Transcripts For CSPAN Summit On Human Exploration Of Mars Part 1 20170510

Those online. Welcome to the mission to mars summit. Earth is not the center of the universe. Now, you either smile at me or smirk at me after saying this to please realize that it has only been a known and establish fact for over 400 years. Copernicusnicholas aoved it beyond a shadow of doubt. Humans can fly, that is a truth that has been with us for only over a century. Humans can walk on the moon, again only less than half a century a truth to us. Considering our time on the planet, these are short times to know these things. 16 years fromis now, a small crew of six women and men will be in route to mars. Yearsabout it, only 16 from now that can be true, too. ,ut if we want that to happen we today will have to ensure we keep track with our human mars program. Looking at you, my audience, i know i am looking at the experts that can make this happen. As you truly are the best and the brightest in all fields we need to send humans to mars. Lets show our resolve. Lets keep building the infrastructure needed. Lets keep testing and proving. Humans on mars and obvious fact. Underway now. I have the great pleasure to introduce to people that have gettingiligently on humans offplanet and on to mars for many years. Thet, space architect with aerospace corporation. Experience2 years of in spaceflight architecture, mission design, experienced in nasa and industry. In his 26 years with nasa, he helped lead the agency in design and analysis of human Space Exploration. Corporationthe onding humans off planet and to mars. Mikether speaker is rafferty. One of the leaders of our last great space project. When i say last great space project, of course i am mentioning the International Space station. And i think being so that makes him wellsuited for our present big space project, putting humans on mars as he brings experience of largescale cooperation to our team and both are necessary for Human Missions to mars. Mike has worked for 33 years as part of boeing company contributing to human space flight. 20 of experience for Human Space Missions and he is proud and andy it we are proud happy to have him on our board of directors. He is president of a texasbased business dedicated to Space Exploration. [applause] thank you. Thank you and good morning everybody. I am standing in for joe. Good morning everyone. We are here to talk this morning about the mars report which we. Ust finished publishing it came out this morning in a press release and is available online. All of you here at the conference got this report in your pack and so i would encourage you to check it out, read it. It is an excellent report. Inwill talk about what is this report and give you a highlevel review of what is in it. We started three years ago to pull together reliable information the community could use about the progress towards mars and making the mars mission happen. One of the nice things about this is that over time these reports will chronicle the progress we are making and we can look back on them and see how we did. This year we have made a lot of based on thatso we are going to go through two sections of the report pretty quickly. It should take about 10 minutes or so for us to do that basically well get going on that now. The first section of the report, and a critical element of the mission of mars is the science precursor missions or Robotic Missions that were doing prior to the Human Missions. They allow us to get all the information we need about mars thats critical to make the later missions happen. This has been a very big year for the Science Program. Weve had a lot of great progress from m. S. L. Curiosity rover. Its been working its way up mount sharp. This year its been working its butz rough the murray formation area. Got some of the most fantastic pictures that have been taken on the surface of mars. If you havent seen these pictures, recommend that you go online and find them. It makes it really clear that this was a wet environment. This murray formation area had water in it for many, many years. And the sed mentation layers are clearly visible in the photographs that were taken. Fantastic. Also supporting is the orbiters that are in orbit around mars. The reconnaissance orbiter and odyssey and mavin. These have been finding subsurface ice. This is a lot of ice. Estimates initially are several areas that look to be on the size of lake superior. So these are quite large ice formations. Heyre subsurface. Future of the Science Program is very busy. There are a lot of activities planned and you can see those on the chart here. A lot of International Missions are coming to fore now. China has announced a Robotic Mission to mars. Of course weve got nasa that has several missions that are in the plans. D of course india and united emirates are also india has a mission there now and united emirates has one on the way. Its become a very international program. Obviously there are commercial efforts as well. You can see spacex has a mission that theyre hoping to do up there as well. But the team looks forward to the things that they really need to get done. They had some recommendations. One of the first is, we need to replace an orbiter for the m. R. O. The m. R. O. Has been on orbit for 10plus years now and its been doing a marvelous job. But its been there quite a while and so its time to get. Eady for a new orbiter that will take up that mission and provide the communications that are necessary. Also the Mars Return Mission is a very high Priority Mission for the team and this will start to work some of the other aspects that well need for the human mission. Weve sent a lot of Robotic Missions to mars but nothings ever come back from there. So the assent portion of the missions critical. The mars sample return will work hat. Thank you. Next section in the report youll see is architecture and systems necessary for human exploration of mars. One of the things thats happened in 2016, early 2017, theres been advancements from a lot of the companies and organizations out there looking at human Mars Missions. And what it would take. Some examples are shown here. Brett Lockheed Martin improved their thinking on the Mars Base Camp strategy. Which is one of starting off with Orbital Missions around mars. Teleoperating systems on the surface. Bret then it goes to Landing Missions on mars. Launch vehicle, using liquid oxygen and hydrogen. The boeing company improved their thinking on the lunar outpost leading to a mars mission. Where they would prove systems in space and conduct Orbital Missions, exploring things, followed by surface Landing Missions. So theyve improved their thinking. In september, spacex announced their thoughts on human exploration of mars. Its more of a colonyization approach, where he reduce envisions reducing the price of launch and transportation to mars drastically, to enable any citizen to try to go to mars. Hes improving his thinking there, advancing things like his engine, his large oxygen tank, which are critical elements of it. Hes got some additional thoughts of what the Early Exploration would look like. Airjet and others, advancements in propulsion and thinking of some of the precursor missions. Recently nasa released some of their thoughts on deep space gateway. Sustain steaning establishing a small outpost near the moon that would be critical in understanding Systems Operations , understanding some of the key technologies. And understanding a lot of the Human Factors, as expects which well talk about in a little bit. But that gateway can serve as a deep space port if you will for the assembly of the mars transfer vehicles and return back to space for the next mission. So a vision of a reasonable Transportation System is what nasas thinking about right now. In terms of some of the key findings that the team has come up with, looking at things, feel that affordability is one of the key aspects. When all these teams look at different concepts, as you saw in the earlier discussions, theres a wide range of system capabilities and concepts for architecture development. But thats a good, healthy thing. Getting alternative viewpoints, alternative ideas onto the table. Helps the community understand what makes sense and what doesnt. So its healthy dialogue amongst the space community. As i mentioned earlier, affordability is one of the key aspects of human exploration of mars. We have to make sure we drive the costs down. And affordability is a key aspect that explore mars is looking at, trying to develop architectures and system concepts that provide sufficient return for the stakeholders. Thats always going to be key. If it doesnt have sufficient return for the stakeholders, then theyre not going to fund it. Sustainability is another key aspect that the team has really been looking on. In a lot of these aspects. Developing architecture thats sustainable. One that is not just a flash in the pan, that will be a short duration system, but one that can be conducted over many years. Theres a strong belief that a wellfounded science objective and strategy could help bring the science and the human exploration communities together. So continuing that effort is very key. And bottom line, from all of this, the teams really feel mars is achievable. Theres been a lot of discussion in the previous architecture discussions and thinking that mars is really hard and theres all these key impediments keeping from us going to mars. But there was a workshop that was held with explore mars, american astronaut cal society back in december. We brought experts from across the country together to look at, what are the key long polls of keeping us from getting from where we are today to mars . Looking at all the systems and technologies and all those teams looked at whats required to get therehere we are today to and the common consensus was that mars is achievable. It is going to be hard. But it is not an impossible dream. That was good news from a lot of these aspects. In terms of the systems for the architecture, a lot of them are making a lot of progress. There are some in production right now now. A crew module is undergoing assembly and tests. The Service Module is in construction in germany as part of the esa contribution for the mission. S. O. S. , a lot of production going on at the Kennedy Space center. A lot of assembly getting ready for the Exploration Mission one test coming up soon. In terms of habitation, deep space habitat, nasa is following a deep space, next step b. A. A. , broad area announcement. We have several different organizations, Companies Looking at different habitation concepts, life support systems. Thats driving toward deep space gateway of a system in space that we can use it prove the systems and the technologies. Advancement continuing, advanced space propulsion. Solar electric propulsion for cargo vehicles and perhaps the crew vehicle is being worked on hard. Airjet was awarded a contract to develop an electric thruster. Thats advancing really well. In terms of descent and assent, there are some critical architecture decisions that need to be made to advance those systems. What are the exploration goals, what are we trying to accomplish . Are we going to use resources, are we going to bring all of our fuel with us . Those all drive the size of the assent vehicle which drives the descent vehicle. We know we need to land larger pay loads than we can today. We can only load one metric ton. We have to get to 20 metric ton. New concepts are being explored for that. Its making some progress there as well. And the surface systems. What were doing on the surface of mars. The roves, the habitats and things rovers, habitats, things like that. Switching the report to Human Factors. We have a special session section on that this year where we try to go into more depth, some of the Human Factors aspects. Some of the things last year in 2015 to 2016, there was the Yearlong Mission conducted by scott kelly. That provided us a wealth of data. Showing that humans can live in space for long periods of time. There are still some aspects that he would need to solve such that we need to solve such as bone decalsfication and things like that. Were getting good data. Space station will continue to help us in that, understanding how humans live and work in space for long periods of time. And then well evolve to this deep space gateway. Getting humans out beyond the earths sphere into deep space, how the systems operate, how do crews operate in remote environments, in confined spaces for long periods of time will help provide us a lot of good information well need on the drive towards mars. And not just Human Factors but also the whole human health and Research Program is also looking at 31 critical aspects of the human health. Trying to drive those risks down as much as they can. They have a rich Research Program advancing that aspect as ell. Michael policy is also a really important part of this report. Looks like i went too far there. Weve focused on it again this year. This report. Normally its international and domestic policy. This year it tends to be a little bit more domestic. Were pretty centered on the domestic part. Its not that there isnt anything happening in the international world, but theres a whole lot of things happening in the domestic world. Thats what we focused on this year. Of course one of the big events that happened was the passing of the nasa transition authorization act. Just to remind folks, the last time that we had an authorization act passed was in 2010. So this is a really big deal. We had an administration change. And yet we still had strong bipartisan support for nasa and got this act passed and into law. Also in the act is some of the strongest language that weve ever seen associated with endorsing a mission to mars. So this is a really good hashinger for the mars community. People that are working on missions to mars. Im proud to say that our report was actually referenced in the act. So thats good. That means that people are reading it and its helping make a difference. The other big event thats happening is the administration has announced the formation of the National Space council. We havent seen this happen yet but we know its planned. So well be watching that with great interest and well be talking about that probably next year and the in the report. The final section of the report has to do with public engagement. This has been in the report from the beginning as well. Its a really important part of the overall effort for sending humans to mars. Making sure that the public understands what were doing, why were doing it and is able to participate in it as well. We think its very important and we think that theres signs that this is really starting to catch hold. You youve seen a lot of media