Transcripts For CSPAN Women In Politics 20130310 : compareme

We have a little bit of time left. Bringing this. Full circle what was her impact on American History . As we think back to the american revolution, she was a record of letter provides the only insight we have of the evolution at a sustained level during the entire period of the revolution. It is significant. She was an exemplary person. She tells us about womens lives and what it was like to be not just the first lady, but to be a wife and a mother. And a sister and a daughter. What would you say . The thing i always think about with abigail is the relationship, the partnership. Without an abigail, there is no john, and without a john, there is no abigail. The reason she is important is because of the relationship . Right. Without the support she provided, she was so trustworthy. He could go off and be this great public worsen. To our guests, james taylor and edith, thank you for allowing us to understand the life and legacy of first lady, abigail adams. Thank you. [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2013] [captioning performed by national captioning institute] how young quaker widow transformed into the woman that history remembers. Dolley madison hosted parties to help the agenda for her husband, president james madison. She was frightened as british troops came, she saved an iconic portrait of george washington. Well take your phone calls, is the comments, and tweets on do lley madison on monday live at 9 p. M. Eastern. It chronicles the life of each first lady. We have a special edition of the book first ladies of america. Now available for the discount price of 12. 95 at cspan. Org product. Cspan, created by american Cable Companies in 1979. Brought to you as a Public Service by your television provider. Tonight on cspan, a look at the landscape for women running for elected office in state legislatures and the u. S. Congress. In a discussion of the writings of dr. Seuss and how it relates to popular culture. Later, writing magazine reports on violence and entertainment. Now a look at the Political Landscape for women running for elected office state legislatures and the u. S. Congress. This is the women in politics ands him. This is in our the women in politics symposium. This is an hour and a half. Good afternoon. My name is diane. We will be transitioning to another panel and talking about women candidates and how they are covered by the media. To provide a bit of the bridge between our first panel on the next panel, there are a couple of takeaways. We will talk about women in campaign schools. It is part of the ready to run. We are part of a nationwide network to train republican and Democratic Women to run for all kinds of offices. We started our ready to run workshop. It is a series of six workshops. One of the things i will tell you about Campaign Training or shops is that we did a lot of research before we involved with ready to run. The workshops for women talks about three issues. First, women need to be asked to run. We asked people to run. That is up first thing that a workshops i know about. Second, fundraising. Women can raise just as much money as men, but they do not think they can do it. Third, women have a real fear of working with the media. They perceive bias in the media. They also perceive that he will not be treated as well. They feel like they will expose their family to a lot of scrutiny. The last workshop in june is an Interactive Workshop that the media to show women how they can deal with media and prevent themselves with Certain Communications with the media. We will get this panel started. 30 years of research of women and the political coverage and how they present themselves. I will focus on political tv advertising. There has been lots of research on this area. Media coverage of female candidates dates back to the 1980s. Research has focused on the amount of coverage women have received. They looked up the quality of the coverage. It includes issues discussed and what images are discussed. Sometimes they talk about the appearance or hairstyle, he mlines, and husbands. Women are within the context of those hs. Also their marital status, gender, and children. Lastly, the tone of Media Coverage. It is supposed to be neutral. Most of them are neutral. We will look at that as well. What we have found over time is that women running in the 1980s and 1990s received less coverage than men. Less minutes on tv. Less image coverage focusing on their appearance. Women running in the 21st century this began about 1998 women started receiving more coverage. This is the research that my colleagues and i do. It is on gubernatorial campaigns. It is easier to cover. What we find is that they get coverage at those levels except for the stores on their marital status and children. Stories on their hurdle status and children. Marital status and children. With the exception of women running for president. They do not receive as much coverage. She received less coverage than john mccain and steve forbes. Hillary clinton and sarah palin received a lot of coverage, but palin got less positive coverage. Speaking about clinton and palin, one of the things that was disheartening was that not only do they get negative coverage focusing on the image, but they were highly sexualized in that campaign. Hillary clinton was questioned for being feminine. She was described as overachieving and aggressive and scary. Palin was sexualized to be a sex object. That is what happened in that campaign. Palins coverage when she ran against joe biden found that she was often covered in feminine traits and issues, even though in her speeches she talks about masculine traits and issues. There is a disconnect chain what she was saying and what the media covered. We found that she received less coverage than her six male opponents. 56 mentioned she was the focus of only 5 . This length of her coverage was mostly neutral and him are negative then mitt romney. She was less likely to be tied to Foreign Policy and taxes. Interesting find. Advertising. I argued in my dissertation many years ago that because women at the time in the 1990s were receiving different coverage, i argued that women needed to be more proactive in their Television Advertising and later on on their website. We have been looking at the advertising of women running against man for the u. S. Senate. We look at that thing like the verbal content of the ad, whether it is positive or negative. What images are being emphasized. We also look for visual context. We look at how the candidate is dressed thomas their demeanor, are they smiling or frowning . School setting or factory setting . What kind of people are pictured with them . We look at the production quality of the ad. What we found is that surprisingly over time, they really are very similar over time. These are male versus female races. What we see is that men and women candidates use attack ads at the same rate. That was surprising. The conventional wisdom was that women would not do that and men would be nicer to women, but they used attack ads at the same rate. It depends on the election. They have used attack ads to attack their opponents on the issues. That is a safe thing to attack them on. There is also feminine versus masculine issues. It depends on the Election Year and which issues are important. Women are more likely than men to talk about education and healthcare and Senior Citizens and women issues. Men number likely to talk about masculine issues. Those are issues for men over time. Traits in ads men and women candidates running against each other emphasized feminine and masculine traits. It is typical of a woman to say that she is tough, but caring. Or that they are experienced and honest. They are mixing traits. When it comes to appeal, men in 2008 were more likely to emphasize honesty and women were significantly more likely to emphasize their experience. Appeal style, what we find is that men and women used an appeal strategy that is known as feminine style. This is more of a style that uses a personal tone and addresses their peers and personal experience and sharing experiences with others. These are things that men and women both do. It is called a feminine style. Both men and women use it. Men are more likely to use a masculine appeal style using statistics and women are more likely to make gender affect your in Television Ads a factor in Television Ads. Nonverbal, this is interesting. It is based on psychology research. Over all of these years, men are more likely to just in business suits women are more likely to dress in his missives. You will see men dress more casually. A big difference in that women are more likely to smile in their ads. Women in their daily business smile a lot more than men do as a means of gaining acceptance and appreciation. That is a big difference. We think women dress more formally and smile goes goes those are societal stereotypes of how women in politics should behave. We think men