The u. S. Used to be one of the back. I just spoke to the conference and the sentiment is universally negative, very worried and very frustrating in how they treat the companies in the way that the law is enforced around the western companies and chinese and native companies into the whole litany of complaints. The espionage i think was the number one thing that made it difficult for the u. S. Business community to support china and its taken a toll. We know Many Companies that personally suffered from this to the fact that she came in september and acknowledged openly that what theyre going to do some thing about this are stepisour steps in the right direction. We need a lot more dialogue and i am not privy to whats going on behind the scenes. I know theres a dialogue thats continuing. Its slow and painful and steady but thats the work at a for this kind of relationship so we should continue the dialogue on that and this should be a wakeup call to china that the part of america that has always been pro trade with china and open relationships is in a way turning against the relationship and both sides need to do something to fix it. In the department of defense my question youve already touched more of the security relationship in the United States and china and india. My question is if these states are defining the way forward in asia pacific and beyond, where does that leave the crimes International Security order is defined by the relationships and where does that leave the u. S. Allies like japan, australia, thailand but are increasingly caught between the interest of powers that are considerably greater in terms of the geopolitical . Im not advocating that we change the Alliance System and this is the 21st century where there is a superpower and the rules of order altogether. That is highly unlikely to happen. I think the current Alliance System will continue largely the way it is. I dont think that we will enter into a formal Alliance Even though the partnership has become closer to the past decade including on the military side. I think a formal alliances and something india wants so i dont see an enormous change in the alliance structure. What we do need to think carefully about in this time where the rhetoric has gotten so heated and it has become so unpopular they need to think about what happens when you go down that path. If you have a trade war with china or a military confrontation to be wanted a new cold war or do we want something where certainly we have disagreements certainly we wouldve National Interest that diverge from each other but we are by and large in the lower the rhetoric and solve our problems as much as possible behind the scenes and where we emphasize cooperation because it is in all of our interests to make sure that this triangle gets along. Richard, last question. Thank you. The thinking of both indians and chinese today because i think that this conversation happens i if the pastor would he predominated more and the indians would have thought about pakistan more concretely and more often as in the length of the competitive relationship. They also would have thought about their relationship with the prism of pakistan. Are you sensing that they are retreating from the forefront of the policymakers and beijing and new delhi or how do you see that fit into the countries that you are talking about today . Lee might have a similar view on this. I do think that india is looking up strategically where they used to be preoccupied with their neighborhood to some extent china. Pakistan will continue to shape a lot of the thinking because the terrorism comes from pakistan, the Nuclear Weapons are still a concern especially the new smaller ones they are building. But its not predominate. And the more and more when we talked to the Indian Government officials, they want to talk about china and they want to talk about the world beyond asia and i think that is a positive thing that we should welcome. We have come to the end of the talk. I want to thank u. For sponsoring this great event and for coming and giving us a chance and all of you for coming. [applause] journalist Oscar Martinez talks about the origins of violence in Central America and u. S. Involvement in the region. Region. His pick of the history of violence living and dying in Central America. This was held at New York University. Thank you so much for coming to this event. I am the managing director of the institute of politics and my colleagues are delighted and very proud to b pupils who orgad this book event for the newly released second book called the history of violence living and dying in Central America. His work is hugely important. But i think for the englishspeaking public in the United States the circumstances of Central American refugees and migrants as they make in their own countries and as they make their way through mexico into the United States are absolutely a humanitarian crisis with many dimensions. The work in writing and Investigative Journalism is one of the key voices bringing circumstance to life and we are again honored and delighted to be able to host the launch of the book and have him here with us with our distinguished guests who will be introduced by diana in a few minutes. Before continuing, i would like to hand it over to sofia so she can say a few words. We First Published the piece in english and it was one of the most critically acclaimed books ever. We are so proud to publish a second book. Its based in london where the largest independent radical press and we see this book as politically important and central to the conversation for the refugees and Central America at large. Our moderator today is a a university professouniversity