offerings coming out in the last year. W movies, books, Netflix Series on mars generation. So these are all signs that the public is really starting to engage. Weve always had very strong polling numbers for mars support with the public. That strength continues. As a community, we need to continue to support this. And support the media whether they ask us for help. Finally, i just want to put up here the names of all the folks that worked on the report. A pretty distinguished group of people. I think youll agree. As you look at that. They worked very hard on this. Did a terrific job. So if you get a chance, pull it out of your pact and read it. If youre watching this conference online, you can go to exploremars website and youll be able to download a copy of the report from there. With that, chris, i think were one. So, questions . I think we may have a minute or two. [applause] thank you. Thank you very much. Thank you. It is my pleasure to introduce the present administrator of nasa. Acting administrator, as its said. Administrator nevertheless. Robert became administrator when the new president took office on the 23rd of january, 2017. Hes been with nasa for nearly 30 years and started there on the shuffle engines in 1989. Serving in many capacities. 10 years later nasas Astronaut Corps presented him with a silver snoopy award. For his contributions to the success of human space flight missions. Artemis so all in all, a good man to have on our conference. I would like to introduce to you robert lankford. [applause] robert good morning. Its great to be here. I really appreciate you asking me to participate in this gathering. The way we talk about mars, youd think it was actually something were interested in doing, huh . I was at a summit last week with the aeronautics and Space Exploration board, engineering board over at the academies. This was a topic that came up quite a bit in terms of civil space and destination for civil space in general. Its always interesting to see the different opinions and the different thoughts. I think the nice thing about it is that everybody believes that this is our horizon goal as an agency. To get to mars. If you think about it, humans, clearly were already there. From a scientific perspective with the rovers that we have on the surface now. But i think ever since viking, weve kind of said, we need to get there. We need to be there as humans. Frankly everything weve discovered since then just has driven us even more to think about getting humans there. The Current Administration and the Current Congress is very supportive i think of this goal. If you look at any of the bills we have, whether theyre the proposed budgets or approved budget its or authorization acts, it all talks about getting to mars with humans in the 2030s. Of course you could argue that were already there. Weve got rovers there now. Curiosity is doing work on the surface. The mars reconnaissance orbiter is there bringing all that data back. We kind of say we have wheels on the ground and an eye in the sky around mars. Thats whats allowing us to understand where we want to go, where water might have been and where it might still there. Its pretty exciting. Especially when you think back to when mariner first flew by, after wed been to the moon. Mariner flew by and it looks like a dry, dead world, like mars. That didnt change until we sent viking. And the first images that came back from viking all of a sudden made us really want to go there and really understand what we needed to do. I think the real goals of humanity have been to reach mars for a while. While we want to put humans on mars, that search for life elsewhere in the solar system is something were doing as well. I think its really important when we think about it. Frankly thats why youre all here. We want to reach that horizon goal for all of humanity, not just the United States, not just some particular not just nasa. We all want to do that. Were going to do everything in our power to continue to look for other forms of life throughout the university. Universe. Just think about the fundamental change that would have for everybody. The absolute fundamental change. If you think about even just finding mike robes or signs of historic signs of ancient microbes would be a complete changer to the way were thinking. I think for us its kind of a need until a haystack proposition when you think about it. Mars is a big planet. Even our own earth, think about what we still discover when we continue to explore this large planet. None of it was discovered like the first day, right . The explorers have found things every time weve moved across this globe. I think physical human presence can accelerate the rate at which we discover. I believe thats whats important about humans to mars. That human intuition and human intelligence to really directly search mars and advance quickly and more rapidly as we go forward. Beyond the life proposition, what we can find in this universe, theres really this kind of innate desire i think as human beings to extend ourselves as a species. Extend ourselves further and for us into space at this point, deeper and deeper into space. When you think about landing on the moon, the Great Observatories that look into the other galaxies that we have, think about the things were doing with exoplanets, and our Planetary Missions that weve touched every planet. In the solar system. From pluto to what were doing with jupiter now. With juneau mission and then our final dye is at saturn. Amazing activities. Every time we answer a question, every time we answer a question, it just begs more questions. We want to continue to answer those questions geas forward. I dont think any of us is not moved or touched by the images were getting back. I saw some this morning in the news, one of the more recent dyes from saturn. It was almost eerie when you see that giant planet sitting there. Its incredible. Just absolutely incredible. Back up in time. The first viking pictures that came back from mars. We said, wow, that looks a little bit more like what we here than it did there. So we really wanted to go. I think when you think about moving forward and humans on the surface of mars, if you just back up to 1969 and the inpact of humans on the surface of the moon. I call it a civilization level discovery or impact. When we do that. I dont say that lightly. Thats a big deal. Just driving in this morning i thought, i was listening to t. O. P. , mostly for traffic reasons, like most of us that live in this town. They had an advertisement on the radio about something totally different and they said, this country is made on great discoveries. Of course its neil armstrong. Makes his first comments from the surface of the moon. Thats the kind of impact we have. Thats the impact we can have. Thats what humans to mars will eventually do to us. Its even more compelling when you think about how hard this is going to be. So i think at this annual gathering of the human to mars summit, we continue to look at the horizon goal. Were just looking to see what those aspirations need to be. Because to me todays aspirations become tomorrows realities. If we dont even aspire it, were not going to get there. I think thats critical. Humans on smars a big thing. Mars is a big thing. Not only does it take lot of resources and commitment, but its very complex. Its very hard to do this. I think for us, when you look