are tying to soft in their image by dressing my casually and picturing their wives and children more in their ads. Women tend to distance themselves from the family even if they are wife and a mother. They do not remind viewers about that. Women are more likely to put Young Children in the ad, but not their own. Switching to websites, research is similar. It focuses on the issues being discussed in the ads and images being per trade. Being portrayed. Being per trade. Research has found over time that men and women candidates put feminine and masculine issues on their website. This is a study of men and women running against each other for the u. S. Congress, the house. Men were more likely to discuss taxes, healthcare, and immigration. We consider taxes and masculine issue. Women talked about education, Senior Citizens. All of those are feminine issues. Just like tv advertising, they do a blend of masculine versus feminine traits. Both discussed performance, publication, and experience. They often talked of being of the people. That is a feminine strategy. The number likely to call it action oriented. That is a masculine strategy. Women were more likely to emphasize that they were confident. That is a masculine strategy. When we look at their appeal, we find that they use his feminine style. This feminine style. Emphasize the compliments. They give personal experiences. There is a personal tone on the website. Men were likely to do a call for change. Women tried not to go down below the trenches into negativity. Here are some differences we find between websites and commercials. Both men and women are lower are more likely to attack on their website vendor tv ad. We have seen negative ads on their website than on a tv ad. We have seen negative ads. We think it is because of the difference between the two mediums. People going to your website are typically supporters. You feel safer to attack your opponent than on a tv ad in which it can turn off some people. Men are most likely to pose pictures post pictures of their family. Women are often seen as a care provider for their parents. In summary, there needs to be more research on women candidates running for president and vice president. I hope we have more running so we can study that. We need to look at email versus female races. There were three of those for the u. S. Senate in 2012. There were 15 races were women ran and three of those were female versus female. Another thing, this hardly any research being done on nontraditional Media Coverage. Some of the most negative and sexist comments about sarah palin first appeared in a new medium that spilled over into the triple medium. We need more research on that. We found in 2012 that the former republican governor of hawaii ran an open seat race and was defeated for the u. S. Senate. She lost her own cable tv station. She had a continuous ad running. [laughter] finally, we have to look at the impacts or the effect of medication and that Media Coverage. Thank you. [applause] my name is sarah. Thank you for including me in this conference. I will follow this presentation and talk about coverage of Congress Women. Especially of Congress Women different ethnic backgrounds. I have a few short facts about women in congress. A number of them in congress. The presence of women in congress has increased in recent years. Minority women remain a smaller portion of this group. Anglo women hold about 13 of seats in congress. I will move this closer to you. Ok. We can see that the proportion of minority women in congress is a smaller part of this. For comparison, white women are about 13 of all congress members. Lock women are less than 3 . Black women are less than 3 . 1 . An women are less than that limits of their influence at the national level. In effort to understand why when artie women remained low in this office, one area we want to think about is what drives voter support for these women . There are a lot of explanations. Coverage in the media is one of those. Why should be look at the news medium when we are trying to understand support for women in politics . Diane talked about some of these things. I will try not to be competitive repetitive. First, most people dont have the time or energy to learn about their elected up the shills. They rely on the media for information. Because of its heavy reliance, and manner in which the media presents them often shapes voter behavior. Finally, not all Media Coverage of candidates is equal. Coverage of some elected officials is more positive and frequent than others. When we think about this, this unequal coverage may not be that troubling if it is based on factors Like Campaign intensity or prominence, things like that , very and in media outlets. I would argue that it is distinctly different from other candidates that there might be reasons to be concerned. Most of the research considering gender difference, there is a lot out there. A lot of it focuses on anglo women. Other kinds of research focuses on minority men. We do not have much on minority women. If you want to understand the challenges they are facing and seeking higher offices, we need to look at the coverage he received in the media. That is that they receive in amitav. That is what i will cover that they receive in the media today. That is what i will cover today. Two fundamental questions. What is the impact of this coverage on voters . I will focus on Research Related to the first question and touch on the second toward theen end of the talk. I will describe a study i conducted in 2006. I looked at newspaper coverage of 100 u. S. Are presented as running for reelection. 22 latinos. 1400 newspaper articles and local papers. In the time frame for the analysis was a month prior to the 2006 election. To examine the coverage, we used an analysis. We focused on the tone and frequency during this month. I will talk a little bit about the tone and content. I will spend a few more seconds talking about the contextualized information im about to present. The goal is to quantify the News Coverage the people are receiving. We do that so we can look at the variants in the coverage. For frequency, we counted the number of times and name was mentioned. Is tougher. One we read each article and see whether the coverage was positive, negative, mixed, or neutral. I will give you some examples of what we call positive coverage and negative coverage. It will give you an idea of what we capture one we talk about tone. First, an excerpt from an article on the san antonio news. This was considered negative. One of the challengers was running in Congressional District 23. He accuses arrival for stilling his name in cyberspace. This is controversial and there was a lawsuit going on. This is negative coverage. An example of positive coverage is from mississippi. It describes moving to the Homeland Security committee. We view this as positive. Once we coded all 1400 articles , we saw that some received more positive coverage than others. We also examine variables. How close the race is, projections of democrats taken the house, endorsements. Based on some of the Previous Research that diane described, i had hypothesized that women of minority members in congress will receive less frequent and more negative coverage than their white counterparts. My results are only partially supportive expectations. There has been a change of coverage of women over time. First, i have found that anglo women and men are not as disadvantages they thought they would be. When i control for other factors, white women and minority men received coverage that was not significantly different than that other white milk counterparts. Male counterparts. Being a female or minority was not allowed to impact the tone of the coverage. That was a different story for the minority women. They received coverage that was less frequent and consistently more negative than their counterparts. To illustrate the differences, the average candidate was mentioned about 44 times. Was more negative. They received more negative coverage than more white men and women. And what do we conclude from this research . Compared to earlier research in gender and race politics, often found female and minority members receiving negative coverage, evidence suggests that race alone does not necessarily hinder challengers. Just like all the representatives seeking favorable coverage, they allow the problems with that in this race treat it demonstrates broader troubling trends. While i think the findings are important, there are limited in size and scope. We knew we need more Data Collection and analysis in this area. There are two specific areas. The impact of negative Media Coverage of voters. This is the most relevant question that comes out of the research in this paper. What i found in this study is that this negative coverage of women exerts a harmful effect of voter evaluations of latina congresswomen. We compared the effective Media Coverage of anglo, American History<\/a> . As we think back to the