Leadership. And white house counsel. I have tremendous advantages quite frankly. Of course youre gonna meet new people and people that dont know you because theres a hundred 5,000 people at the department and they all want to look at the boss. If the project a level of confidence and also from my perspective i spent as much time as i could. Going to the various agencies and their floors and stopping by shaking peoples hands and getting to know the employees at the department of justice. I would say that question is a little bit unfair to me. B final comments . Because my wife is here i want to say and i talk about this in the book and i think it will be reflected in the book. That is the importance of family and support. I could not had done what i did without the support of my family. I talk about the difficult times that we went through in washington and how it affected my family and becky was always there for me. Im very grateful for the service that she provided. Grateful to George W Bush for the opportunity. To work with other dedicateddi individuals who really care a lot about america i work every day to do the right thing. Thank you so much for being here. [applause]. Thank you all for coming. Al will be there after this. They all want to buy by the dozen. Thank you very much. Every weekend today at 6 45 p. M. Eastern david baron circuit judge for the First Circuit provides a history of the debate between the executive and legislative branch of the right to declare war. In his book waging more. The clash between president s in congress. 1776 phthisis. Twenty to him at the National Constitution center in philadelphia is theodore ruger. The two branches are really in a dance with each other. Backing down from the president. Sunday at 9 00 p. M. Eastern on afterwards. They look at gun deaths in america over a 24 hour time in his book another day in the death of america. A chronicle of ten short lives. Is a broader societal thing which dehumanizes them. I think that there is a real problem once you start saying there is a suggestion that it would be ready of them to be killed. Thank you for coming out. It is great that we are getting rain. Thank you for coming out. There is a couple students here. Thank you for waiting so patiently. Cspan is here recording. We are very excited to have them here. A long time independent bookstore in albuquerque. We been hosting authors and supporting a lot of local endeavors. We can. The fact that trees are still being disregarded and the desecration of native lands are going on we are very honored to have it to authors here today to talk about the various myths about native american culture. We are taking the country by storm. They are doing a national to her. You might have heard that. They grew up in oklahoma. A part apart indian mother. Theyve been active. A lot of the social justice advocates. They taught in the newly established native american country. She is the author of the great sioux nation. In the recent book. She lives in san francisco. The confederate tribe. The scholar at the center of the world. She also lives in california. Please welcome by our authors. Please welcome by our authors. Think you to the students and faculty here. And the staff this is a very Important Institution in albuquerque. They can each read a myth so you will get too to out of the 21. There is a mixed number with 19. What is the problem for thinking that. Has anyone ever heard that one. In the United States. Hundreds of distinctive nations. With experiences under the unit since colonialism. The original territory. To which the ancestors were moved. East of the mississippi. Now oklahoma. About half of the native population. At any one time in urban areas. The issue of whites. There is no one among the natives. With the culturally native woman. And there never has been. So keeping that in mind im in a talk to a lot of generalities and keep in mind this is a diversity which i think is actually the problem. Although the stereotypes have changed over time there are nearly always monolithic. They are an ethnic group for one racial category rather than nations. With the United States dominations. The counterparts for natives other romanticized. It was the first Indian Princess. And that mythologized figure consists. In the hollywood movies. Many euroamerican women. They depicted it as having later skin and being more european than others. And having a petite but shapely body. The mythical Indian Princess is a common stereotype though. Sacajawea and other native women scout although they were not categorized as princesses. Such as lewis and clark. And to for traders. Often they are portrayed as daughter of tribal chiefs. They had stated that the myth helps to perpetuate the values because she leads her people to become a christian. That is the myth of pocahontas as they focus on those values and the uses of squaw has rolling into disrepute. But it is still ambiguous. On television all the time. As well as historical documents. Its there. There are also also still around a thousand official place names in the United States in which of the term squaw is used. Further it remains an active serotype of traditional women even when the term itself is not used anymore. In movies in history even once a been made and right now. We see an image of a drudge of a very dark senate figure who was doing all the heavy lifting in a digital is settings. Are lazing around while women do the work. Both of them constitute racist stereotype. Meant to render right superior and perpetuate values. The roles and status of women varied with hundreds of societies. Or reliant on that. The widely different areas. Of egg quince, acorns, berries and nuts and other foods and medicines. The roles are the eastern half of