Belittle or caricature the services and at the same time you need to acknowledge that there are real problems in the health needs to be provided tiered i would agree that completely. That is something we spend a lot of time both past and present. I dont think their cv answers to this at all. At least theres attention on it and investing in it. We are pretty much out of time. Thank you very much. We really enjoyed the conversation. Thank you very much. Take care. Congratulations. On your screen, a telegram from night 51 from an northcross to the governor of florida. As a Property Owner in miami will you please help a in our fight to protect our homes from infiltration of the colored race. And the northcross 751 northwest 63rd street. John hawkins professor nathan connolly, what are we looking at here . Is a document found in the state archives of florida. It was one of about two or three dozen telegrams to the governor by residents of the Community North miami who were very concerned a white landlord had decided he was going to open his Apartment Building to have black residency. The development which was called carper village was considered to be a genuine threat to buy Property Value. It eventually was bombed by white vigilantes and white homeowners working together who try to drive a black resident and eventually the neighborhood was colloquially named little korea because it occurred during the korean war. That telegram and part connects the history of vigilante violence to a new set of conversations about Property Rights and Property Values in the governor was presumed to be in the interest of the white homeowners the north miami and they hope to make basically force the expulsion of the africanamerican residents. To telegraph another action lead to legislation affect in houses . In some cases yes. The greater problem is the violence problem. You had in 1951 is in situ a different Public Housing into the community as a way of alleviating what could be considered racial tensions that would make miami on a track as a tourist destination. Theres an episode in 1947 where you have africanamericans who are tactics valid for a much longer set of lobbying initiatives to the local city council and county commission to get rid of them. It happened in south florida in the late 1940s. So when your book, a world more concrete, what is your goal . What are you trying to explain . There are two big pieces to this story. One is to think about creation of a more concrete environment and the way people use this state they use private capital to take an area thats relatively remote, swampy distant and turning to what becomes the capital of the caribbean. Miami slithered reputation now took a lot of work in building a negotiating and figuring out how they were going to bring in labor tourists, real estate and create this remarkable new city. The part of a City Building that gets overlooked is how violent they process it is and how it privileges the positions in the interests of Property Owners. A second big piece of the story is to think about property rates and Property Values has been a core piece of american political culture. When i think about the project and how it developed, the most important take away was to think about jim crow is a series of negotiations between Property Owners, white and black. The book tries to help readers appreciate that when you have a colored in white binary system oftentimes the alliances are not simply allow the color line but ensures that have to do with who landlords are come over the states rights are in terms of taking property, whether youre protect tenants being exploited by landlords and whether or not the postwar state in particular after world war ii would have the authority it needs to remake the landscape and determine whos going to live where for the sake of the common good. What does jim crow mean and when did it develop . So jim crow segregation is a system of dividing populations along perceived racial lines. The development of jim crow have been piecemeal across the country. Restrictions against integrated schools, integrated housing, transportation happening initially late 19th century to the disenfranchisement of africanamerican voters. Louisiana between 18941904. 99 of africanamerican voters are distant ranch ice. 130,000 to 1300. It also includes carving up the land in using the infrastructure of urban development to make sure populations dont run into each other they dont have other conflict and can ultimately harvest as much labor power and rent money from confined population and mostly africanamericans. Professor connolly, in miami with miami in the 40s 50s, 60s a segregated place . Did you know if you named a street that was a white neighborhood, black neighborhood, and after a . Absolutely. I would argue miami still segregated with cultural diversity. We now have different mechanisms and meanspirited now called the same thing in many respects. What i sure you argue in the book as there is an infrastructure built to serve the political interest to white the amount late 19th and 20 century. They only signed a whites only bus depots and the infrastructure remains in place and theres a way to understand the latest segregation remains durable and how populations move along perceived lines by looking at the road bridges neighborhoods and understanding how that becomes a protection for dividing the population. How did that affect Property Value . You have to appreciate that the federal government, local developers landlords recognize if you can carve up the region in south florida, but also around the country if you can carpet in tune each markets coming you can charge whites and blacks more for less. Just to give you one next april. 1949 you could have a hotel room on the beach that would have access to the true city, indoor plumbing the natural amenities. Telephones, television. Then you would a 17. 