american revolution, she was a record of letter provides the only insight we have of the evolution at a sustained level during the entire period of the revolution. It is significant. She was an exemplary person. She tells us about womens lives and what it was like to be not just the first lady, but to be a wife and a mother. And a sister and a daughter. What would you say . The thing i always think about with abigail is the relationship, the partnership. Without an abigail, there is no john, and without a john, there is no abigail. The reason she is important is because of the relationship . Right. Without the support she provided, she was so trustworthy. He could go off and be this great public worsen. To our guests, james taylor and edith, thank you for allowing us to understand the life and legacy of first lady, abigail adams. Thank you. [captions Copyright National<\/a> cable satellite corp. 2013] [captioning performed by national captioning institute] how young quaker widow transformed into the woman that history remembers. Dolley madison hosted parties to help the agenda for her husband, president james madison. She was frightened as british troops came, she saved an iconic portrait of george washington. Well take your phone calls, is the comments, and tweets on do lley madison on monday live at 9 p. M. Eastern. It chronicles the life of each first lady. We have a special edition of the book first ladies of america. Now available for the discount price of 12. 95 at cspan. Org product. Cspan, created by american Cable Companies<\/a> in 1979. Brought to you as a Public Service<\/a> by your television provider. Tonight on cspan, a look at the landscape for women running for elected office in state legislatures and the u. S. Congress. In a discussion of the writings of dr. Seuss and how it relates to popular culture. Later, writing magazine reports on violence and entertainment. Now a look at the Political Landscape<\/a> for women running for elected office state legislatures and the u. S. Congress. This is the women in politics ands him. This is in our the women in politics symposium. This is an hour and a half. Good afternoon. My name is diane. We will be transitioning to another panel and talking about women candidates and how they are covered by the media. To provide a bit of the bridge between our first panel on the next panel, there are a couple of takeaways. We will talk about women in campaign schools. It is part of the ready to run. We are part of a nationwide network to train republican and Democratic Women<\/a> to run for all kinds of offices. We started our ready to run workshop. It is a series of six workshops. One of the things i will tell you about Campaign Training<\/a> or shops is that we did a lot of research before we involved with ready to run. The workshops for women talks about three issues. First, women need to be asked to run. We asked people to run. That is up first thing that a workshops i know about. Second, fundraising. Women can raise just as much money as men, but they do not think they can do it. Third, women have a real fear of working with the media. They perceive bias in the media. They also perceive that he will not be treated as well. They feel like they will expose their family to a lot of scrutiny. The last workshop in june is an Interactive Workshop<\/a> that the media to show women how they can deal with media and prevent themselves with Certain Communications<\/a> with the media. We will get this panel started. 30 years of research of women and the political coverage and how they present themselves. I will focus on political tv advertising. There has been lots of research on this area. Media coverage of female candidates dates back to the 1980s. Research has focused on the amount of coverage women have received. They looked up the quality of the coverage. It includes issues discussed and what images are discussed. Sometimes they talk about the appearance or hairstyle, he mlines, and husbands. Women are within the context of those hs. Also their marital status, gender, and children. Lastly, the tone of Media Coverage<\/a>. It is supposed to be neutral. Most of them are neutral. We will look at that as well. What we have found over time is that women running in the 1980s and 1990s received less coverage than men. Less minutes on tv. Less image coverage focusing on their appearance. Women running in the 21st century this began about 1998 women started receiving more coverage. This is the research that my colleagues and i do. It is on gubernatorial campaigns. It is easier to cover. What we find is that they get coverage at those levels except for the stores on their marital status and children. Stories on their hurdle status and children. Marital status and children. With the exception of women running for president. They do not receive as much coverage. She received less coverage than john mccain and steve forbes. Hillary clinton and sarah palin received a lot of coverage, but palin got less positive coverage. Speaking about clinton and palin, one of the things that was disheartening was that not only do they get negative coverage focusing on the image, but they were highly sexualized in that campaign. Hillary clinton was questioned for being feminine. She was described as overachieving and aggressive and scary. Palin was sexualized to be a sex object. That is what happened in that campaign. Palins coverage when she ran against joe biden found that she was often covered in feminine traits and issues, even though in her speeches she talks about masculine traits and issues. There is a disconnect chain what she was saying and what the media covered. We found that she received less coverage than her six male opponents. 56 mentioned she was the focus of only 5 . This length of her coverage was mostly neutral and him are negative then mitt romney. She was less likely to be tied to Foreign Policy<\/a> and taxes. Interesting find. Advertising. I argued in my dissertation many years ago that because women at the time in the 1990s were receiving different coverage, i argued that women needed to be more proactive in their Television Advertising<\/a> and later on on their website. We have been looking at the advertising of women running against man for the u. S. Senate. We look at that thing like the verbal content of the ad, whether it is positive or negative. What images are being emphasized. We also look for visual context. We look at how the candidate is dressed thomas their demeanor, are they smiling or frowning . School setting or factory setting . What kind of people are pictured with them . We look at the production quality of the ad. What we found is that surprisingly over time, they really are very similar over time. These are male versus female races. What we see is that men and women candidates use attack ads at the same rate. That was surprising. The conventional wisdom was that women would not do that and men would be nicer to women, but they used attack ads at the same rate. It depends on the election. They have used attack ads to attack their opponents on the issues. That is a safe thing to attack them on. There is also feminine versus masculine issues. It depends on the Election Year<\/a> and which issues are important. Women are more likely than men to talk about education and healthcare and Senior Citizens<\/a> and women issues. Men number likely to talk about masculine issues. Those are issues for men over time. Traits in ads men and women candidates running against each other emphasized feminine and masculine traits. It is typical of a woman to say that she is tough, but caring. Or that they are experienced and honest. They are mixing traits. When it comes to appeal, men in 2008 were more likely to emphasize honesty and women were significantly more likely to emphasize their experience. Appeal style, what we find is that men and women used an appeal strategy that is known as feminine style. This is more of a style that uses a personal tone and addresses their peers and personal experience and sharing experiences with others. These are things that men and women both do. It is called a feminine style. Both men and women use it. Men are more likely to use a masculine appeal style using statistics and women are more likely to make gender affect your in Television Ads<\/a> a factor in Television Ads<\/a>. Nonverbal, this is interesting. It is based on psychology research. Over all of these years, men are more likely to just in business suits women are more likely to dress in his missives. You will see men dress more casually. A big difference in that women are more likely to smile in their ads. Women in their daily business smile a lot more than men do as a means of gaining acceptance and appreciation. That is a big difference. We think women dress more formally and smile goes goes those are societal stereotypes of how women in politics should behave. We think men are tying to soft in their image by dressing my casually and picturing their wives and children more in their ads. Women