at the impact going back to the landing on the moon discussion, its a global effort. Its not just us. When you go back and look at the above the fold newspapers from 1969, when we landed on the moon, just about every newspaper basically saiding we did it. It was a global event. To me i think thats the kind of it was almost a shared triumph of humanity. I think thats kind of what we see with humans to mars when we go there. I think thats the why. Thats why we go. No only to discover if theres life there and push ourselves as a species to another level, but its also just that sheer claim, almost of the same, when hillary hit the top of mount everest. Its those type of destination things we as a human race really, really believe in. Its going to take a global effort to get there. Not only a global accomplishment, its going to take a global effort. If you think about what weve done with our International Partners, whether its the International Space station today, or whether its all our Science Missions, when you look at insight launch next year, thats got an international component. Mars 2020. Which is the next rover were going to put on mars. Has a Huge International component as well. Then you think about our next astronaut class that will be announced this summer. That may be our first set of folks that are really training to go to mars. And they may be the ones that actually put together theyll certainly be training on the systems were going to be using in the near term to get us ready for any deep Space Exploration. If we keep moving the ball, keep moving down the field, keep moving the needle, whatever metaphor you want to use when you think about that going forward. We have a lot to learn. Theres a whole lot left for us to learn. Youre going to talk about that a lot over the next couple of days. Challenges we have. Radiation, life support, mass to surface, entry descent landing. These are challenges were taking on. Space Technology Mission directorate clearly knows those challenges. But were not just thinking about those things. Were making progress on them. In terms of what the kind of technologies are were trying to knock down. We have sensors on mars today. Theyre taking that da at it. Were using our Science Missions as a way to do any precursor work we can do. Were going to put a measurement or instrument called moxi on mars 2020. That will give us some idea, can we pull oxygen out of the environment. The International Space station, were using that almost as a test bed for technologies for life supports we might need as we go forward. You can have a panel in a minute thats going to show how important it is internally to nasa. Youre going to see steve, who is the head of our space Technology Mission directorate. Bill obviously from human exploration. And thomas, the head of science. Youre going to see those guys talking in a very integrated way. We cant do this in a stovepipe manner anymore. In terms of how science goes to mars, humes go to mars and we develop technologies in these stove pipe manners. These guys are working every day together to try to figure out a way to make sure when we go to mars or when we do any mission, what are the opportunities we have as an agency to take that, to gather more data . Always look at way to use those missions as get forward. Were working on it. We may not always agree on the process or the how. To get there. Theres a lot of debate around that. Youll hear what were thinking. But we have a lot we can build off of. We have a lot of systems weve put in place. If you look at the cooperation model we have with the International Space station today, we believe we can build off thatcht we believe theres a ton of foundational cooperation as we move forward. I think that will help us with this global goal or generational goal of bringing humans to mars. I think the desire is there. You guys wouldnt be here if you didnt think this was a great thing to do. I think you represent a very large portion of folks in this world, not just here, when we go out and do some of the things we do internationally, its always fascinating we typically go to a school or have a group of school kids come in and it is definitely the horizon goal of the next generation. These kids are excited. Theyre interested. They have some really hard questions. Theyre very smart. I dont remember having those kind of questions when i was in middle school. That we often hear about going to mars. Very educated and very ready to take on the mantle for us. As we move forward. As long as we keep making the progress so they can pick it up. Pick it up from us. I think theres a lot of discussion about how we do this in terms of, is it a government activity, is it an industry activity . Were sometimes, i think, ruined by the tyranny of or. I really believe this is an and. Its going to take all of us. Its going to take all our industry, its going to take everything. If you go back to the moon landing, it took a government effort, it took the Industrial Base of this country to do this. I think thats what we talk about when we talk about the and. Were proving that today. The commercial model is working for us, when you think about cargo resupply to International Space station. Pretty soon. Taking our astronauts from u. S. Soil. It will be exciting. I think well build off that as we start moving presents even presence even further into space. To me when you look at the progress being made on all our systems, whether its s. O. S. , owe ryan, whether its the commercial sector, whether its our Science Missions actually beginning to incorporate some of the things we need for human exploration of mars, thats when you can get excited and you can see there is progress being made. And we are all focused on that. The technologies are being done today. Steves going to talk a little bit about the technologies we need and what hes working on. The teams are really exciting. Theyre stretching things. Its also bringing out some of the best in innovation in my mind. Not only that we see from our own teams at nasa, but from the industry teams and even from ac deem yafment really exciting to see some of the academia. Its really exciting to see some of the proposals we get to some of these challenges that we have to basically get through to get to this point. Its not an easy task. Anybody who thinks its easy is not paying attention. But it is the next task and it is the next thing that we need to do that in my opinion we must do. Because just getting there is not really the benefit. If you look back on us getting to the moon, yeah, we got to the moon, incredible achievement. But what we accomplished on the way, what we discovered on the way, the engineering, the technology, just the lifechanging, sometimes industryaltering things that we did to do that as a nation and lead that effort was incredible. I think when we do reach mars, it will be a civilization level impact. Said that already. Ill say it again. After decades of work to get there, you know, youre going to have an international team, its going to be a global human moment. Just as everybody remembers where they were when we landed on the moon, i think they will do the same with mars. Its something that i think well endure for centuries. When you think about that. Centuries. Thats a Pretty Amazing thought process. Amazing span of time. When you think about history today, always like to look back 300, 400 years, which