north america. Indicated a. In the navajo women and what is now the u. S. Southwest. It was found to be remarkable when compared with womens roles in western europe on the eve. In the Agricultural Societies when where the creative a seed and hybrids and they played to the crops. Each of these nations has divergent forms of government but the common basis many varieties and colors were similar. Women were also architects, builders men were stone coders and weeder weavers. Women controlled directly or ceremonially the distribution. They were probably strongest. The federation. Certain of these control the choice of male representatives for their clients in governing council. I shouldnt say in the past tense because its still the way it is. And when that chosen male representative was too young they might want to step in and participate in the council on his behalf. They held the power to recall unsatisfactory representatives the author of 1491 the new revelations of americans before columbus, causes government the structure of the greed. The dream of freedom solidarity and equity was pre american. But only the british had developed the institutions before planting colonies in north america. They had developed these methods in practices in the conquest of the irish. Pushing Small Farmers off their land to be replaced by commercial oriented settlers. The production. Of the wood. Of the wildlife they depended on. So what you had is a lot of surplus people the jobless population with persuaded to take the one we journey to british outpost on the Atlantic Coast of north america. This then was the start of the colonialism in north america. I include canada and north america. Including convicts with promises of that they could they built with them the patriotic culture under roman and christian laws in practices. A level of subordination of women unknown in north america but inherent to the culture of the conquest and settlement which is based on violence and the violation of native women. They had continued to bear the brunt of colonial violence specifically Sexual Violence both within families and by settler predators. An increasingly traffickers. It has long been astronomical. Views that. On the policing authority yet another legacy of conquest. It opens the door for perpetrators of Sexual Violence to note know there will be no consequences for their actions. Under the u. S. Colonial system the jurisdiction for crimes committed on native lands. The federal authority. By legislation in the 1880s. They can be applied only to reservations. In the rate of fault is more than twice the National Average after the publication of a skating 2007 report the Womens Organization including the National Organization for women Lobby Congress to add a new section to the 1994 violence against women act. With the special situation of negative native women. It would give them ports to arrest and prosecute nonnative men who enter reservations. Or any other crime. At the end of 2012 the republican dominated u. S. Congress denied the reauthorization of the violence against women act because it included that provision. Have been renewed ever since i went through 1992. But there was so much outcry from women that in march 2013 that opposition was overcome and president barack obama signed the amended act back into law. It was definitely a victory for a little increase in acknowledged sovereignty but also had some limitations. It was not the whole solution. Another difficulty in general in the United States especially for women was a scholar that joined them and pointed out the demand for native authenticity which really means to appear and act in a particular prescribed manner to be considered inauthentic native woman. This demand on women was not only emotionally painful but also creates social inequalities and injustices associated with the u. S. Order of racism. Overcoming internal colonization is critical to achieving the conversation in selfdetermination. Native women and scholars in the forefront of exposing these issues and seeking revolution. In her her book indigenous american women under the native scholar they described in analyzes the various ways that many of them in so doing. They limit the full involvement of native women. And prevent them from realizing industrial roles. Centuries of imposed colonizations with the resulting Sexual Violence. Other results pointed out are severe income gaps which fall heavily on women and families. They are not able to carry out their traditional responsibilities. There are some positive changes that women are making in their lives relationships and professional advancement. This is in part rooted in the key role that they had played in the past 40 years with the native resistance. It arose after the 1953 congressional revolution to terminate treaty based in an attempt to carol out genocide to complete the violence genocidal u. S. Army and malicious campaign. Termination was to proceed, company by the vigorous relocation program. They would abandon the reservations to designated urban areas was some initial expenses paid. It would make the dispersal unnecessary. Although it was promised that it would happen if they did not do it voluntarily. Native people began to organize and some looked into possible regress three the United Nations. In 1961. The young relocated natives along with some have not left the reservations with the National Youth council was founded and based here in albuquerque and still going strong today. With mohawk intellectual surely help. She builds the organization nationally in their doing so in the southwest. At the same time they were organized. It was quite extraordinary. In the early 60s. In 1964 they organized support for the Ongoing Movement to protect the