someone was prepared to do. during the depression, the building of the grand coulee dam works projects happening in the pacific northwest. mid-1930's, there began to be talk about creating a bridge over puget sound, which reached from tacoma to the peninsula. the bridge was opened on the 1940, after two years of construction. the tacoma narrows is also a bit of a wind tunnel. people working on the deck began to notice movement. an almost like airplane winds, lift in the bridge. unlike just horizontal movement, began to feel a vertical lift in the bridge, especially in the center span. you know, there was no suspension bridge or anything like this anywhere and out to the world in the pacific northwest. there was an unfamiliarity with just how a big thing like this was supposed to behave. so people excited about it, there is a certain musical gracefulness about a bridge like this. so people just wanted to think it was not anything wrong, that it was normal, and once they got all the concrete down an additional weight was added, it would all go away. as we went out of summer and began to get into fall and the winds picked up, our prevailing wind out of the southwest which blows almost directly across the bridge deck, they began to notice there was an undulation in the deck. by fall, soldiers are coming up from the military base for the novelty of riding the bridge. they would kick their feet over the railing and stand on the outside of the bridge and lean out as far as they could. the center deck of the bridge would be rising, not just inches, but feet to a point where the undulation was so severe that two automobiles, the headlights of the vehicle coming at you with disappear under the rolling hill of the deck. so for conservative people, something was horribly wrong from the very beginning. for a community that was proud of their new bridge, for the many people that participated in building the bridge, it was unthinkable that this was wrong. but the engineers began to work on the idea of some stiffening of the bridge. they thought that the railings on the side could be converted into certain deep i-beams and i -- and that that would add to the rigidity to the bridge. some of those minor structural additions, modifications were implemented or were about to be implemented as we got through october of 1940. by early november of 1940, really only four months, 4 1/2 months after the bridge in completed, the weather began to shift into its winter patterns. and that really was the bellwether of what was about to happen. on the morning of november 7, the winds kicked up to about 40 miles per hour. and they were fiercely directed right at the side of the bridge, as if the way wind comes over the wing of an airplane. instead of a normal undulation of the bridge, the deck began to twist and turn. and everybody noticed immediately that had been watching the bridge that was behavior people had not noticed before. and so early in the morning of the 7th, there were hundreds, if not thousands of people that come out on both sides of the bridge to be able to watch what was happening and watch this behavior. the bridge keepers -- it was a toll bridge. the bridge keepers had decided they would close the bridge. this just was wrong. it just was not safe anymore. indeed, it was just not an action that should happen with an inanimate object of this size. one last car was coming across the bridge, even though the access to the bridge was shut off. there was one last car coming across the bridge. a man coming from his summer home on the peninsula headed towards tacoma. he had a cocker spaniel with him in the car. by the time he got to the most severely moving part of the bridge, he could not control the automobile. the car swung, screeched around and ended up diagonally across both lanes on the bridge. and he jumped out and ran and got off the bridge. then for the next 30 or 40 minutes the bridge went into just a violent movement that no one had seen before. and all the crowds on both sides all sort of closed in to watch. i think everyone started to suspect the impossible was about to happen and the bridge was going to give it up and fail. with no one really on the bridge, strangely enough, a university professor who had worked on trying to solve the puzzle -- there was enough time for people to be able to get out there. here is a university of washington professor, who ran out on the bridge trying to get the dog out of the car. there is great footage of him. it looks like a steven spielberg movie. today you watch the footage and you cannot even imagine that somebody would run out onto the bridge with this tearing deck. the dog was too terrified to get out, so he gave up and kind of strolled back. he was knocked down a couple of times by the movement of the bridge. finally got off the bridge. in the few moments it followed the deck tore tore away from the hangers. witnesses said it sounded like gunshots. the jewels, these big bolts. the cable goes through the deck and then there is a big old on the bottom to keep it from pulling out. those jewels begin to pop in the cables began the snap under the force. the light standards on the bridge are just cutting, swirling across rapidly. catching on the cables, and in just a moment the connection between two