is really not very far in hift history, but when you look back, those enduring things that happened. This will be one of those. Just like landing on the moon was when we go forward. I think the u. S. Is poised to lead that effort. But we wont do this alone. We will not be able to do this alone. As we move forward. It will take all of us, our Industrial Base, our International Partners, nasa. And frankly academia has to come along. It will take those kids that are in Elementary School and middle school today to be with us when we get ready to go do this. We have to keep inspiring them and keep them going as well. I think its very positive, the engagement weve had with our International Partners on this topic and where they want to go. And how they want to help us in the niche areas they think they can bring to this your honor j journey. I think were going to be in pretty good shape from that standpoint. We do know that this is hard. This is not an easy challenge. Theres the wreckage of more than one spacecraft on mars surface today where people have tried to get there and tried to make it. But thats what makes us work even harder. We have to learn each time we go. We have to learn from every mission we take. I thank all of you for getting together and discussing these biggest ideas that confront us in making this human hugh manateechanging Mission Possible humanitymission change humanitychanging Mission Possible. You guys are planting the seeds and what you guys are going to talk about over the next could you of days couple of days is really humanitys next giant leap and how worry going to do it and get there. Its not just talk. Were making a lot of progress and a lot of area ofs to get there. Youll hear from the panel in a minute about the way were thinking about it. Were not just making progress in the labs and the manufacturing facilities. Were making progress at the diplomat tables as we talk about International Agreements too. Were making progress gedgething into schools and making sure that next generation is ready to o and help us. As you look at even what were oing on space station today, congratulate Peggy Whitson who set record for most time in orbit. Shes up there a rookie. The two of them, they epitomize what were trying to do with advancing human exploration. And pushing presence into space. What theyre learning and what theyre doing today is helping us for this journey that were on. I think at the end of the day that this is a very hopeful enterprise that were trying to accomplish here. A lot of hope in this in terms of providing that leadership, providing that inspiration moving forward. I really hope that everyone here enjoys engaging in this discussion, as you have for many years, for several of us. If youre new, im glad youre here. Im glad youre part of the discussion and part of the debate that will go on. But i hope it infuses your work as you return. I hope you hear something that will allow you when you get back home to your work teams that you work with every day, whether its industry, academia, doesnt matter. Take back what you learned. Look for ways to inject your enthusiasm and your thoughts into helping us get there. I think if we do that and we all focus on that, we will put boots on mars in our lifetime. Thank you very much for being here and appreciate your interest in us getting there. Thanks. [applause] artemis now i understand that all of us are very excited in getting to mars. Some of us might even be jittery, at least thats how we interpret the fact that some of you have already packed for mars and left your luggage outside in the hall. Even at the best of times, that luggage will be there for about 16 years. So please dont leave your luggage unattended. Even for a day. Thank you. The next person im going to introduce is already known to you. If you listened to his podcast. And if do you, you are among the many who do so. Matt cap land is in his 15th year as host and producer of the planetary societys planetary radio. I personally love listening to his podcast and im not the only one. As his program is really, really popular. Its broadcasted by about 130 public radio stations and personaly i love how matt interviews his guests. Guests from all walks of space life. The sciences, engineers, policymakers, authors or astronauts. And i love how he talks about the red planet, of course. Most. I mean, im partial to that. You can understand. For the second year, matt will serve as host of the livecast in all our breaks and were very glad to have him. Im sure that everyone online loves this, that there is no break in our program really, theres something to listen to thats really interesting. Matt will introduce the other panelists to you. Att, you have the floor. [applause] matt thank you, im going it start out all the way over here. Were still getting microphones on the distinguished panel back there. So to pass the time, we do have a little special video greeting that was just made for us yesterday. By, in a moment. But i can tell you that they are halfway through a simulated mission to mars. We can roll that video. Video playing] hi, everybody. This is a mission five crew here wishing everybody good luck at this upcoming humans to mars summit. Matt so that enthusiastic group of young people, theyre about 100 days into a roughly 200day stay on the mountain top on the big island of hawaii. I think its on the big island. For the High Seas Mission five mars simulation. Something that is partially funded by nasa and the university of hawaii is behind. Who knows . From the look of it, one of those young people might be on a mission to the real thing in the 2030s. Looks like some of them might be about the right age to command a mission like that. Im going to hope that our three panelists are all miked up now and ready to join me onstage. So lets bring them on out. William, steve and thomas. Hi, guys. [applause] so this is an extraordinarily short panel. And were going to try and take as much of the time as we can to allow you folks to ask questions. Artemis helps you to remind us who you are. While she does that. Im guessing we still have one person. Artemis he knew who you were. Matt musical chairs. Thank you. Well. Since he was kind enough to rearrange things properly. Well start. With bill. Hes nasas associate administrator for the human exploration and operations directorate, providing Strategic Direction for all aspects of the agencys crude Space Exploration work. So were talking i. S. S. , International Space station, developing that giant rocket. Theres a scale model of in the lobby. Maybe you saw it. If it had been. 10 scale, there wouldnt have been room for us in the lobby. The space launch system, of course. The orion spacecraft that s. O. S. Is preparing to carry far beyond mrs. Lowey earth orbit. He once served beyond low earth orbit. For the next 2 1 2 days. Among his many awards are two nasa Exceptional Service medals. Actually his awards go on and on. Most recently adding the National Space societys 2017 space pioneer award. And the aiaa off the natics award. If you look him up in the allknowing, all hadseeing wikipedia, will you find this terrific photo of bill in a wind tunnel with a model of the space Transportation System, most of us know it as the space shuttle, with his hand up on this metal model. In the tunnel. That was 1978. So been at this for a while. Lets go on to thomas. Thomas with a ph. D. In