fishing rights and other Indigenous People. The extraordinary action. The local actions multiplied in native communities and nations during the 1960s a spectacular november 1969 and following 18 months occupation native American Students and Community Members living in the bay area initiated an alliance known as an indian of all tribes. They built a striving thriving village. From all over the continent radicalizing thousands especially native youth. They were impressive among them many others who had continued to organize in serve as role models in the early 21st century. Three years later in 1973 hundreds of militarized fbi and other federal and state agencies surrounded did me a hamlet on the Pine Ridge Reservation and so began a two and half month siege against the American Indian movement protesters and the traditional people they were there at that spot. So it was made up of a little bit more than a trading post in the mass grave in 1890. During the 1973 siege armed personnel carriers helicopters in the military sabres is around the site. Supply teams made their way through the Military Lines and back out again to the dark of night. Again as an albatross as were dozens of other women of all ages both inside and outside the besieged counsel who organized the support systems around the country. And right now at this moment madonna thunder hawk now an elder can be found at the red warrior camp on the front lines opposing the pipeline. And struggling and struggling for a better future. [applause]. Its really a controversial topic even today specially in academia theres a lot of argument about what genocide is and whether or not it actually happened here. So i will just jump right into it. 149yearold and a naavajo. Lecture about california Indian History the part time adjunct believing it to be too strong a word that again ied implies that it was on purpose and most needed people were wiped out by europeans anyway. Over next couple of years johnson provide evidence of genocide. She had hijacked the class and accusing of bigotry and racism. Claims later disputed. Triggering an investigation to the incident. The result of the universitys investigation found no one at fault. Story quickly infiltrated in Media Outlets and sparked debate whether or not genocide accurately characterizes history. A few topic can elicit the emotional charge that questions of genocide count. Imposed to those who implicate the quote, crime of crimes along side nazi germany and the empire and armenian again side and others. It wasnt until second half of the 240th century with the rise of the Civil Rights Movement, the birth of ethic and native Study Programs and increasing interest of people of higher into Higher Education that scholars began applying genocide to u. S. Policies even though the term extermination was widely used throughout 149th century and earlier referring to u. S. Policies regarding indians. A bill had been passed into defense appropriations bill, the joint resolution acknowledges historical events like the massacre and sand creek removal from their homeland and taking children for education and the distant boarding schools acknowledges, quote, years of official deprivation by the federal Government Regarding indian tribes, unquote and expresses, quote, regret for the ramification, but no where is the word genocide used. In fact, to minimize u. S. Violence against natives, natives and nonnatives settler engaged in numerous Armed Conflict in which unfortunately both took innocent lives including those of women and children. The warfare that United States and earlier european settlers exercised against native peoples which ultimately killed par more natives than nonnatives. Based and whether or not genocide occurred on u. S. Toil, followed different tracks and depend largely upon narrowly or loosely how narrowly or loosely genocide is defined. The most common method is compared to jewish holocaust, for example. The problem with too expansive a definition is that deluding the criteria renders definition meaningless. On the other hand, if the definition of genocide is limited, the actual mass killing of victim peoples blurs the concept of genocide by demining, quote, those practice directed against whole peoples or other definable social groups with destroying integrities in cultural genocide. Its problematic because it obscures the seriousness obviously intended in the campaign to make genocide a crime. Instead of thinking of genocide understand how colonial violence unfolds. Another argument detractor to receive genocide contention is the one used by Sacramento State professor that it was disease that killed most of the indigenous population and not violence. The argument that the dramatic decline of native population was due primarily to the Natural Disaster of biological pathogens, its been widely perpetuated that has become standard among historians. One of the biggest problems is that it also promulgated the myth of an up occupied virgin wilderness that justified encroachment into native territories. A third and more moderate line of analysis holds that the term genocide may not necessarily apply to all American Indian groups by might more appropriately be assessed on a group by group or region by region basis, a concept that will return to. In order to make accurate assessment of genocide there must also be evidence of deliberate state or government to inaluate an entire population, in the academic world despite resistance during 1970s and early 1980s within some discipline to grant platforms to the study of genocide, the genealogy of native american, genocide is more than academic study since it is a crime under International Law framed by a treaty and case law. 1446 Member States including the United States