tend to distance themselves from the family even if they are wife and a mother. They do not remind viewers about that. Women are more likely to put Young Children<\/a> in the ad, but not their own. Switching to websites, research is similar. It focuses on the issues being discussed in the ads and images being per trade. Being portrayed. Being per trade. Research has found over time that men and women candidates put feminine and masculine issues on their website. This is a study of men and women running against each other for the u. S. Congress, the house. Men were more likely to discuss taxes, healthcare, and immigration. We consider taxes and masculine issue. Women talked about education, Senior Citizens<\/a>. All of those are feminine issues. Just like tv advertising, they do a blend of masculine versus feminine traits. Both discussed performance, publication, and experience. They often talked of being of the people. That is a feminine strategy. The number likely to call it action oriented. That is a masculine strategy. Women were more likely to emphasize that they were confident. That is a masculine strategy. When we look at their appeal, we find that they use his feminine style. This feminine style. Emphasize the compliments. They give personal experiences. There is a personal tone on the website. Men were likely to do a call for change. Women tried not to go down below the trenches into negativity. Here are some differences we find between websites and commercials. Both men and women are lower are more likely to attack on their website vendor tv ad. We have seen negative ads on their website than on a tv ad. We have seen negative ads. We think it is because of the difference between the two mediums. People going to your website are typically supporters. You feel safer to attack your opponent than on a tv ad in which it can turn off some people. Men are most likely to pose pictures post pictures of their family. Women are often seen as a care provider for their parents. In summary, there needs to be more research on women candidates running for president and vice president. I hope we have more running so we can study that. We need to look at email versus female races. There were three of those for the u. S. Senate in 2012. There were 15 races were women ran and three of those were female versus female. Another thing, this hardly any research being done on nontraditional Media Coverage<\/a>. Some of the most negative and sexist comments about sarah palin first appeared in a new medium that spilled over into the triple medium. We need more research on that. We found in 2012 that the former republican governor of hawaii ran an open seat race and was defeated for the u. S. Senate. She lost her own cable tv station. She had a continuous ad running. [laughter] finally, we have to look at the impacts or the effect of medication and that Media Coverage<\/a>. Thank you. [applause] my name is sarah. Thank you for including me in this conference. I will follow this presentation and talk about coverage of Congress Women<\/a>. Especially of Congress Women<\/a> different ethnic backgrounds. I have a few short facts about women in congress. A number of them in congress. The presence of women in congress has increased in recent years. Minority women remain a smaller portion of this group. Anglo women hold about 13 of seats in congress. I will move this closer to you. Ok. We can see that the proportion of minority women in congress is a smaller part of this. For comparison, white women are about 13 of all congress members. Lock women are less than 3 . Black women are less than 3 . 1 . An women are less than that limits of their influence at the national level. In effort to understand why when artie women remained low in this office, one area we want to think about is what drives voter support for these women . There are a lot of explanations. Coverage in the media is one of those. Why should be look at the news medium when we are trying to understand support for women in politics . Diane talked about some of these things. I will try not to be competitive repetitive. First, most people dont have the time or energy to learn about their elected up the shills. They rely on the media for information. Because of its heavy reliance, and manner in which the media presents them often shapes voter behavior. Finally, not all Media Coverage<\/a> of candidates is equal. Coverage of some elected officials is more positive and frequent than others. When we think about this, this unequal coverage may not be that troubling if it is based on factors Like Campaign<\/a> intensity or prominence, things like that , very and in media outlets. I would argue that it is distinctly different from other candidates that there might be reasons to be concerned. Most of the research considering gender difference, there is a lot out there. A lot of it focuses on anglo women. Other kinds of research focuses on minority men. We do not have much on minority women. If you want to understand the challenges they are facing and seeking higher offices, we need to look at the coverage he received in the media. That is that they receive in amitav. That is what i will cover that they receive in the media today. That is what i will cover today. Two fundamental questions. What is the impact of this coverage on voters . I will focus on Research Related<\/a> to the first question and touch on the second toward theen end of the talk. I will describe a study i conducted in 2006. I looked at newspaper coverage of 100 u. S. Are presented as running for reelection. 22 latinos. 1400 newspaper articles and local papers. In the time frame for the analysis was a month prior to the 2006 election. To examine the coverage, we used an analysis. We focused on the tone and frequency during this month. I will talk a little bit about the tone and content. I will spend a few more seconds talking about the contextualized information im about to present. The goal is to quantify the News Coverage<\/a> the people are receiving. We do that so we can look at the variants in the coverage. For frequency, we counted the number of times and name was mentioned. Is tougher. One we read each article and see whether the coverage was positive, negative, mixed, or neutral. I will give you some examples of what we call positive coverage and negative coverage. It will give you an idea of what we capture one we talk about tone. First, an excerpt from an article on the san antonio news. This was considered negative. One of the challengers was running in Congressional District<\/a> 23. He accuses arrival for stilling his name in cyberspace. This is controversial and there was a lawsuit going on. This is negative coverage. An example of positive coverage is from mississippi. It describes moving to the Homeland Security<\/a> committee. We view this as positive. Once we coded all 1400 articles , we saw that some received more positive coverage than others. We also examine variables. How close the race is, projections of democrats taken the house, endorsements. Based on some of the Previous Research<\/a> that diane described, i had hypothesized that women of minority members in congress will receive less frequent and more negative coverage than their white counterparts. My results are only partially supportive expectations. There has been a change of coverage of women over time. First, i have found that anglo women and men are not as disadvantages they thought they would be. When i control for other factors, white women and minority men received coverage that was not significantly different than that other white milk counterparts. Male counterparts. Being a female or minority was not allowed to impact the tone of the coverage. That was a different story for the minority women. They received coverage that was less frequent and consistently more negative than their counterparts. To illustrate the differences, the average candidate was mentioned about 44 times. Was more negative. They received more negative coverage than more white men and women. And what do we conclude from this research . Compared to earlier research in gender and race politics, often found female and minority members receiving negative coverage, evidence suggests that race alone does not necessarily hinder challengers. Just like all the representatives seeking favorable coverage, they allow the problems with that in this race treat it demonstrates broader troubling trends. While i think the findings are important, there are limited in size and scope. We knew we need more Data Collection<\/a> and analysis in this area. There are two specific areas. The impact of negative Media Coverage<\/a> of voters. This is the most relevant question that comes out of the research in this paper. What i found in this study is that this negative coverage of women exerts a harmful effect of voter evaluations of latina congresswomen. We compared the effective Media Coverage<\/a> of anglo, African American<\/a> women and latinas and look at voter evaluations. This area needs