physics from the university of switzerland. Thomas is the associate administrator for nasas Science Mission directorate. Prior to joining the agency, he was professor of Space Science and Aerospace Engineering at the university of michigan in ann arbor. And the founding director of the center for entrepreneurship in the college of engineering. Youll find his name on more than 200 peerreviewed articles. Hes been involved in numerous Science Missions, including the spectacularly successful 18year ulysses solar mission. The recently completed messenger, and the advanced composition explorer or ace heel yo physics mission. So, im guessing that the heat one has to take in washington is no big deal for you. Pretty low on the scale from what you get from the son sun. Finally here is steve. The associate administrator of the space Technology Mission directorate. He manages and executes the Space Technology programs for nasa, focusing on exploration in Science Mission needs. While also working on the capabilities needed by the greater aerospace community. And developing the nations innovation economy. He came to the job after serving for a while as director of Nasas Langley research center, where more than 3,600 engineers and scientists work on some of our nations most promising and challenging technologies and probablies. E led the organizations organizes technological programs. Those included the mock 7 power vehicle, shuttle return to flight. And the flight test of the orion launch abort system. Nasas given him its outstanding leadership medal and the president ial rank award and distinguished executive. And hes a grad of the university of virginia. So im obligated to say, go cavaliers. Gentlemen. Again, thanks for joining us onstage. We heard from your boss of human a few minutes ago and ill probably come back to that in a few minutes. Ive also heard, actually artemis told me backstage that hes been directed to get humans to mars by november of 2020. Working on that i guess, right . [laughter] no, you dont have to answer. Are we on track for humans to each mars by the 2030s . Youve seen from the report that was writ bin humans to mars, were making Real Progress today. Ill we have s. O. S. Rocket manufactured which is a human activity going on. We have the orion cappsual down in florida getting ready for Exploration Mission number one which is also well under development and real manufacturing, real work going on. And then even more importantly, we have crews onboard the International Space station which are really starting to help us understand what its like to live in a sustained microgravity environment for a long period of time. The other thing excite being station is were able to grab new tools. Well be able to get d. N. A. Sequencing material onboard station. We can now instead of returning samples to the ground, we can actually look at how human d. N. A. Is potentially changing in the environment zwefment it with the oneyear mission with scott kelly. That required to us return all these samples to the earth. Were now getting the basic capability where we can look at some of that genetic change directly on space station. And i think that will be a huge way to really advance our understanding of how the human can live in this sustained micrographicity, highradiation environment thats going to be needed for mars. I look at all those things, were making very substantial, sustained progress. What we need to do is not just keep the enthusiasm going but we need to keep moving forward and pull us all together as weve described earlier today. Thags challenge that requires all of us and how do we all pull together and Work Together . How do we use steves sciencetechnology stuff, how do we use what thomas is doing on mars today with the robots when we plan for mars 2020, how do we pull all that together and advance at a quicker pace . Matt that pulling all together is something your boss talked about a few moments ago onstage. The integrate aid approach that youre all striving for integrated approach that youre all striving for. Which is pretty essential for a challenge like this. Its you absolutely clear that at this moment in time, theres more science there than infrastructure that relates to a future human presence. Therefore for us to make the fastest possible we need to start interdaysing interfacing with each other and take advantage of opportunities to go there. Ed the robert mention moxi instrument. Could he also have mentioned the despace obstacle cominstrument. I want steve to chime in too. Some of these technologies were all working together, of three of us. But get them to mars now so we can take some of these or in deep space now so we can take some of these technologies off the check list and really make progress toward having a full set of technologies. So when the time comes were ready with some of these enabling technologies. Steve . Steve absolutely right. So we in space tech, we have a system capabilitydriven approach to what were doing, the technologies were doing. 38 or so cainabilities that we want, new capabilities or enhanced that we want to enable for Robotic Missions and human space flight missions. Weve done a really good job, if you look at our Technology Demonstration missions, things like high power solar propulsion, to fly those technologies, were paying zero in launch costs. And were leveraging other missions and systems that science and human exploration are flying. So were not developing spacecraft, were supply fliing hosted pay loads as part of a system on a future mission, on a spacecraft. I think weve done a nice job of, a, focusing on technologies that are needed for the capabilities that we need moving forward. And b, integrating to try to demonstrate, develop and demonstrate technologies in the most efficient and effective way possible. Matt i look at what the robotics stuff is going on mars today, the fact that we have a radiation monitor device on the curiosity rover. Bill you see the cool images. What i like to look at is the radiation environment on mars. Its pretty surprising, when you actually look at the radiation data. You see the solar particle events. The magnitude is not all that dramatic. The radiation environment actually on the surface of mars is roughly equivalent to what we see onboard space stations. So that thin mars atmosphere is really a surprise to us and the fact that it shields. But thats only possible because we have an instrument on the curiosity rover that can actually provide essentially hourly radiation measurements from the surface of mars. Thats really enabling. The other thing that you saw earlier today was knowing where water is on mars. Where it is potentially below the surface. The data that comes back from mars observer is really, really important data for us. Without the Science Mission directorate, we couldnt have any knowledge to understand what really challenges to push on. As steve described, were working a lot of exciting things. The electric propulsion will be very important. We talk about moving large masses to the vicinity of mars. To help with the human activities. Thats going to be enabled by the 12 1 2 kilowatt thrusts that are steve and his crew is putting together. Spacex down in florida, we have a rollout solar array thats on that next launch scheduled for june 1. Thats going to go to the International Space station, be deployed during the activity, during the space