50 for the week about south bay. On the other side of the color line in a wooden shack with no indoor plumbing, no mosquito screens in the Central District committee paid 18 a week or 50 cents more for accommodations. If you look at the Profit Margins generated across the south during the 40s 50s and 60s you have returned that we havent seen since the jim crow area. 25 27 33 a year by making sure that certain populations dont have the freedom to move and expand their housing options. It became an extraordinarily important for landlords and developers to make sure populations couldnt move and use extralegal means like terrorism but also legal means by controlling zoning and the like. So what was the effect of this jim crow housing on Public Housing projects . Was there a connection . There is an absolute connection. In the 1930s and the federal government decided it would get involved full text ellen develop Public Housing projects, landlords didnt like it one bit. They were concerned the federal government would basically create a socialistic option and it would undermine the housing market. But they were ready to provide concrete solid construction for many residents. A number of small developments in miami. One called liberty square. Take what homes in advancing a couple others in particular the creation of these projects represent a threat to mobilize landlords to create lobbying groups to pride of Public Housing. Seven cities between the late 30s and early 1950s you have almost no Public Housing built at all and in a Southern City with few developments for veterans coming back from the war appeared where much recognize that they can keep the public option out of the marketplace, they can continue to gouge tenants. When you see that you cant sustain this out demographic growth and still have deplorable housing, that is a political act or is mobilize back into the conversation. But theres a problem. What do you do with the existing population . You cant wait for new developments to be built. Better to negatively 50s and early 60s, housing authorities in miami and elsewhere try to convince landlords that they can use their own Housing Development and convert them into Public Housing. The first built in the early and late 1950s are once privately owned taken over by the state for a fee and used as Public Housing projects in the late part of the 1960s. Was it just white landlords white Property Owners getting rich . No. In the late 19th century in the wake of disenfranchisement in the wake of white terrorism and violence, Property Rights became one of the most durable foundations for africanamerican political futures. The most important leaders bday dennis lawyers ministers were also landowners and Property Owners. The young protections were much stronger on Property Rights and civil rights and voting rights. Part of whats important to consider about the world before brown v. Board of education is africanamericans use land. They voted in elections by bringing property tax receipt to different kinds of conversations with white elite. They thought the mystical bonds in the use of the ownership of these projects to subsidize them fund black community building. One of the things thats interesting about development of jim crow is too often times have white and black landlords working together to keep out massive land projects that might take away Real Estate Holding but also to do philanthropy and create black College Football games in the late 1940s are built hospitals or churches. Theres a coalition that develops for your white paternalism and black projects funded by the same black tenants and working together to create in a number of institutions. The mac professor connolly, did this create a permanent or semipermanent underclass . No. When you use the term on the classic tends to describe a certain kind of cultural component particularly the culture tenet. Part of what will hopefully come from this book in other conversations that might generate is to think about the class of Property Owners about their own culture but if you pursue the process mode that will lead to social and political goods coming as a result. Very interesting and very familiar arguments you hear in the 1930s about the cultural depravity coming from black and white landlords. They say absurd insectlike tenant to want to be walking on concrete floors and a concrete construction. They prefer wood construction. Its cheaper and burns down. For the cultural deficiencies of black families in the 40s and 50s and all they need is a Good Management company to make sure they do other supposed to do. Nevermind that landlords are not fixed are not fixing the roots and do another repair work. Arguments about the underclass, perceived cultural poverty of landlords were making those arguments. People dont want to invest because it cuts into their bottom line. The most important housing reforms were in an ironic way invested in the forms themselves. A number of figures get caught by investigative journalists for having deplorable housing even as members of the city council, the head of the naacp chapters or other political positions, u. S. Senators as well as local elite judges. From what youve described herein your book a world more concrete, are there manifestations of this today . A couple of big continuities come immediately to mind. One is the profitability of segregation. We still set housing values. Its imperial they demonstrated you determine what homes are worth based on their distance from ghettos are rather combined winter populations. Theres a way in which we still privilege the opinions and Political Authority of people who own property as it did not stir the political system and know exactly what decisions need to be made. Democracy and