a lot more attention. I have this research to show Media Coverage<\/a> varies our race and gender and it does exert an impact but what explains this variance . There are likely underlying causes we need to identify. In particular, we need to focus more on the attitudes and behaviors of the press and the interactions between elected officials and their local papers. As a member of as the numbers grow this is a group that has largely been ignored in our field of research is a growing segment of the u. S. Population. We need to put more energy towards that. That is all i have to say. Thank you. [applause] hi. This is just a riley and youre both from smu. I am an associate professor of sociology. Jessica is one of our outstanding graduates did its graduate students. We are presenting a combined profit from summer i have been doing for the last six years and her distinction research. From some work i have been doing for the last six years and her distinction research. Each of us present ourselves in different ways depending on the audience and circumstance. None of these presentations are false but are constructed on the basis of what we believe others expect of us and our desire to engage. The apply these ideas to members of congress. Why did they behave in one way with their districts vs when with their swing voters or colleagues in the house. He concludes it is not false, it is different forms of management. [laughter] the building on his body of work, i constructed a product that allows us to identify differences in how men and women seek to engage in impression management. That started with designs and undergraduate students could participate in analyzing the data. Rceant to thank the pie family. It means a lot when she can be on the stage with other academics. In todays media saturated environment, compression management is critical for running a successful campaign. Impression mannesmann is critical for running a successful campaign. Impression and management is critical for running a successful campaign. Candidate. Ates as a sociologist, i interested in how qualifications a matter for who gets elected and what we think are necessary to be elected. This project focuses on the use of credentials. We are quoting the credentials for existence and how they are used. You see some differences in the upper portions of republican women who use the credential in 2008 ahnd 2012 and 2012. We are presenting eight credentials. There are increases in the use of family origin, personal background and dam it characteristics, educational and professional experiences. Women are using their Community Involvement<\/a> experiences, references to the military, last. These data are helpful and give us a broad sense of what is going on but do not tell you much about what the credential sex credential sets are. We used a more quality of approach to look at the words. Ow we will have jessicas analysis of four of the credentials. The for credentials i will be discussing in more detail our military, and the origins, motherhood and motivations to run. For the military, article one section 8 of the constitution says congress have the power to declare war. This is one of the reasons voters want to know a member of congress can and will declare war if deemed necessary. For female candidates, the military can become troublesome to discuss in her biography. One might think women would choose to leave it out but this is not the case. For male candidates, one of the easiest ways to discuss support for the military is to discuss their own experiences in it. For female candidates, very few of them have served in the military so they must use other ways to demonstrate their support and understanding. One of the ways to discuss the military was put handed it to discuss their familys involvement. In a biography, it says as the daughter of a u. S. Air force pilot killed on active duty and the wife of a retired navy commander, janice knows firsthand sacrifices and challenges of our military family space. By mentioning the sacrifice of the damage members, the voter is able to see the candidate has an understanding and supports the military, even if she herself was not a military officer. Another way when they discuss the military in biographies is by mentioning their own ideology behind their support for the trees. As stated in kansas millers biography candice millers biography, she believes we must be the strongest fighting force in the world. The milken did it also discussed their own involvement in passing legislation for military families. As a candidate, candice also discussed their own involvement in the passing legislation, military families. The third message we found is making general statements of supporting the troops. Jennierf horn spearheaded an effort to show nonpartisan Community Support<\/a> for men and women of the military. This is a way to show generation to show support. Family origin, one of the other credentials that was interesting was the discussion of family origin. Republican women candidates used their child and family experiences as a way to connect to voters. One puzzle political views are inseparable from 1s private political views are inseparable from ones private life. Voters want a candidate who supports their political matter and one who was the label. In the 2012 election, this was one of the critiques of governor romney. His camera and his job but was not one of voters could ease the blow his cildhood and his job was not one voters could easily relate to. After many years of living in the regime torn country of haiti, a parents emigrated legally to the United States<\/a> with 10 a consider their pockets and hopes of achieving the American Dream<\/a>. With 10 in their pickets and achievingd hopes of the American Dream<\/a>. The story reaffirms she not only understands the importance of family sacrifice but also assures voters she knows the value of preserving the American Dream<\/a> and knows what it is like to overcome adversity. Using ones family origin to connect to people increase in 2012. In 2008, cathy rogers wrote she was born and raised on a farm. In 2012 her biography says shes proved that what we are taught as children is true today. In america with a positive attitude, hard work and dedication, we can rise from Humble Beginnings<\/a> to recorded positions of leadership. Her firm her family origin did not change but she went into further detail to get across to the American People<\/a> that she came from beginnings. She understands the newfound vigor of restoring the American Dream<\/a>. Mother heard mother hood. Women expressed an economic penalty. The same holds true among politicians as well. Given the time and travel demands, women with Young Children<\/a> are considered unsuitable by many voters. As a result, a theme a politician with Young Children<\/a> has to walk a fine line when discussing their experiences as parents as the result, women with youngans children have to walk a fine line when discussing their experiences as parents. In 2008, almost all references to children and just the female candidates suggested he may candidates. Female candidates. A nuumber were there at about being singled parents a number talked about being single parents. Between 2008 and 2012, we observe an increase in the number of republican women running for office to provide the American Dream<\/a> to others. It was his motivation of wanting to help others and restore the promise the American Dream<\/a> of first the American Dream<\/a> of furs. When analyzing, these women chose to run. State,essica bradshaws her life and work is not that of a politician and. Our involvement is fueled by her desire to find solutions to problems and work with and serve the people in her community. Is she like education reform and obamas Health Care Plan<\/a> work, the reference issues like education we form and obamas Health Care Plan<\/a> were reasoned they claimed to race. Thinking about the evolution of the female republican candidates, i was reminded of the role republicans played in gaining womens suffrage. Unlike their democratic counterparts, republican candidates have to walk a fine line for meeting expectations of a feminine ideal in the traditions of the Republican Party<\/a>. It will become necessary for the Republican Party<\/a> to increase candid in diversity and look for more women whose experiences qualify them. These candidates rely on a complex identity of masculine and feminine traits. And experiences show they are capable and motivated to serve the American People<\/a>. Thank you kurri and thank you. I am cleaved to introduce our ambassador, karen hughes. I am pleased to introduce our ambassador, karen hughes. She is a trusted counselor and political leader providing Strategic Communication<\/a> and message advice. She has brought to the does the world her unique expertise of Public Policy<\/a>, communication and political experience. From helping winning president ial campaigns to serving at the highest levels of government. She led