station, the space mission. Well get data from that and understand how well the array works, how well it can be used. High Power Solar Energy is going to be really important for us for these missions. Thats a great way to thrust a team together. So we essentially can provide the ride, he provides the hardware and we all get the data we can use to inform ourselves of how were going to meet these challenges required to put humans on mars. Matt i think you said 3 different technologies were 38 different technologies were looking for. What makes you the most anxious . Steve most anxious. I think landing on mars, landing human class systems on mars to support, to get crews safely to the surface and allow them to be productive on the surface is going to be really challenging. Right now curiosity rovinger was about 900 kilograms. Rover was about 900 kilograms. The assent vehicle for Crew Missions is approximately 20 metric tons. So weve got about a 20x increase in mass to get to the surface of mars. And thats assuming we can produce the fuel on the surface to fuel that assent vehicle. That 20 metric tonses is dry. Landing dry. What the viking guys did was amazing. Landing two landers in 76. We still use the same plan form for the vehicle. Weve innovated the first air bags and now the sky crane. Were coming to the end of that architecture and technology. About one metric ton, maybe 1 1 2 is all we can do. So we have to get new entry vehicles that may be larger blunt body vehicles, to use atmospheric drag to slow down. We have to power chutes are not going to work. We have to use supersonic retro propulsion. We have to fire engines at super sonic speed. Then were looking at autonomous landing and Hazard Avoidance Technology so we can land safely and precisely. Right now we do simulations and we predict landing in a 10 kilometer by 15 kilometer ellipse on the surface of mars. But we want to get the precision to 100 meters. Thats a real challenge as also. Landing there is going to be a challenge. Lots of surface systems that are going to be challenging. For example, power. We dont think solar power is going to be viable on the surface. So were developing small fissionbased reactors, nuclear reactors, 10 kilowatt reactors to be able to power the systems for crew as well as the systems to produce to do resource utilization, like producing fuel, oxygen, etc. Thats going to be also a challenge. Then the thing thats not a showstopper but were going to have to manage from a risk standpoint is Radiation Protection for the crew during the long transit times. Were working on propulsion to more rapidly allow more Rapid Transit to mars which will reduce exposure to not only radiation but the micrographicity environment, etc. Absent that, its going to be a long trip. Shielding particularly the highenergy galactic cosmic rays is going to be very challenging. Its difficult to shield from those. Using materials. And active shielding methods are way too massive and way too take way too much power. So thats something were going to have to manage with a storm shelter and particularly other measures. Thats more of a Risk Management its not necessarily a show stopper, more of a Risk Management type approach. Matt for getting big things down to the surface, i assume youre going to watch very carefully and work with those folks at spacex and their red Dragon Project . Steve yeah. We have a collaboration with them on red dragon. Where were helping them with no exchange of funds space act. Were helping them with our expertise in simulation, system engineering. And what were getting back from spacex is the supersonic retro propulsion data. Theyre planning on a totally propulsive descent to the surface. That will be great data that you get back from spacex into our modeling and feed into our Technology Systems moving forward. We did that on the falcon 9. When they land the first stage, they fired the engines in the supersonic speed regime and so we actually have an agreement with spacex for the first few stages that return to get that data from them. Matt im glad viking came up because i still marvel at the amazing science that those spacecraft were able to accomplish more than 40 years ago. Obviously the robots keep getting better. They keep getting smarter. What do you hope Robotic Exploration is going to be able to do between now and the 2030s to help prepare us to get humans there . And really by the 2030s, how much more will humans still be able to do . Thomas first of all, theres amazing science going on right now. Mars scientists science is in the news on a regular basis. Matt we know where the water went now. Thomas exactly where did the water go . We learned about, it has a much broader set of implications, even for exoplanets. The importance of Magnetic Field in some of these environments for the evolution of life. So its issues like that. Its also research from the ground where of course the rovers are going around and really realizing just from the beginning of curiosity and even now, really the building blocks, the energy sources, reduced chemistry, all these parts that relate to a Good Environment for potential life in the past. For us, the future is bright. Theres a lot of topics that we want to do, including of course the mars sample return. Which is very much on the trajectory of the development that we want to do. We want to learn how to come back, perhaps with less. We dont need the whole human mass of sample to get back. On that trajectory, analyzing some of these samples, bringing them back to the best labs we have to look at them. Its absolutely clear, though, that research will have a paradigm altering type of transition the moment humans are there. It really will turn, for example, an investigation of life to something that, involving humans and robots. I dont think the time for robots will ever disappear. Its critical to see these things in concert, in every discussion that we have. Both from the infrastructure support, but also really from research. How do we figure out where to go, how do i go around, look around the corner, over the hill, and make sure that walking there is worth it . So for me, its really jerry, the geologist from caltech always talked about how a rock from a given planetary environment can tell you a lot about the story of that environment. Of course a geologist will say, you need to get an old rock. But other that hand than that, that statement is true. You want to learn about life. Really the ancient evolution of that life possibly. When there was water on mars. We really, i think, a lot of the research, a lot of the breakthroughs for that will happen just like on earth. Through research with people. I really do feel that some of these paradigm altering Research Topics that are there on mars to be discovered are going to happen once boots are on the ground and the scientists are there and can make judgment right there based on what theyre seeing. Bill i also think its really important we look for ways we can Work Together. Clearly thomas wants to return a sample from mars. But it doesnt need to be of the mass that were going to do an assent vehicle to come off mars with humans. So its some subscale between the two. Its not the perfect answer from a human standpoint. Wed rather demonstrate exactly what were going to use for humans. But it can be a step in that direction. If we can look at the right way to team with science to get a