Little bit of research and there are other insects that might eat them. Maybe cockroaches and maybe annes. The cockroach one is i think a study where they kind of put them in battle or something and the baby cockroach ate the baby bed bug. I dont know how often that happens in their homes. Usually cockroaches are not in the bedroom. They are usually in the kitchen or in the bathroom. The worst method of eradication ive ever heard. Thats the other thing. So great, and see bed bugs but centipedes are ants, who wants to go that will work alex but i dont know if they are a big source of food for other insects. I dont know if it would matter to take them out. Theres some species that you could and some that are obviously important so i dont know. A couple of years ago they started using the heating and freezing methods. I was wondering at this point is that more efficient than some of the chemicals they have been using . The heating is really efficient. Its just really expensive and for People Living in apartments its not ideal. Say i have bed bugs and i wanted to pay thousands of dollars for heating treatment and my neighbors didnt but they still have bed bugs innocent as they are done they can still come back over and sometimes they do treat big apartment buildings with heating that how it works depends. The freezing stuff from my understanding doesnt work as well. Its not as good as the heat. You guys have a lot of questions. I guess thats it so thanks for coming. [applause] thank you guys for coming. We have copies of the book at the register. If you would like your book signed maybe can lineup in the center aisle. Lets have one more round of applause. [applause] beth shapiro is next on booktv. Her book how to clone a mammoth looks at Climate Change in migration patterns in the role both played in the extension of mammoths. You may or may not be able to hear me. [laughter] hello everyone everyone. Thank you for joining us tonight. My name is serena and on behalf of harper bookstore im delighted to welcome you to this evenings event with beth shapiro discussing her new book how to clone a mammoth. This evenings talk is just one of the many great events harper bookstore is hosting this spring. David robert will join us with his new book the lost world of the old ones discoveries in the ancient southwest and tickets are Still Available and David Mcauliffe featuring the wright brothers. For more Upcoming Events visit us on line at harvard. Com or pick up a copy of our flyer on the way out this evening. Tonights talk will conclude with time for questions. Afterwards we will have a book signing at the table. We have copies of how to clone a mammoth at the register next room. As always tonights book is 20 off this evening. Its part of how we say thanks for buying your books here at Harvard Bookstore. Your purchases ensure the future and intended to explore so thank you and finally a quick reminder to silence your cell phones. We are very pleased to have cspans booktv here taping this evenings event. When asking questions in a q a just please know that you will be recorded and maybe wait a moment for the microphone to come over to you before you ask your question. So now i am very pleased to introduce tonights author. Sub date is a professor at the university of california santa cruz and 2009 the macarthur were. Your scientific articles have appeared in many publications. Tonight she will be presenting her new book how to clone a mammoth. National geographic. Com calls it a sharp witty and impeccably argued book in Scientific American rights in this lucid roadmap for the nations discipline of deextinction shapiro examines not only how we can resurrect long vanished species but also when we cannot and should not. We are pleased to host her at Harvard Bookstore tonight. Please join me in welcoming beth shapiro. [applause] thank you. Thanks for inviting me and thanks you guys for coming. Its a Beautiful Day out there and i understand one of the first in what is going to be a wonderful spring and summer. Thank you for spending an hour or so in here said about there we probably should be because its probably more entertaining to be outside and listening to me. Anyway one of the many hats i wear is as a National Geographic emerging explorer which is a silly thing. Im not sure how i am emerging or what i meant emerging from but in that context id like to start with the little video that describes the work that i do in the field work i do not arctic to give you a taste of where we are so far. You can see one, two, three four pieces of mammoths. You can see how big this is. The neat thing about this is these are the small pieces that has washed downstream. These pieces of our still frozen in the permafrost. You cant get them out at all. You just heard that big splash of water out there. Here comes the water. We better get out of here. That last part is a little bit silly that in my defense that water is really gross. So what it is is this is in canadas Yukon Territory. Its a type of gold mining where when the snow melts the water collects big Holding Ponds and its pumped up using highpressure water hoses that the miners wash away the permit boxed permafrost is thought away. They wait a little bit when they get to the frozen stuff and the sun heats it up and melted a few more inches and they wash those down. Their goal is to get rid of all the frozen dirt to get to the gold bearing gravels underneath the while they are doing hundreds if not thousands of these impeccably preserved frozen bones arent covered. We come along and collect them. Im a biologist, an evolutionary biologist or a paleontologist and a molecular paleontologist, geneticists. Ive been called lots of other things i want is a biologist wants with frozen mammoth bones recovered from the permafrost . My researches about Climate Change in how species and communities adapt and respond to Climate Change. When we hear about Climate Change we often hear about things like changes