visibly shaken, cant believe it, they killed the brothers. But he was the one who sort of gave the okay to go ahead and topple this allied country, this from the regime and overthrow the. For him to think they couldve got any other way, a little naive. At the time she was on a tour of the United States. Did she believe that if she came to the United States to convince people that there was a grave threat, if our government was not supported that communists would topple south South Vietnam pretty quickly so she came to United States on a speaking tour and quite a spectacular tour. She went to a lot of colleges, to a lot of television and probably harder to do that than it probably is today i think. What was a reception like when she came to the United States . It was very mixed so as you say she came to United States because she had been asked to leave vietnam. The buddhist thing had really escalated and the United States said the only way we are going to tamp this down and restore any order is if madame nhu just leave so this had been something that cm and his brother had not been willing to do but finally they said okay madam knew you have got to go now. Where did she go . She comes to United States and goes on a press relations to her and she doesnt understand the difference. Shes invited to speak about harvard and columbia and georgetown and she is also invited by meet the press and all of these press organizations and she doesnt understand why she feels like the government hasnt rolled out the red carpet for her. Wasnt she invited and she just doesnt get the separation between the press and the government because in her country of course the press can only say what the government wants them to say so for her it was totally befuddling to the end of her days. I can understand why they invited me to come and then say go home. Why dont they want me here . She goes to new york and she goes to washington d. C. She comes to chicago and stays in the blackstone hotel. One of my favorite moments of the trip as she goes to dallas and theres a ranch there and she gets invited to go shooting. Her daughter dresses up in western gear and apparently has her first teenage romance with the texas guy. And her reception that bad of new gets her mother is worried about her visit to United States so she pulls a state department isi and has a meeting and says madam knew really should not come near. Ive want all the vietnamese to throw tomatoes at her and if they see her to run her over with their car. This is her mother. She does get tomatoes thrown at her. She gets egg thrown at her and she gets Standing Ovations from fordham from georgetown and a lot of catholic education. She really mapped out the kalat college itinerary and her catholicism was also very important part of her political ideology if you would call it that. What she seen in that light in 1963 in the United States . I assumed to the extent that she was hitting places like florida and georgetown and they were very much selfconscious of that but with that part of her reception as well . I do think so and part of the political philosophy of the South Vietnamese government was based on something called personalism reaches this philosophy that started in france in the 20s and it was a catholic philosophy. It was supposed to be an alternative to pure capitalism and, me miss him so was kind of this third way. It really was a cornerstone of their government. No one could quite understand how that translated to South Vietnam and so that was really the problem wasnt in marketing that the regime had bought all this property outside of rome and property in postwar rome is pretty inexpensive so they bought up large tracts of land with the idea that then they would send the South Vietnamese functionaries over to rome to go get indoctrinated in their version of personalism and then come back to South Vietnam. It didnt work out so well but it was a place at madame nhu after her family with self empowered she could go back to that land outside of from which is now very valuable and sold off piece by piece to survive. I was curious about ending her relationship with kennedy and the fact that he disliked her so much and always more interested in how the catholicism worked into that. You almost think that there might be some kind of sense of closeness between her and kennedy that was obviously not there. If anyone the person who had the fondest thoughts about her would have would have been lbj. Thats right. Madame nhu was convinced he was flirting with her. I think he may have flirted with everyone but the connections between the family in saigon and the Kennedy Family and washington is really uncanny. On paper they look like they should have gotten along great. Catholic families catholic families and very anticommunist so they should have really gotten along well but as it turned out they didnt Jacqueline Kennedy was a real critic of madame nhu. She thought matter knew was just pushy and she called her she called her everything that jack found unattractive. In the press she boasted about her own marriage to president kennedy saying oh they had this easy added marriage. Thats a direct quote. What is that . Who knows but submissive and madame nhu was anything but submissive so the worst that she could say about her was that she was probably a. You talked about also about the kind of idea of the dragon lady. Its a stereotype that applied to any number of powerful women from Asian Countries and particularly in government from the beginning of the 20th century to the end of the 20th century. Absolutely. There is madam Chiang Kaishek