sections of the bridge deck fail. there is a violent twist and tear of the deck. huge sections all begin to fail. most of the center span of the bridge underneath the big suspension cables falls away, drops away from the bridge and plunges into puget sound. no one is killed in the incident. no one is even hurt. so they demolished as much as they can in november of 1940. and as they began to think about really having to reengineer the whole thing, the clouds of war close in for the second world war. and by that time they realized there was way in the war effort, they would be a leak at the bridge rebuilt. and in pearl harbor happens. the shipyards become critical, strategic things, and the focus shifts away from public works projects. the towers and the steel on the bridge is actually removed and brought into the war effort, recycled, and turned into bullets and tanks in whatever -- actually, sections of the bridge of this steel are used on the alaska highway to build a highway up to alaska during the second world war because of the lend lease program, and the ties with the northwest in alaska. so it really -- the remnants of galloping gertie sit in the channel through the war, and then it is only after the war they began to reconstruct another suspension bridge. and in 1950, the second tacoma narrows bridge is completed. that is the bridge we see in the distance. the steel bridge, the steel towers in the distance. i doubt there is a textbook or reference book written about bridge engineering that does not include tacoma narrows in the index because of the tacoma narrows bridge. it's impossible to imagine engineering students all over the world have seen the film of galloping gertie's collapse. it is one of those absolutely spellbinding moments in engineering history, one of those disasters, those utter failures of design that is completely captured on film. and it is amazing. it is still jaw-dropping to see a huge endeavor like this, a physical object move with this much dance almost with this much movement that are out of the parameters of the original design. >> elmore c-span's visit to tacoma, washington. the story of how the chinese population was driven out of the city in 1885. i think this is a perfect setting to tell this type of story, because too often this public space is about aesthetics, the natural beauty that is all around puget sound. but it is a point to point out the history of this place and the complicated history of this place and what went into founding this place, that this is part of the same store. the fact that you are able to enjoy this, that you are here to enjoy this park in tacoma. 1880's, therehe started to be a growing sense of anti-chinese sentiment. and they were able to get by. at the beginning of the 1880's, there were a series of incidents that happened, and there was this sense it was coming up here. part of it was driven by complaints by officials and other residents in washington territory that the chinese exclusion act was not being upheld, that chinese were coming to canada, and so you get the sense that there was something brewing here. in february of 1885, a group of tacoma leaders, including the mayor, himself a german immigrant, had a meeting at a grocery. the came up with ideas of how to deal with population. it was important to note that something had happened in california, in eureka, northern california, they had expelled their chinese population, and there were some tacoma residents who were there when it happened and they are coming into that meeting saying maybe there is a way that we could also expel our community. so that is how it just that is how it happened. and in the following months, there was this anti-chinese congress that was led by leaders in seattle and tacoma that would meet here occasionally in seattle and the wood, with these plans that came crystallized. everything went into motion starting in september. in september, the rock springs massacre happened, where 28 chinese miners were murdered by white miners in the area. and that set off a chain of events in september happening here in washington territory, there were these isolated incidents of attacks on chinese in issaquah, black diamond, in new castle. this growing antagonism against the chinese community here. what happened was the anti-chinese congress met at the end of september led by jacob -- and put this plan into motion. when you see our plan saying the chinese population of western washington needs to be out of here by november 1, they set a deadline. that is what happened. in terms of what happened the day of, the november 1 deadline passed. by then the majority of the population left the city in fear. there were about 500 to 700 chinese people, by the day of the expulsion there were 200. november 3, that is when the expulsion happened. what happened was a mob that was composed of 200 people and swelled to about 500 white tacomans, went up and down the chinese community house by house expelling them. any chinese person that tried to fight back or question what was happening, there were instances where it became violent and they were forcefully expelled. so what happened was you had that mob going through the city lining up all the chinese and once they had the mall, the chinese residents were forced