in precipitation patterns these largescale changes in the distribution of plants and animals changes and storm patterns that lead some people in dire straits in different parts of the world and of course species that are potentially at the brink of extinction. We read about this in the popular press and often will begin our doomsday scenarios. As a biologist one might wonder what can we do to actually stop this tax i got ahead of myself a little bit. If you are comfortable at all and you heard the Climate Change literature one of the plots you are accustomed to seeing you this. This is a hockey stick plot because it looks a little bit like a hockey stick. This is the end that comes up right here. But this is is the big line across the middle is the average global temperature of 1960 and Everything Else is relative to that. Over the last thousand years the temperature was stable may be declining a little bit and in the last couple hundred years it increased by 1. 5 degrees. Of course this of course his plot can be extended in time and people are predicting rapid and Extensive Global climate. This is not the first time in earths history that we have seen a very rapid and largescale change in global temperatures. If we extend the scale back to 50,000 years ago moving forward to 1000 years ago we see this one period right here. This. 000 years ago this was the last ice age last ice age in here 12,000 years ago was the transition into the interval that we are in today. This particular transition right here around this last bit right here, thats four degrees. The research we are doing in dawson city suggests that this rapid increase happened over a century are less. This is actually equally rapid potentially tumultuous Climate Change. Should have affected plants and animals everywhere so my researches tries to go back in time and sample dna sequences over space and time and ask how did species and communities respond to these pass. To Climate Change with the hope of learning things that we can apply to make a more informed decisions about what we do is limited energy and the resources we have to deal with Climate Change. The field i work in is called ancient dna. Selfexplanatory. Means dna gets old. Dna from stuff that is all black mammoth bones preserved in the permafrost. I work amber and shia. Branch is the part of the world spanning from canadas Yukon Territory across alaska and into siberia. Thats shallower seas and during ice ages when much of the water on the planet making glaciers on the continent the sea level was lower than it is today in the white areas were exposed. They were exposed an incredibly rich grasslands has supported an enormous ecosystem of diverse species. It was also important corridor for movement between continents. Camels and horses move from north america to asia and bison and humans moved from asia into north america. Today this part of the world looks like this. Im actually in that helicopter taking this picture and i will show you an image of that helicopter in just a moment but in the ice age at look more like this where we had things like mammoths and mastodons and camels and giant bears listed 16 feet tall two different species of the regular course and is still a good horse. Lots of different species of cats and a fivefoot tall. Anyway this is the helicopter we used to fly off. This was a particular expedition we went on through the northcentral part of the peninsula. There are some windows missing in this helicopter here. That was particularly useful because after we got off into the air on the third or fourth attempt the french and russian people who are in charge of the expedition decided we should celebrate this success by lighting up a cigarette while sitting on the gas tanks. Those things that are on the side our gas tanks. We fly out there and these incredible machines and stay in fivestar accommodations. I took this picture walking backwards im focusing my camera so you can see the depth of mosquitoes that we have to deal with while we are in the field. We wander along places where the permafrost is melting. This is back in the Yukon Territory near dawson city and you can see their washing down the permafrost with water hoses and people are standing around wandering around picking up the bones as they wash out. On a typical day in dawson city we will pick up somewhere between five and maybe two dozen bags like this full of loans that we have collected. Most of the bones are bison and there are lots of horses and mammoth in caribou. If we get lucky carnivores are more rare we find wolves and bears and maybe giant ayers and different types of lions. We take a chunk out of these bones. Thats a regular tool with a cutting disc. We take it back to the lap lab grind it up into a fine powder and extract dna. In what we do is to correlate the amount of diversity we see genetic diversity we see at any one point in time with how big the population is. Lots of diversities, big populations. Not much diversity in small populations. We can use this to see when populations were growing or shrinking blooming across space. When the local population went extinct things like this that you cant necessarily see by counting and looking at the fossils themselves. We have learned a lot over the course of the last couple of decades were my group and other groups work in gathering this information. We have seen bison and horses and mammoth seemed seem to peak in population size around 40000 years ago and then start to decline after that. This is interesting because the two main hypotheses about what caused things like mammoths to go extinct they didnt like the peak of the ice age were that humans turned up and kill them all. It lets us off for the early stages of the decline of mast mammoth. We watched carnivores increase and decrease in population and move across the landscape responding to her before so we started to learn why things like caribou have survived to the present day. They like to live