the u. S. Department effort to communicate america pulse el of values abroad. Values abroad. She is this friday it, and graduate of Southern Methodist<\/a> university she is a Phi Beta Cappa<\/a> and graduate of Southern Methodist<\/a> university. [applause] thank you so much. It is great to be back here on the smu campus. And during my time here, i was fortunate to befriend [indiscernible] and it is always great to see her back on campus. Ims each fan of the work of the power center. Am a huge fan of the work of the power center. He was a mentor to me and cows and the others. Kopp and thousands of others. I believe we need more women at every level of the political process. We tend to be a problem solvers and we have some problems that need solving these days. I am heading to a different academic setting. Im going to boston later this week where i will serve as a fellow at the institute of politics at the Kennedy Center<\/a> at harvard. I have so enjoyed being back home in taxes. My husband seems to be glad i am living in the same city. I enjoyed being a little less visible and not having my name mentioned in headlines or nasty gossip columns. Because i have been on television so much over the last presidency, we still have a lot of karen sightings. Of a woman once said to me i know you from somewhere. I said to her maybe you saw on television. She said no, that is not it. It was one of those really small planes i was getting into. I notice as i got on that the pilot looked too young to be flying this small airplane. He saw me and got up and said i am so excited, i never thought i would have Madeleine Albright<\/a> on my airplane. [laughter] my alltime favorite story happen on a cruise ship. We got on the elevator to get to dinner. The last stop, some elderly women got on and one of them looked at me and said and elbowed her friend and said condie rice is on this elevator. [laughter] the might imagine she and i have had quite a few laughs. People ask me what it was like to be a Woman Working<\/a> at the highest levels of our government. Condie and i were in mexico city going to an international dinner. She got onto the elevator with president bush and colin powell. He looked down at said condie, you have a huge run in your hose. She looked down and said i will have to change them and president bush said how long will that take . Condie said two minutes. She races back to her could tell room, changes, and get back to the elevator and the next day ahead a wonderful time laughing it was the first time in the three of america that the president waited while the National Security<\/a> adviser came to her hose. Of course women made history in a more substantive ways. When i was at the white house, eight of the 18 people at our most senior Staff Meetings<\/a> were women. I also thought president bush to not get adequate credit for that. He had more women working at senior levels in any previous president. During the time i was there, condie was the nussle security adviser and Margaret Spellings<\/a> was in a charge of domestic policy was the National Security<\/a> adviser and Margaret Spellings<\/a> was in charge of domestic policy. I do think women bring a different perspective to our Public Policy<\/a> debate. We discussed the impact of some Energy Spending<\/a> regulations. We were having a Conference Room<\/a> and i realized i was the only woman in the room. As i looked at the assembled guests, i remember thinking i bet im the only person in this room who regularly uses a washing machine. Women bring that practical perspective to the nations Public Policy<\/a> debate. They asked me to talk today about how i got here and how i got involved. It all started here. Growing up, i never dreamed i would work at the white house. I wanted to be in the late summer. That cannot work out. I wanted to be an olumpic olympic swimmer. That did not work out. My mother thought i would become a lawyer. Here at smu, my curiosity and love of writing led me to english and then to the journalism. I had wonderful professors who interested me. I took a course from the man who was a real tv news director at the time at channel 5. I fell in love with putting words and pictures together for television is. I prevailed on him to let me do an internship at the tv station. By the time i graduated, i hung out there all the time. They thought who will do stories on sundays at karen is not around. So they hired me. I covered a little bit of everything from tornados to the texas legislator. At the time, it was difficult to tell the difference between the two. Crackdown myself gravitating towards political stories. I found myself gravitating towards political stories. While some journalists and become cynical, i have the opposite experience. I found myself inspired by the capito in both Political Parties<\/a> that i covered who were willing to put their names on the line inspired by the people in both Political Parties<\/a> and i covered who were willing to put their names on the line. I was recruited to join the bush campaign. I was excited to do so. It was lowlevel position. I never even met president reagan. It was eighth telling experience to see the workings of a Campaign Fund<\/a> inside it was a thrilling experience to see the workings of a campaign from the inside. My husband calls those my will consult for food years. Eventually i became the executive director of the Republican Party<\/a>. In 1994, i went to work for a guy named doors. It seems like an nine a long time ago that anyone called him george. I tell you that for a couple of reasons. To the young people here, i moved around a lot. Until recently, i never invested in a Retirement Plan<\/a> at any place i worked. Their Financial Adviser<\/a> would not recommend that but i would not traded. Your Financial Adviser<\/a> would not recommend that but i would not trade it. I hope my career says you can have a career and a family and responsibility is to both. That does not mean it is easy. Or that i was particularly good at it. My granddaughter saw me what it me in charge i and said where have you been . If you love your family, how come you leave so much . Those we love never think we spend enough time with them. Of war to be tug faithful in our roles as spouses, parents, colleagues, friends. We make choices. I think the biggest challenge is to make sure those choices are based on what we truly value. We all have to decide, what is laughing, true, most important to us . We use that to ground our decisions. The order of the love. The most important thing we do is choose our love and order them very carefully. Over the course of my career, we act and work as if fame or money are our true loves. But i think most of us if we drag ourselves away a long list of things that keep us busy inco is on what is important, most of us would save face, the people around us, our family and friends most of us would say faith, the people around us, our family and friends. The average tenure of the white house staffer is 18 months. That is how long i was there. It was a very difficult decision. I loved working for president bush. He is fun, challenging. I had seen first hand the difficulty of his job. There is no harder place to be then in that oval office. I cannot imagine doing anything that might make his life one bit harder. Working in the white house to put it in basic ways with my own priorities, with having time to be the wife and mother i wanted to be. President report the asked me to remain involved, which i did. I think it was the right decision. When my son went to college, the president noticed i would have more time on my hands and prevailed me to come back to the state department. It was a very contentious time around the world at the height of angst and anger about the war in iraq. One of the things i was able to witness i traveled to 80 countries during my years at the white house. Increasingly is the women of the world who are in the agents of change in their societies, who are the our terms of peace and reconciliation are the arbitors of peace and reconciliation. There are many United Nations<\/a> and World Bank Studies<\/a> that show educating and empowering women is one of the best investment you can make. You approve almost every single measurable aspect of a society. I think that is because women share. If you teach a woman about nutrition, she will use the knowledge to help our children and house and live healthier lives. If you give her a loan, she will start a business and hire her neighbors. I read about every woman who at the time was not allowed to vote as a woman in her country, kuwait. She wanted to make a difference and worked with College Students<\/a>. She inspired College Students<\/a> and organize for years and won the right for women to vote, and more office in kuwait. The first year they ran, none of them one but of them won but she is now one of four women serving in kuwaits government. Parents brought their daughters to see this wonderful moment. I spent a lot of time it did