to march to the lake train station several miles south to get on a train to go to portland. after the expulsion, there was a legal case to be made, what you going to do to the people that led this act that was clearly illegal? so they rounded up 27 of the leaders who became known as the tacoma 27, and it was a strange hodgepodge of people, where you had some of the most prominent members, like the mayor and others who were working-class residents. so they were rounded up, but they were never brought to trial. a series of legal technicalities happened, and they were never brought to just, and they were free to go back and they were hailed as heroes in the city and there was no legal consequence for what happened. the u.s. government later issued a lump sum payment of a quarter million dollars to the chinese government for a series of anti-chinese incidents, including the tacoma expulsion but there is very little in the way of justice in terms of what happened afterwards. the chinese community following the expulsion of 1885 was largely nonexistent for decades. it became known as this area that was inherently inhospitable to chinese immigrants. it was not till the mid-20th country that you see concerted numbers of chinese americans moving into tacoma again, and part of that was because of the legal system because the exclusion act was held into place until world war ii. that is what you do not see a chinese community, and that is why there was very little in terms of remembrance of the events up until the 1990's. it was well over a century without any public acknowledgment from the city of tacoma that this happened. the plans to build chinese reconciliation part were announced in the 1990's through a series of agreements which included a formal apology by the city of tacoma, the city council, for the expulsion. the park wrote ground in 2005 and the first phase was completed in 2010. there are two more phases that are yet to be built, but when visitors come to the park what they see is it overlooks this youthful part of tacoma which is commencement bay. you are walking through this walkway and a bridge which leads to this chinese pavilion, the centerpiece of the part. -- park. that was constructed in china in one of our sister cities and put together here. so that is what visitors can do, they can walk through the park and see different plaques that explain where the chinese community used to live and what happened during the expulsion. when people come into the part, is a walk away with an -- when people come into the park, they walk away with an understanding that this is a city with a complex history. it is not just this pretty little town next to the water. it has a competition immigrant history like other towns in the american west area and when you look at tacoma it is not that way by accident, overwhelmingly white. whether we are talking about the displacement of and a generous peoples or the chinese, about the redlining of african-american communities, where they could only live in certain parts of the city, there's a reason the city looks the way it does and this story is an important part of that. that is what visitors take a small part of when they walk away from there. -- washington plus importance ins the national suffrage act follows that we were 20 years behind states adopting their own suffrage amendment. and it takes a certain number of states to pass a national amendment to the constitution, and we were the fifth state. and all of the first states, of about six, were located here in the west. and washington became a pivotal states, making that leap into the 20th century, and after we passed it in 1910, there was a domino effect across the country. immediately, oregon passed it in 1911 followed by california and then moved to the dakotas, nebraska, montana, and progressed across to new york in 1919 and the national amendment passes in 1920. so you could call us a big turning point in the effort to gain suffrage for women in the united states. in 1848, the big event that began the suffrage movement did happen in new york. that was the women's convention and seneca falls led by susan b anthony among other leaders. interestingly enough, right after that, she began a whirlwind trip to territorial areas of the u.s. and states to advocate for women's rights. and to vote. and one of the early leaders in the 20th century in washington state saw her in 1848 as an 8-year-old barnstorming through illinois, and that is emma smith duveau. she saw susan b. anthony in central illinois when she was 8 years old, and susan anthony asked who believes that women , have the right to vote and when she was 8t years old, she stood up. that has a connection to our state from 1848 right through to 1910. write about the same time as the women's convention in seneca falls, women and men, emily's -- women and men, families who were traveling west, these were hardy people and at that time, 1850, congress passed the oregon donation land claim laws. anybody who came to the oregon territory before 1849 got outright 640 acres of land. after 1850, they cut that in half to 320 acres, but the interesting is that that amount of land, half of it was in the woman's name. 320 acres were given to a couple. if you were a single man, you got half of