where people dont and why cave lions went extinct and we get a lot of attention and stuff gets published in nice highprofile generals. Im super excited to tell them what we have learned and how it can apply to present conservation problems. Hoekel uses information the present day but they only ever asked me one thing. Its kind of annoying to be honest. Since there is no sound bite response to that i decided to write this book. The phrase that is being used to describe this type of work right now is deextinction. Its not a great word that we are stuck with that at this point as it is taken over. We are familiar with deextinction because we were there the last time we did it and ray ray bramborough how that went. Life didnt find ways to a set of jeff goldblum. We all know that we cant be get dna from dinosaurs. Dinosaur bones are all rock. Dont believe what you hear they are all rock so we will never be able to clone a dinosaur. Im really sorry but we are going to talk about the mammoth. Why the mammoth im asked. People kept asking me about the mammoth and i think the reason people ask me about the mammoth is because we cant clone dinosaurs so that is where we are. Now lets get down to it. How are we going to bring the mammoth back to life . The first way that people think about is to clone a mammoth. The problem here is that cloning isnt an ambiguous thing as much as it is a very specific scientific technique. Its called Somatic Cell Nuclear transfer. This is the science word for cloning. You basically have two cells germ cells and somatic cells which are Everything Else. Normally what happens when a new organism is formed a and egg come together fertilized get a zygote and a zygote is a special cell that can become every type of cell in the body. A somatic cell has a specific job and thats the only job that knows how to do so the trick to Somatic Cell Nuclear transfer is to convince the somatic cell to forget all of the instructions necessary to be the type of cell is programmed to be and to go back to some earlystage word has the capacity to become every type of cell in the body and create a whole organism. The first example of Somatic Cell Nuclear transfer in the most famous example is the experiment done by the Roslyn Institute in scotland where they produce dolly the sheep. Anybody remember dolly the sheep . It took a particular till you you and it took a memory tissue cell and put it into a dish. The same time they got an egg cell from a different breed of u and they remove the Nuclear Material including genetic material from that egg cell. They had a empty egg cell with starves somatic cells. They put these things together zap them with electricity in the membranes break open and the Nuclear Material dumps into the egg. The proteins in that egg cell can do a little bit of magic and caused a somatic cell to regress and go back to the earlystage word has the capacity to become every type of cell in the body. Dolly was a genetic clone of the memory cell and not of a egg cell. This technology does work. Its not efficient. Dolly was one of nearly 300 different eggs that they attempted to use in this process process. It does work but it has been shown to work in a bunch of different species since then. So how would it work with we go out into the field and find the well preserved mammoth removed the somatic cell and inserted into an egg cell. It does its magical thing and we implanted in a surrogate host. We release it into the environment. Straightforward. Pretty easy, right . So here we have run into a stumbling block. We find some incredibly well preserved things in the arctic. This is a horse jolly sound near dawson city. Something like 50 or 60,000 years old and here we have nicely reserved mummies from siberia and a couple of summers ago this mummy was found in the New Siberian Islands and announce having a substance with it and was very similar to blood. They suggested that it was. I dont think that has been proven that it was blood but despite how well preserved these are none of them have any cells and no one is ever going to find mammoth remains that have living cells. When an organism dies the cells of dna within them begins to decay right away. First the action of enzymes from within the body itself and then if its a mummy lots of microbes go throughout the bloodstream and that breaks down the dna. Solar dna hammers the dna like it does when they are alive. Things like water and oxygen hydraulics are all chemical bombardments of the dna that writes it down into smaller and smaller pieces until eventually there is nothing left. They will never find a mammoth that has a living cell. We never find a living cell of a mammoth we will never be able to clone a mammoth. Thank you for coming. [laughter] im just kidding. Last week a team of international researchers, think leaders from the National Museum of sweden they announced that they had sequenced the complete genome of two different mammoths. Plan b should be sequencing the genome. But sequenced the mammoth and start there. We have a whole list of the letters that make up dna. 4 billion of them. Thats a big a mammoth genome isnt this provides an instruction manual or making the jeans and making the proteins that make a mammoth look and act like a mammoth. Lets go into the lab and synthesize long strands of dna get these into chromosomes and put the chromosomes into the cell so we can do this whole thing, we go around here and we have a mammoth. Done straightforward. The problem, several problems. They reported they had a complete genome sequence and thats okay. Thats kind of true. We kind of have a complete genome but is not complete in the way that we can synthesize it in the lab. In fact there isnt any vertebrae to carry out an organism that we have a complete genome sequence for including humans. We do have most of human genome sequence and we certainly have a majority of genome sequence that contains genes. There are parts of the human genome and every oth