pd professor that performance studies in spanish at New York University and the author of numerous books including performance recently published by Duke University press and performing cultural memory in america. Shes thshe is the recipient ofs awards including the Vice President of the modern Language Association and will be the incoming president in 2017. Also the founder and director of the institute of performance in politics and so i asked her to please cop on the stage and introduced the speakers and participants. Thank you very much. We are excited about this conversation and happy to welcome our guests so if you could come up here. They are going to be speaking some english and spanish and a lot of spanglish. Martinez works for the first online newspaper in latin america. The book was published in a second edition in 2012. In 2008 they won the National Journalism prize in mexico and into 200in the 2009 he was aware human rights prize to Central American university. He is most recently the author of the history of violence, living and dying in Central America though we are here to discuss and of course the books are on sale here. And francisco here to my left has published four novels and one book of nonfiction. His most recent won the [inaudible] keys correctly back to work on a novel the writing of the interior circuit. He is currently back to work on the novel. Francisco has been a guggenheim fellow, center fellow at the New York Public Library and at the american academy. Hes written for the new yorker, the New York Times magazine, harpers mother the leader libyan leader and many other publications. He developed the prius and every year teaches one semester at Trinity College in hartford connecticut, and then hightails it back to mexico city. And Jon Lee Anderson to my left is a journalist Investigative Reporter and correspondent and correctly staff writer for the new yorker. Hes particularly known for his reporting on latin america and as we know from the numerous profiles on political leaders including hugo chavez, fidel castro. He is also involved in the internationally recognized teaching in journalism and working to safeguard the rights of journalists and as the chairman of the columbiabased foundation for journalism and regularly teaches workshops for latin america reporters. Anderson has written several books including the lions grave from afghanistan in the fall of baghdad and is the coauthor inside the league from the killing grounds. The next book project is a biography of Fidel Castros think you very much for joining us. It is a great honor to say i really consider him the great journalist of our time. To briefly say a few words in his new book comes after the beast which is interesting because it narrates the journey of migrants through mexico into the United States primarily, and it more or less takes us back to the world that they are fleeing from providing a narrative that goes backwards in a sense to say a few words about the two books together. One is in some ways a great artist that both books are unbelievable torture of human cruelty and more so than Joseph Conrad or any book you can think of that makes us confront the of this when the migrants have the only route they can avoid the migration check planes and he chronicles you see so many along the path here. Its the prophecy of the future. Youre going to be like that, probably. As he tells we are so used to, these are local people preying on the migrants. These are farmers and ranchers to realize people were traveling through the area and if anything was done to them they are likely to go to the police so they realize we can rob them and ande and murder them and we are all humans get anything any human does in the sense of who we all are of course they are great examples of the bravery and resistance. They get food to the migrants along the way but this is a central fact of his writing, the stark truth. So it just fills me with joy to read it because i love to encounter finally the truth. This is what he read. Admiring you can bring us the truth with that mix of bravery and artistry that oscar had to make a scene. It also reminds us anyone that reads the beast and cds that terrible journey they undertake and understanundertakento undera Central American migrants comes across the border and get into the United States, theres a great victory. That is something we should stand up and cheer for because every single one of them is so brave and resilient they have to have so much to make you so proud of the human spirit and what human beings are capable of and you have to understand why they are doing it to do better for their families. Another aspect we cant overlook they go through so much. We will talk about this more later but hes so eloquent at portraying the damage left behind in the 80 o 80 of the t made the journey are sexually violated along the way. These our brothers and sisters all around us who at this moment are being in the political discourse these are people that have been through so much and who have to live and go on and have been through so much and are heroes of our society is in many ways. At last the new thing in the book especially yukon front so eloquently to describe this is all our problems. The United States, every citizen of the United States is so complicit in this situation and in the history of the situation. We see this deep culture of violence that has so many in its roots in the Central American war of the 1980s and this incredible distraction that was never addressed in any kind of positive way. We are not just the great consumers but its we also provide the arms and im sure we are going to talk a lot about how complex the