that, if you were a single woman you got half of that. but half of that acreage was always in the woman's name. so right away women have land claim ownership. and that was an important part of the oregon trail era. by 1853, washington becomes a separate territory from oregon and in the first territorial legislative meeting, which was in olympia, which becomes our capital city eventually, the early parties, early delegates wanted to pass women's suffrage in washington. that was part of the platform for the first legislative session in that territorial congress for washington, and it got voted down. but it was brought up right away, and there were very early men in the legislature who advocated for women's suffrage. fast-forward to the 1880's and washington is working very hard at the effort to become a state which is achieved in 1889. but in the 1880's, women in the territory win the right to vote in 1883. now, immediately, they start to vote for a more progressive agenda in the territorial legislature. and they also unseat some of the more corrupt leaders in communities like the seattle mayor, who was known to have influence with the saloons, prostitution, and gambling. they vote him out of office. so you can imagine that suffrage is not proving that popular with a lot of people. and while the legislature -- the legislature in those days before we were a state could vote yay or nay and pass suffrage, it did not take an amendment to the constitution, and women argued that the first territorial constitution said he or male in a lot of places, and it should be he or she, or women and men, and they voted for it in 1883, it passed but who got it rescinded in 1888? the territorial supreme court. who was opposed to women voting and one particular justice really opposed it. and opposition came because men did not want women serving on juries, and that is where the division came up, and the territorial supreme court short version is they voted to -- they passed a decision that removed women's right to vote. so by 1906, emma smith deveaux has relocated here with her husband. she had been a paid staffer working on behalf of suffrage and temperance and by paid, she was paid $100 a month by the national american women's suffrage association. so she comes out here to become the leader of the washington state suffrage movement. by 1906, her husband works for the great northern railroad, so she has a salary and he gets her railroad passes. so she can travel all over on a free railroad ticket, which is a great advantage. so they moved to tacoma, and she along with others establishes the washington equal suffrage association, which she is president of. and i thought it was interesting that her message becomes the most powerful to counteract this view that washington women do not want suffrage. they really work hard organizing through 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, and we know we want to get the suffrage bill passed and so we have to get an amendment out there to the voters, and it has to be passed by 2/3 of a majority of voters, male voters, in the state of washington to pass. we have a combination of important women coming together. emma smith duveaux, our tacoma leader of the suffrage group, joins up with may hutton. she was a camp cook in a silver mine in northern idaho in the quarter lane district. she married at railroad engineer by the name of hutton, and they buy an interest in the hercules mine. the hercules mine becomes the most profitable silver mine of that era in idaho. and they become millionaires almost overnight. she is a very colorful figure. so you have emma, who comes out of the temperance, abolitionist, suffrage movement, and you have may, and together they descend on olympia together and the legislature that is all men of course and they work together in different ways to get the legislature to approve an amendment for the ballot. so in january of 1909, the house votes for the amendment and it passes by 10 to 20 votes and in february the senate votes. the washington state senate passes by a bigger majority. and in 1909, the governor signs a bill to create the opportunity for washingtonians to vote for suffrage for women in washington state. so that vote is going to come up before washington men in november of 1910. and so the suffrage amendment passes on november 8, 1910, and washington becomes the fifth state in the union to pass suffrage. the people coming west were people who were probably risk takers, were working to break out of some conventional life that they might have experienced in the east, and a lot of suffragettes came out here and worked -- from the east and worked hard because they saw the opportunity. visit to tacoma, washington, continues. a man talks about his book "fighting for dreams that mattered." age guess when you get my and you are still fairly active, and i am still an advisor to the black collectives, the political strategy committee and you are telling people things that have happened to you in your life come and they will say i wish you would write that down. aren't you working on a book? aren't you doing this? that sort of thing. so in my writings, i wish i had done a of essays and that sort of thing, it made sense. the name of my book is "fighting the dreams that mattered." and