was the dragon lady and then you see her in every kind of hollywood bad guy movie starting starring that powerful sly conniving asian woman or she is the very submissive geisha girl. There is really these two ways that asian women have been portrayed and so when women rise to a certain level of politics they certainly get shoved into one of these two very neat categories. We than halved chicagos own own. Thats right she was in jakarta. What i was trying to reckon with this very complex figure and you try to present her and all her complexities which i believe is wonderful, i kept thinking also about a melba marcos who does not come up in the book but it strikes me as a kind of counter model. She certainly was a figure like that. She was and i just heard there was a broad light an offbroadway play in new york disco themed about a melba marcos. Its called kiki boots. Is called here lies love and i think madame nhu would be a great character for the next musical. A melba marcos was flashy and flamboyant and did not go quietly either. Has anyone been interested in making a film about her life . Not that i know of. If theres anyone out there taking offers. Thats right. You perfect you portray this will in the book but tell us what she was like when you finally did make contact. She wasnt exactly advertising where she lived in paris. She wasnt really she avoided paris for some time because she had been extradited. Korea it, yes. And rented the apartment that they owned in paris . Madame nhu said she was given the apartment. She said it wasnt anonymous gift and implied had given to her by the American Government because they felt bad about knocking off her husband and her brotherinlaw. They wanted to keep her in a safe place so she would rent out that apartment and get that extra cash from it. That is where i found herself my vietnamese is very bad but from now on i go on line and try to dictionary decipher my dear little article and i found this article written in early 2000s by a guy who claim to have interviewed madame nhu. She was on the 12th floor of this building and that run the bell to me so i went back to my notes and i thought oh i see her that she wrote a letter to Clare Boothe Luce from this actress close to the eiffel tower. I will go there and see if i can find her. As osama thought there was no way i would ever get her to talk to me. This was around 2005. Around 2005. It turns out i go to this address and its only eight stories high so my vietnamese is really bad. I totally miss translated this thread a look around paris and i realize all the buildings in paris are in fact really low and if im looking for a 12 Story Building i wont have to go very far. Its Like Washington d. C. There are limits on how high buildings can be built so it really sticks out if its a tall building. I started Walking Around paris literally knocking on doors until i found a building that was high enough. Finally i got to a building and a citizen older vietnamese woman live here . She does not live here. She lives next door so that was how i found her. I was writing her letters and asking her to let me tell her story trying to pitch it as sort of let me do this in a scholarly way. What ended up happening was the most unscholarly thing possible. We connected in a way because the day that she called me for the first time i had written maybe 10 letters at this point, was the day that i found out that i was pregnant. So i get this phonecall and the woman says this is madame nhu and i just found out i was pregnant with her their first son. Automatically my relationship with her going through the birth of my son who was all this maternal grandmother of my being. We told our families that we were expecting but before i told many of my friends i told this woman on the phone who immediately change her attitude towards me. It was suddenly like i have been there. Let me tell you my experience and we could really connect in a way that was so personal and i think unthreatening for her because suddenly i was this girl who needed help. She had four children should she could tell me everything there was to know. And then you develop this relationship over a number of years and a game of cat and mouse. How long did it take for her really to start to talk to you about the that she was hopefully going to tell you about. She started talking about the number right away but it was clear this memoir was never going to be produced. She had been talking about memoir in 1963. She mentioned that this the saturday evening post. She said that there are pages everywhere even under my sofa. I thought oh god shui are never going to get this. They did exist and before she passed away she was ill for a long time and before she passed away she decided okay we have got to get this done. This is my last chance to get my side of the story heard so she sent them to me all 400 pages of why she was the center of the universe. We want to take your questions if you have many but i want to ask a couple of things before we do that. Youre writing about period that is seen in the american imagination for some time as being so important. How has the book been received . When we talked earlier you mentioned you get a lot of feedback from Vietnam Veterans and people who are interested in the history of South Vietnam of South Vietnam and want to know more about that. What has that been like . There have been two different responses in them and the Veterans Community has been wanted full and curious about my work and in some sense the harshest critics. I am young and i wasnt there and i dont have that experience so i really