issue is and how we are so intertwined into triangle. [applause] thank you all. Its a pleasure. My sentiments, hello, can you hear me . Now you can. I would just like to echo can you hear me now . His sentiments express as it is safe to say the foremost interlocutor of the brutal reality. He is the person who is braving the situation and has the extraordinary not just reporting skills, but the writing talent to bring us testimony and chronicles from an extraordinarily harsh and usually overlooked, ignored, neglected reality. Its been there for a long time. Its getting worse. I dont mean this as a kind of chicken little statement but its always been overlooked even when it is said to be the Number One National priority for the United States years ago by the then president. The brutalization that went on in the name of warding off communism in the name of holding back the red tide and notionally Building Democracy in the 1980s was gothic and extreme. Of thos those ofto those of us t can never forget it. Theres nothere is now a time tt everybody that has access to youtube is aware of the kindest cruelties that humans put upon each other. About 30 years ago this was happening in el salvador on a daily basis and in guatemala over quite a long period of ti time. It was part of our population here in the United States aware of what was going on. Some demonstrated against it and some tried to help out as humanely as possible. But our government tended to side with the military in the country which visited evil upon those populations. The numbers of people fled. How many were given asylum in this country i dont know if anybody was. I think nobody was. Possibly there were one or two. I dont know. It was arguably an extreme violence into something you were saying about what happens to people who. Just as no woman in guatemala for that matter fell into the countrys Security Forces without being raped but usually sexually mutilated before being murdered. The degree that it went on has never been punished. Its never been castigated. Its still in the air. Though more in the early 80s and 90s ended with the oblivion following the model of spain postfranco. But in this case there wasnt a 40 year dictatorship to become a benevolent dictatorship. Although tons of blood was still fresh on the ground. And as we have seen in all of these countries, honduras being a country that didnt have a war but was nonetheless used by all parties in particular to subvert others and especially nicaragua. Theyve also come to a kind of tunnel shop of horrors in which the pastor urged the present. If before we had a situation where people were being killed in the name of democracy or in the name of the anticommunism, they are now simply dying because they are dying. And we dont have a kind of measuring rod in this country or a feeling of imperative to force a debate about it. The only debate we seem to have here involves the people once they cross the border. I returned to el salvador as one of the handful of people that covered el salvador. I met frank many years ago and also in nicaragua all those years ago i never really thought about it but i didnt return to el salvador and i realized i didnt want to go back to el salvador. I went back to el salvador because his brother that works within and this sort of team of reporters that are the next generation on our unique and quite extraordinary in that they have heart and passion and soul, they have anger. Theres a lot of anger in what he writes and its absolutely justified anger that comes through crystal clear. He controls it at times better than others. I think thats wrong. I think that he is driven by a kind of deep indignation that i would have to say i think it is worse before ther the further wn which you would go out and you kind of knew who was killing you. There were notional ideas but now even more people some days in el salvador are dying. Thereve been people put behind bars for barbaric crimes that they organized were committed themselves. It is as if a country lets its serial killers walk free and not just the country but the whole region. They are sitting at the same bar and cafe and in some cases they have to see them in uniform. Thats what we left behind. Its worth noting by the way that it was built after the earthquake in 86 and they built the biggest embassy in latin america through the huge White Elephant that sits there with no real purpose of course that the war was over and there for everything could be devolved into this idea of the chronic criminal insurgency in the same kind that we live in with our cities and many of the other countries in the hemisphere now. Many of the countries that were safe for democracy are now failed states or experiencing theiwere experiencingtheir own r violence. Those are very few exceptions and that itself is worthy of an interesting discussion and why thats the case. In any event i could go on a long time about this. I feel well represented nothing but here is a person who is an oldfashioned term we dont use much in this country but i would say hes the patriarch. In the sense that nobody uses anymore he feels the righteous indignation of the country that had its entire destiny taken away from it and its still being chewed up. Its still not a country that we would want to live in. When i go back to see them at their annual event and i talked with them about what they can just as reporters 30 years ago they live under the threat and assassins. They are the very same people that he sometimes needs and chronicles that can be turned on a dime including people who write about them so it is a great act of valor and courage in what his friends are doing and they deserve a much wider audie