i wanted people to know what it was like and in such a way bring out allot the bad things and bad people in such a way that is destructive to your life. and there were so many people .ho have been great to me and part of the movement, they are still out there, working for equality, justice, a good life, yourselfe, and valuing time.t mad all the and so there is a great incentive for me because i have come through some storms. i was born in texas, a little town east texas. goodildhood was really because i had a mother and .ather who were ideal i can remember the songs that my mother would sing for us as we would get up in the morning. morning ♪ in 1935,to detroit when my father and his friend .ame back to get us but the road was so bad you could only do about 50 miles a day. and detroit at that time, you had the polish community. michigan was all polish, everybody. be in therying to middle of detroit, highland park. accidentally coming you had separations. the greek town is still in the tort come and the various races separated. ,o chinatown, for instance those are the hard and fast lines and where the black community live were hard and fast lines. and in high school, for instance , that is when i hit my first got --t in the got -- gut. i have always had good hand-i'd ask dirty etc., so when we went dexterity, etc., so when i went to high school, i wanted to be in shop. the workforce came right out of high school. the detroit shops were fantastic. the high school shops. and i got in with a good teacher and grew in that. i became a foreman of our shop. and detroit used to have an apprenticeship program. you would come out of shop, recommended i wore shop teacher and you would compete like a football game for who can operate a shop milling machine or lathe and how low can you do it? we would all submit. i submitted mine. they were five or six guys from my school who were apprentices. you were a king when you got an apprenticeship with dodge, ford and plymouth, they were all there. packard, leave it or not. shop came back principalle, and my had to call me in because i wanted to know what was going on. i got in the room, and they made the decision, that they said they would submit my work and they would verify that i was a good technician and should be adjudicated with the rest. they were shop unions at the time that made the decision that no black person would be admitted to an apprenticeship program at that time. this was probably the mid 1940's, 1946 or 1947. they said that you would not get in, they would not accept you. when that happened, that was a kick in the gut. and i remember not wanting to do anything else. and so they let me hang around shop all the time. that was my first real experience in a discriminatory situation. after that experience, i tried business college for a while. the old man's thought i could help in the business that way. i wasn't doing too good with that. so one day he said i think i found something for you. and he took me to a laboratory where two black guys just got out of the service and decided they would open a school. with the g.i. bill you could do all sorts of things. they would open a dental laboratory school and for whatever reason it did not go. they were agreeable to taking on me, and so when i walked over there and i could spell that burning wax and you had the forms, it was just me and i really spent the next two years as an apprentice. and back then, you paid your way. $15 a month, and one day i calculated that for today's dollars. i forgot what it was, but it was a college education. so once i did that, i completed that, my sisters had graduated from high school. the old man and mom sent us at the california to spend us with relatives to get us out of the house. no sooner than when i got on the train, the war, korea, broke out and i had become a national guardsman. and then we get to california and i almost had to turn around and come back because they called up my unit. edit that time, we still had the black units. this was one of the last segregation of the unit in the military, military units, undesirable. they started trying to integrate us. and so we got to tacoma, washington, that way. when they told us that we were going to washington, to fort lewis, we didn't have a clue of where that was. but here was all of us young black men coming from detroit to washington, and by the time we crossed montana we had to see that we were not going near d.c. now we started kind of figure d out what was in washington state. i was still in uniform from the choice. one of the things i did in to every saturday in the world was rollerskate. rollerskating was big. we had in detroit, like i say, we had the paradise bowl. but i don't know what they call the other ones. it was white. we rollerskate it to down-home blues. they rollerskate it -- roller to what they did. but we would play our music and they would play theirs. i was on my way downtown and just to see the city and before i got married, and i saw that the skating rink. man, i got off the bus in uniform and hotfoot it over to the window and the young lady said just a moment. here comes a gentleman and said, we worked something out and you are welcome on wednesday. i said, you mean i can't buy a ticket? they said no, we don't mix it up