capitalism end up wanting to have the knack of citizen being case but also make sure you keep certain voice is marginal. Thats an artifact of the jim crow moment. As a quick example, when you have depression of segregation at each is where golf courses the first people to segregate or those black landlords who could produce property tax receipt and show they had paid into the Community Chest and they were the ones who take hated the agenda. They were trying to organize unions and keeping a constant flow of rent coming into their pocket as a way of at least arguing from the outset that they are doing what is best for the community. Buy rent we want turned though the institution that provides services unique to that pastry client relationship is still part of our political culture. From your book lets do some everything tomorrow. This is a miami herald 1950 cartoon. What do we see . It is and not from the slum clearance to be for the late 40s and early 1950s. The argument that came out of the late 40s when you see an expansion of the states power to take driver property for public to the part in that domain helps to animate reformers to believe they can save the reputation if they move systematically against slum housing and social need for District Across the city. One of the difficulties of the moment politically is to have a number of artists housing the farmers who recognize the only way to solve this is to have mass displacements. You begin to see black and white activists make any argument that its uncomfortable displacements in the short term. 1000 2000 12,000 families to remake the ghetto if you allow us to expand our ability to take private property. On the other side you have white landlords and black homeowners crowded to say we dont want to Eminent Domain actions. We want to hold onto our particular presence in this Neighborhood Center and sent the unit to local conflict in the 50s and 60s about whether or not slum clearance is the best answer for solving the problem of poverty in the color line. Was a successful . No. Youre for remarkable ability where capital can outpace regulation. When you have new content developments happening across the region, my grip money from the slum district can go right into suburban districts. So part of the political equation presumed suburban housing will open up for people of color or for the poor. In many cases once you begin to see people of color moving into miamis white suburbs they begin to have changes in zoning regulation. Housing Code Enforcement begins to slip at the county level of the level nec landlords are right in New Buildings and narrow properties in these communities that were considered to be best for singlefamily homes. What happens is the money used to generate jim crows infrastructure in 20s and 30s and does privilege Property Owners gets more and more pronounced, more dramatic. To give you one example in the late 1920 in miami about 70 of the housing was owned by white. Absentee landlords outside the neighbor. Liberty city, which starts up the suburban community. By the time of comes in 1968, 92 of their real estate is owned by whites living outside the community. You have a four year difference in a dramatic uptake in the amount of ownership you see among white landlords peered part of that is about the fact this is a manera of slum clearance and renewal hopes to divest black are pretty owners and transfer it to white hands. By liquidating black assets and making it impossible for many people to restart in creating a nest egg and transfer property almost as a moderate course to white hands and absentee landlords. You get more difficult even more hardships for these neighborhoods. Professor, what do you teach at Johns Hopkins . Inet structure of american politics. I teach a course called america after the civil rights movement. I also teach jim crow in america. I teach a graduate class called racial literacy for historians about understanding the way races moving from the 1500s into the current day in how its moving through the archives and how we can understand the way power and inequality gets replicated from one era to the next of how racism functions and may also teach a course on urban and suburban america coming metropolitan history course. The book that you are discussing today has a lot about miami in the context of jamaica and cuba and dominican republic. I tried the best i can to make sure students read outside the u. S. Its important to have a comparative perspective. What is the photo you chose for the final . That is my favorite photo you theres a lot of pictures. This is a park established in 1969 in the central niekro district after the interstate highway comes through and displaces some 50,000 residents. Its actually created by a city commissioner in the city of miami and she is also a landlord who s. Property not in the best of shape. So i use the playground is the way of illustrating several things. The first is obviously the imposing shot of the overpass itself in a summit helping people appreciate how large these projects were to folks on the ground. Its remarkable not to be nothing like the highway system existed in the history of the world. We were saying highways would come in and do good. No one could imagine how massive they were. The project develops and removes 80 acres plots of land that time and in the wake of displacement theres a lot of ill will in the city. As the poor move from the central niekro district displacing the liberty city it creates 1968. After the riot the idea was we clearly need parklands. They put in underneath the overpass. Yet the mayor city commissioners, members of the naacp compound. About a thousand people congregated under the overpass and the thought of as being this great moment of congratulation. Racial progressivism, Economic Growth and this will