afghanistan a time in afghanistan. I have become passionate about promoting greater opportunities for women because that involvement gills stronger and healthier societies. That involvement builds a stronger and healthier society. Ive never been more proud of our government. One of the things the u. S. Aid department did was set up bleeding programs for little girls. I went into the room because it was very and it was very crowded and smelly but to hear these little girls are learning to read. We talked with them through a translator. One of them told me she wanted to write a book. I was at the time writing my book. I said is there something i can say on your behalf in my book and to you right yours . Our answer was immediate. She said women should be free to go to work and school and to choose their own husbands. She was 13. To face the real prospect she would be sold into marriage she was facing the real prospect she would be sold into marriage. As i left the room, the translator said the girl was to tell you Something Else<\/a> do not forget them. Help them live in freedom. That little growth followed me home. I still think about her every day in a. That little girl followed me home. I still think about her every day. Thank you for having me. God bless you all and lets elect more women every level of government. [applause] at this point, we would do a little of question and answer. If you have any questions [indiscernible] i had a feeling someone would bring that out. I emailed a list to some women and titled it the quote of the year. It was Something Like<\/a> if i hear about one more republican man referring to race as anything but a horrible crime or something, i personally thank you for that. [applause] that remark was born out of 20 years of frustration. I was executive director of the Republican Party<\/a> when our candidate for governor anyone remember him . He thought it would be cute to talk about race . I feel like for republican men to talk about that topic again, i do not understand why they have not learned a lesson. Race is a horrific and violent crime. There should be no discussion. Some of the candidates in the last cycle, i cringed. I worry about it for the future of the Republican Party<\/a>. My son is a graduate student. All of his female friends look at those kinds of remarks and think, what kind of neanderthals others people . I know that does not reflect the mainstream view of the Republican Party<\/a> or of many outstanding men and women candidates. That was born out of that frustration from the 1990s to 2012, we do not seem to have learned anything. It got more reaction than anything i have said and years. I guess im glad i said it. Yes, maam. I would love to hear your question. I will have more questions. You have worked in the Republican Party<\/a> in texas for a long time. We heard that Democratic Women<\/a> have been sent to talk about the subjects. Why have not republican candidates goodlooking women spoken out about race should not be the reason that people go out and vote . There is plenty of room in the Republican Party<\/a> for different points of view. I happen to be prolife. I have many friends who are pro choice. I work where we have Common Ground<\/a>. Certainly we can reduce the number of abortions and increase the number of adoptions. Building an consensus in which both points of view can agree upon. I would like more of that. That is the approach that my former boss work to promote. Working to promote adopting and reduce the number of abortions. It is a part of communicating and another is looking with some charitable spirit would people buy differences with you. I think we lost some of that in our country unfortunately. I was speaking with someone who agreed that there can be a respectful climate. That is what he is working to create in the texas house. No one has 100 monopoly on the completely 100 right position. Some democratic friends have a good idea. We should listen to the idea. There was a Bipartisan Group<\/a> of senators who are trying to find Common Ground<\/a> on immigration. We need that. It has been a contentious issue for a long time. I need to make progress. Are the genius is that we should talk about those issues in ways that respect different points of views. Thank you. Is that all . Thank you. [applause] i will introduce dr. Matalin. She is currently a professor of Political Science<\/a> at Loyola University<\/a> in chicago. He is a texan by heart. He will offer concluding remark. Therell be another opportunity for questions and answer after his presentation. Youre welcome to ask questions to panel 2 at that point. Lets see if we can get the pictures up. Sorry. Just to sacka sec. It is completely frozen. You know, they told me about people in dallas when i was living in houston. [laughter] hi. Im a professor at Loyola University<\/a>. It is wonderful to be back in the great state of texas. I can assure you that yesterday everyone was apologizing for the weather and i was like, it is sleeting and ice everywhere back home. What are you complaining about . This is wonderful weather. I was asked to talk about the u. S. Experience and compare it with the rest of the world. There are a number of slides i would like to run through. Hopefully youll find some of this interesting. We can start with looking at womens representation around the world. The United States<\/a> is at 17. 9 if we look at the lower house. That is what we usually do when we compare parliament. That puts us below the world average, which is just over 20 . It is not only below the world average, but we are quite below a large number of countries. We can see the overview of the continent level. We have brought on the north american average dramatically. Both the canadians and the mexicans have a higher number of women in their parliament. I want to talk about why. Here is a bit of data overload. I thought you would like to see some countries that are in the top 20. Wanda has been the only country where it was over a certain percentage. I try to find more information on hondura. The booming metropolis is not on one of those countries i spent a lot of time studying. You will see a couple of things when you look at this list. First, the nordic countries have been very high in terms of womens representation. We see the sweddes fourth. He danes at the danes at 13. Even african countries that beforehand were not there. These to be the nordic countries had four or five of the top po sitions. That has changed quite a bit. Especially in south africa. They have moved up because they have adopted policies to guarantee women representation. Where is the United States<\/a> . Were at 91. We can be very pleased. After the november elections, we have been able to bput united emirates behidn und us. [laughter] not sure how long it will take for us to compete with another. We will get there eventually perhaps. Certainly when you look at this list, we do not usually look at these countries such as indonesia or madagascar as the kind of countries we compare ourselves to. In terms of womens representation, we are down the list. I will try to spend some time talking about that. Where the issueaces is more problematic than we have it. There are half a dozen countries that have no women at all in parliament and several more were there is one woman in parliament. A lot of these are irelands in the Pacific Islands<\/a> in the pacific. I keep lobbying that you need to bring me in to talk to you about this. Especially in january, it hasnt happened yet. Im not convinced anyone listens when i go to places, that they are fun trips. What causes this to medic dramatic difference . I want to talk about the work that has been done over the last 20 years by the lyrical scientist looking at this. There are several factors. Lyrical culture, development affects are important. Political culture, development effects are important. They are hard to change. It is hard to increase the level of gdp by a factor of 10 in any sort of fast period of time. What we can do is work on the electoral system. I will spend some time talking about representation and a little bit about the quotas. This is some work that another has done. There is the standard question that the world values survey. They have a series of over 100 countries that are asked the same question in every civil country. The question they have asked is on the whole, do you believe men make better political leaders than women . Disagree or agree . What we see here is as the proportion who disagreed increases, the proportion of women in parliament increases. You can see the United States<\/a> where you see the u. S. Box over on the excuse me its right there. We are very high in terms of rejecting the statement. Americans do not think men make better political leaders than women. Mostly people say there is no difference. But it does not have a big impact as a dozen other countries. Something similar in terms of development that as gdp and creases, you have a basic trend where there is an increase