do respect the people who had firsthand experience their. They often wonder why would you ever go digging into this woman . She was terrible and she should just be left as it is. She heard so many people and made vietnam which is already a problem so much worse. Why would you ever go digging around in that . My answer to that is simply because she was a fascinating exploration of what went wrong with our involvement in South Vietnam and she sort of personalized as the history in a way that people of my generation when i was in eighth grade we couldnt even talk about the vietnam war yet in school because it wasnt okay. It was too controversial so i think now there is more education about it but i think its still a really hard conflict to streamline and get people talking about. So if this is one way to do that madame nhu is a very polarizing figure and i think needs to be explored warts and all. Digit personal feelings for her change over time when you saw her . You started the project having a sense for being a blackandwhite figure politically and historically. I dont know whether you did begin from that kind of position but did she become much more personalized in the process of working on the book . Certainly when i started i said this is a woman who has been stereotyped in sexist and i was going to rescue her but she really didnt need to be rescued. She was good at that. She was complicated so i think my initial, im going to do this world a Great Service was quickly changed when i started learning all the facts. But i have the utmost respect for her. She was a strong woman in a tiny place and where was not okay to be a strong woman and i really think that she embodied a lot of the concepts that women face when they are trying to be ambitious in a place that wont let them express themselves and tries to put them down. So i have a lot of respect for her. And not only she had not only sprung detractors in the early 60s but a couple of people who really thought that she was a much more complex person and wanted to write about her were also women. You talk about marguerite higgins. Marguerite higgins and Clare Boothe Luce were big advocates of madame nhu. Its interesting i think we are living in a time where we see more interesting biographies written about clinical figures and particularly from asia that we have seen. It there was a really interesting biography last year of written by a woman and it seems like there is a different generation of women who have come of age after feminism offering interesting views on feminism that would have been available 30 or 40 years ago and its wonderful and i think its a very terrific. Im happy to have been able to read it and does anyone have any questions from the audience . I think we have a mic. Hi. You talked a little bit about how madame nhus recollections might have been colored by her trauma that she experienced and i wondered how you dealt with the unreliability of the source while you were working on this project . Thats a question. Madame nhu was an unreliable narrator and in writing my book i chose sort of the unorthodox path of putting myself in the book because i wanted to be someone who could see both sides. I did the research in the archives in france and to the research and the materials in United States and i think there are no real objective views of madame nhu. The book was written about her in the 60s and it was also slanted by the mostly white male reporters who were writing about her. So from both of the sites i had to kind of navigate okay what is true and what is false and in her memoirs that she wrote where she is the center of the universe obviously that wasnt going to be much help to me but what was was finding out what kind of shoes she was wearing the Little Details that were factual that i wasnt going to get anyplace else that you are right that is a really tricky thing and i try to be as honest as i can in the book about walking that fine line between believing what she says and also making sure its factually correct. The photographs and i mentioned this earlier are quite incredible. I noticed a couple of them came from your own collection. Did she give you those photographs . Those were part of the memoirs to be published. Okay ,com,com ma okay. Sir do you have a question . First off thanks a lot for very creative work. My question though im curious about what you think how the press as you mentioned how the vietnamese press was under the palm of the u. S. Government. How much better to the American Press do because you must have read a lot of articles and watched a lot of newsclips. The u. S. Media did they build her up or demonize her or trivialize her or how did the u. S. Press do . Such a good question. The u. S. Press, i think if you read the accounts of helper sam and sheehan and Malcolm Brown who were there in the early days they tend to have really believed that the United States was doing the right thing by being in vietnam. This was a country that needed to be saved and they dominos were very real and they were really falling so they were really sort of patriotically behind the United States involvement in South Vietnam. But because of that madame nhu and her family were really a stumbling block. They were things up right and left in these reporters could see it and no one else was talking about it. So they were advocates for i dont want to say the replicas for regime change but they were advocates for getting america more involved in South Vietnam reporting the facts as they saw them which was hard to do in that context
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