here. so you just, what? later i became more involved in civil rights really through the and away cp. these were the kinds of -- and double acp -- naacp. these were the kinds of things i wanted to knock out of the park. i wanted to stop discrimination in housing. if you said it wasn't fair, it was not fair, but it was accepted. discrimination is a strange animal. it was accepted by white people and accepted by black people. you can't go over there, you just can't do that. that didn't go with me. restaurants that did not serve black people. signs that i had not seen before. to refusee the right service to anyone" -- they meant that. and underneath that they would have signs that said no indians, period. they treated indians like dirt. it is just all those kinds of things that started to get at me. as you get to working with the naacp, you start seeing your own elders at that time talking about the technique that we were going to have to use to move people's hearts at that time. we would boycott companies. mr. ebsen and johnny absent and jimmy patterson became the naacp 's job corps and we would go to places and literally talk with people like sears and penneys and that is because there were no black people working there. well, there was nobody who was qualified. we would hire you but we have nothing. at sears, we went there several times and the guy was a really quarter person. if you accept discrimination, it comes natural. so the next thing they would do was try to justify if they had found anybody that was qualified, etc. so when mr. patterson and mr. ebsen and i found sears reasonable to talk with, we had the job of finding somebody for them. by the time we got to the sixth or seventh person, well-qualified people, entry-level, we decided that easter was coming up and we were going to make some signs. somebody with a mimeograph machine and we made signs that said easter is coming. shop where you can work. sears and roebuck will not hire black people. naacp. we went back down there and we were talking with this fellow again and as he was saying, we had some white girls and started them off in the hosery department. i remember mr. epstein same want to hire some dumb blonde girls are the same position? he got hostility. when we brought flyers we said we were hitting the parking lots on everyone should we could find and this is going to be to portland naacp and ask them to join. i will be dammed if things ned if things didn't break. all of the sudden, if you just held off, they were able to find -- i cannot think of her name right now. she was hired. all of a sudden, there were letting everybody else in, they hired her and put her in the front of the credit area. credit used to have to go to sit in that chair and ask the people to do all kinds of questions about the job and how much you pay for laundry and how much is your house worth. everything you can imagine to get credit. you would be out there on this bench. you could see ella and you could see that everybody would go up there just to see the girl work. we kept right on with that, we started a grocery store. there was a king grocery store that up and hired a couple of box boys. this was the 1950's. we were really successful. then they moved on to public accommodation. the restaurants. and by that time, the state of washington had passed a civil rights law. and if this did public accommodation, employment, and housing, but there was no teeth to it, but they passed it. so we would start the move to use it. and all of a sudden, we had places like the ocean where we had to fight so we got in there. we had a big naacp dance with black people not being allowed accommodation, just blew it up. everybody and their brother suited up. they had a wonderful time. they made money. the naacp made money. we kept on moving. we began to be pretty successful. but we were not getting the accommodation we really wanted from the city council. that is how i got involved. and so it gets right down to laws, as some people have told me. you got to go up there screaming council,ounsel -- because you're not going to get anywhere when you ruin that. you want to get on the other side of that event. you'll have to calm down. i got there from white people have black people. i had to change my attitude because i really realized that you are on the other side of that bench makes the law. you can bring up the issues that are germane and pertinent and very important to all of us but you have to cut it out, you have to calm down, you got to reach the stage where you can take a blow realize that it is not a death blow. you have to keep on pushing. and so by the time i was in 1967 and 1968, we had a riot in the hilltop area. and i decided to run. that was 1968. the council got so bad that the city of tacoma recalled the joy in the vote, it wasn't a squeaker, they really went through. i was part of that group. we have five openings, i am going to be one of them. mind, i question in my had done all that i can to be a good council representative. so i got appointed in 1970. we would have a quorum that the governor appointed an attorney who would not run, but after we got a quorum, we could start doing business. and that is when i really realized for me that now that you have some measure of authority, you still