of women representation, but once again, the United States<\/a> is the secondhighest in what is called purchasing power parity. That means you may make more money, but something must cost more. If you are just for housing and food, the United States<\/a> into the us do have the second highest level of purchasing power. It was very low in terms of representation. You also have a lot of variations. The circles are meant to represent that sometimes the level of representation is low and sometimes it is quite high even if gdp is not that high. One of the ways i have tried to take apart this data is looking at countries that have majority are iorian systems and those tht have proportional systems. The first is singlemember district systems. We have this. We got it from the burdens. We can blame them for these problems if they want to. The canadians have the same problem. We got it from the british. We can blame them for these problems if we want to. The canadians have the same problem. It is a system in which each district you simply select one candidate where in the proportional representation, the legislation will be proportionate to the number of votes you get as opposed to and each district, whoever has the most votes wins. There is an implication for that in terms of party strategy. Imagine texas if it was a pr system and we had 17 sieats in west texas and 17 seats in east texas. I do not believe the Republican Party<\/a> nominate 17 5060 year old white males. He would be worried it would lose about votes. But if they make those decisions in 17 different places and they are only picking one person, then it is a competition. Who is at the top . Some guy. If you pick 17 of them, you might put together a very different list. That is part of the dynamic. We see here that having an increase in gdp has almost no impact at all on womens representation if you have the Single Member<\/a> district majorito rian system. Pr systems, there is an effect that you have more representation of women. We see that Development Matters<\/a>. Oops. Sorry. Yeah, in pr systems, it does not necessarily matter so much in the singlemember district system. The reason why Development Matters<\/a> is as you increase the level of education of women, they start getting more organized. They start pushing for their rights. The start demanding greater representation. In majority arian systems, this shows a garrison for compar ison. There is a crucial point. Look at the 1960s when signed his call second wave feminism. You have the Womens Movement<\/a> everywhere. What happens is if you look at the pr system, in the 1960s, there is very little change. From 19701980, there is a big increase in womens representation. There is a must nine in the other system none in the other system. Women were demanding access. They were able to get some in the vr system, but almost none in the majority pr system, but almost none in the majority system. Now, i want to show a quick look at this in a slightly different way. That is to look at a legislative recruitment model. This one is from a book i have on women in postcommunist europe. You will see this in lots of different books, including the university of iowa. Patterson put something together 40 years ago. We talk in terms of 3 steps. Women have to selected themselves, the party has to select them, and then the voters have to select them. Nt antoigible to aspiriat candidates. At the start of that process, in virtually every country, it is 51 women. At the end of the process in the United States<\/a>, it is a smaller percentage. In sweden, 45 women. In this process, women are not whittled out to any greater degree than men are. But in the United States<\/a>, they were whittled out at a much higher rate. When we look at the separate steps, was from eligible to aspiring, ambition and resources are crucial for political opportunity structure. It shows that there is a clear effect women are less willing and less i click to run. That is important and less willing to run. That is important. If that system is completely genderneutral from that step forward, you will still have an uneven balance. Generalizing a little bit, if we look at this as my research has been in mostly nordic countries but also other countries, those countries are different on these factors. Women have less knowledge about politics. The men have less interest in politics. Women are less interested women are less interested in politics. Women are less interested in running for politics in another place than the United States<\/a>. If we jump to where voters are part of the process, we know that in the u. S. When you compare apples to apples, incumbents both male and female do just as well. Islanders and fema paid le and female make and challengers do just as well each. A bit of the problem is a lot more men are incumbents. A have a higher chance of winning and women than women for challenging. It is no strong evidence that women are hurt by being women at the polling place. I tried to look at that by running experiments in russia, norway, turkey. In those countries, it does not have that the government impact being a woman. If it does not matter in turkey, is certainly is not going to be a big explanation here. It is not because russians and turks are progressive in terms of their views on women. They are not. We run simulations where they are showing candidates and it says, which of these candidates will you vote for . When they have party labels on them and they say i will support the following policies, those are things that people are much more concerned about mathan whether it is a woman are not. Or not. Party signal is much longer will sto. It is not that people are so progressive. It is that they do not particularly care. If you to the party line, that is good enough or has been looking at Voting Results<\/a> there has been looking at Voting Results<\/a>. If anything, women are helped at the polls. They do better than men of the same party. Uk, ireland, a number of cases where we do not see the third stage being important. The crucial step is the second stage in recruitment between aspiring and the candidatebetwed candidates. When the party as part of a process. Generally, as we know, parties are interested in loyalty, visibility, and winners. They think in terms of who can give us votes. Someone visible can give us votes. We also see a big difference in the pr systems. In the u. S. There is a limited amount of ability to decide who is going to run under the label. Often the parties cannot believe for they are stuck with. That very rarely happens in pr systems. They do not use primaries, the use party caucuses, where the party has much stronger control over the process. What they can do is consciously look at the candidates, making it an equalized slate. Recently quotas have become extremely important and have become the norm for every womens group in every country i have been too. They are making some progress on that. The reason that is important is that the party may get an imbalance in terms of aspirants, right . There are more men interested in running and women, maybe 100 men and 50 women, and you pay 20 candidates. But you are going to pick 10 men and and women. What you show the public is a perfectly balanced slate, even if there are more men interested in running and women. The party has control of the process and are pushed internally. Quotas are important as something that has been done in a lot of places in the world and it is extremely hard to do in the United States<\/a>. There are some countries that live under the yoke of british rule and have a system similar to us where they have sometimes created seats only for women. There is a very interesting concept i can talk about, it is a complicated one that will obviously never happen here. This is the very first chart that i had a. Notice that under quotas and what electoral System People<\/a> had that almost 90 of the countries in the top 20 have quotas and more than 90 have a postal proportional representation system. We have neither of those and it is a big part of what we have difficulty electing women. When i give these talks in other countries i always say the first thing you want to do is look at the american example and do not follow it. Do not use our electoral system. That is the realistic here. There is some nice work that has been done that shows that there are increasingly groups out there that have organized and pushed women to run on the democratic side because most of the activist women are on that side and it has led to a noticeable increase in womens representation. Clearly, if women were 30 of the republican delegation instead of 9 , we would be in a very different position. Especially in terms of some of the politics of the world. That is a very quick overview of some of the things that go on in the world. Hopefully you found it interesting. Thank you. [applause] would you like to take us into lunch . [inaudible] ok. 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