cannot do it alone, you have got to be able to bring an issue that at f other people can join you in. ur other people .ould join you in we have to work again on housing. we began to work on the things that had keys. we were very successful and i found that that was the way we needed to grow. the thing that was most important to me is that there was a surprising number of white people who would stand up. and then we got a lot of help from white ministers as well as black that's all civil rights as a way of bettering our lives without destroying our community. we started working collaboratively with the powers that be, the city managers from the city council. we had more people speaking for our rights and we had for wallace and all of them comes -- clowns down in the south. you would think that what you got appointed to the council, things would change. the first year i had to run for my position and i won. then here comes the people that i was working for, i had that whole business aspect of it because when i left the army, eventually i opened my own dental laboratory and people asked what in the world? why you going to open another laboratory? i didn't open a laboratory, i opened to serve dentists. i make a product, i do crowns. that is not black and white. thatr i make the thing fits in the shade gradations are right and it is a good product, or you go out of business. after several fights, i to get into politics very seriously. and so it was after the urban league pulledonal me off a $25 a week position on , because iuncil cannot live off of $25. so i stayed with the urban league until i left the league and really didn't begin to go after my life's work. that has been in politics. as became a councilmember ell as working until about 1981, and so i really decided to go back into business. i stayed there for a while. then the 1980's, i went to work for the department of transportation in its civil rights division. [coughing] and then got that notion to go after it. then i went -- i put myself up for mayor. well, let's put it this way, deputy mayor to mayor hyde. he and i were really close buddies. i mean, we consumed a lot of alcohol together. [laughter] and that is the oil of politics. up and died two weeks after the election as the council elected me to serve as mayor and i served as mayor for the next two years. after that it really got exciting because i ran for the county council's position in which i had, you know, like 150,000 people that were in your district. and you had a lot more responsibility and it was full time. and i served as the chair of the county council for three consecutive years. that has never been done. that is your members of that council -- and that was partisan, democrats and republicans had to appoint you. so i did that for the last three years, and was the president of the state association of county officials for a year. i had been on that board for 10 years. so it was good. i thoroughly enjoyed the work that we did then. the part that i liked about me is it didn't beat me down. i'm not a bitter and angry old man running around talking about they didn't let me do this, they didn't let me do that. i've been discriminated against this. yeah, i was kicking pretty hiatt that time. i tell you, when it comes to how me and my family are treated, you're going to treat me with respect. i am going to respect you but i am not going to take any crap off you, you know? i think that helped me not only maintain balance but it gave me a beautiful outlook on people. and i will just say respect is what i bring to life. i just feel good about the ople i meet and i give the best counsel in the world to try and keep you balanced and recognizing that you got a right to do this so pursue it, fight for it. it's worth it. [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2017] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. visit ncicap.org] >> coming up here on c-span -- a 1997 c-span interview with the late katharine graham, "the washington post" publishers featured in the movie "the post" about the pentagon papers. at 7:00 eastern, our "q&a" interview with author john farrell about his biography "richard nixon: the life" and celebrity activists on capitol hill at 8:00. this included ashton kutcher testifying at a senate hearing on modern slavery. actress jennifer garner on her work to improve early childhood education. olympian michael phelps on doping in sports. nd actor robert davey. >> c-span, where history unfolds daily. in 1979, c-span was created as a public service by america's cable television companies and is brought to you today by your cable or splite provider. -- satellite ber provider. >> in an interview in 1997 the late publisher of "the washington post" katharine graham talks about her book, bookbook -- "personal history." other topics include the watergate scandal, the pentagon papers, and a journalist strike. brian: katharine graham, author of "personal history." did your children learn anything in this book about you? katharine: that's a hard question. i'm sure they probably did but i can't tell you exactly what. brian: all the stuff in here about your early life and your husband and all that, did they know that? have you all talked that out? katharine: yes. i think they understand that he was