combination between the two. It will inject the right technology from steve to make it perfect. But its a compromise between all three. Its not perfect for either any one of the directorate its. The challenge is so directorates. The challenge is so demanding, we have to compromise a little bit off our solution and look for the synergy between us that moves humans towards mars. Thats going to be the challenge for our communities. We tend to look at these things still very much in our own lanes. This is this isnt exactly perfect for human space flight, this isnt perfect for science, this isnt perfect for technology. But is it perfect for the goal of moving humans to mars . That should be the question were answering. Not the individual ones. That will take some compromise from our community and a different way of looking at the way we do business. But i think its absolutely critical and helps us advance faster if we can do that. Moith as that journey to mars becomes better and better defined moith as that journey to mars nile matt as that journey to mars becomes better defined, do you see an increasing role for humans getting close, orbiting mars, before going for the gold and putting them down on the surface . And that advantage of course of being able to control the robots down there with only a second or two between you and them, rather than the long delay we have from earth . Thomas i think theres a variety of architectures that were thinking about, that multiple people around the earth are thinking about. I think whats really exciting to see is the kind of convergence of excitement and energy towards mars. From many different directions. Look at the 2020 launch window. I think last time i counted we had six or seven launches with four potential, one of the landers. Is the , that shows excitement that shows the excitement and if you listen to everybody a little bit in detail, you realize that some people have some interest to stop by in the neighborhood. One is a really interesting place. Whats interesting about it, for example, is by itself, you know, we learn from moons elsewhere in the solar system, dont underestimate moons. The surprise you. The other thing, it is clear these bodies exchange mass. You look at the surface of fobos are not tooe areas recent. Mars these is that if the surface. Out the temperatures not that enormously high. Boiling, everything off in the neighborhood. The short answer is, some of these much more sophisticated analysis, not all of it. The surface gets hot. Not all of it gets to that temperature. I think theres a lot of promise and that is reflected in some missions. We are excited to think about collaborating as well. Is more than 1 i dont think this is the way to think about it is some sort of linear, along the line type of thing. It is much more entrepreneurial. This is the point of the sky o, but weare going to com are not going to lock in an architecture to the detriment of our own success. Who would have guessed where these companies are . You mentioned spacex. There are others. Where these companies are today, whereas 10 years ago when the discussion happened. For me, it is like, ok. We are not partnering with some of these companies. We are missing the boat. Ddaving an on ch child kind of architecture. It is not like going god knows where. We want to go to mars, but make sure we can take advantage of things. Is a great idea, things that should be investigated. I like to use a saline analogy with respect to strategy. We know where we are going to go but we have no idea what is going to break along the way. As we learn more through science, as we learn more through developing and testing themologies that will make more viable. Is important we continuously look for opportunities to collaborate and take advantage of new technologies. Be that back into what is possible. The science we do and what we learn their has to feed in. Learn more through the science, technology, we will attack differently. Replace equipment, with the sailing analogy. That is what we have to do if we are going to get there. It is going to take not only integration but kind of dedication and constancy of purpose over a long time to get there. I think we have been at it for a while and we will continue to move forward. Described is a flexible architecture. Clearly not linear. We will take a look and see what the government can do. If you look at the retro propulsion, spacex can do that because we have the deep space network. We has the government can provide that to anyone who wants to have that ability. We built that key piece of infrastructure. It would be difficult for a private company to have that be basis of the deep space network. It is the right thing for the government. If we make it available for anyone who wants to use it, supersonic retro propulsion, that is a great synergy. We need to look at those things. The government should be billed in right pieces of infrastructure that makes sense and can then be supportive of a broader International Community that wants to do these things. The other thing that is important is to set standards. All the International Partners can communicate. They use that same network. That is almost everyones data. The 67mas talks about missions in 2020, they will all be supported by the deep space network. Itt is really important and underpins these other things. It is not about who gets the headlines early credit. It is about how do we move forward. Pick not exactly the way we want to go to mars. If the moons play a key role, is a great thing to go to. If entry or seven lending moves forward, maybe we should go to the service directly and we dont have to do things with the moons. Deep spacessed, the gateway, we are using our own moon as a staging to go to mars. Moons, or maybe a highly elliptical orbit, is that a better staging strategy . That is what we want to start figuring out. The key thing is not to get locked into a monolithic commission after mission. You can weave this netWork Together that allows us to do this huge challenge, put humans on mars. Lets move it on out and three cheers. We are already more than halfway segment. His we do want to get to your questions. Microphones. Im going to throw one more to you guys. We have heard about the technological challenges. Your boss, the ministry at her and others have addressed the challenges less under to your control. What is the bigger challenge, the technological or the public and political will . It is hard to separate the two. Sides. E two the way i think about it, if we are managing to show the excitement, show the a structure that comes from us. Arenother words, there others. People in the audience and others are seeing value in going there perhaps for entirely different motivations. This is a bigger likelihood of meaning support because there are multiple voices that point in the same direction. The big transitions, i would say in the last decade, these voices are louder. For me, i think that is going to help us in the long run. That is going to help us in our kind of discussions with stakeholders say, we are at the pivot point. That is really the point we want to make. We are at the pivot point, where the slope is increasing. Pedal. Down the total money investment. Really, starts checking off those boxes. Enabling technology. It really will take both korea and i think it gets back to the previous discussion about being flexible and learning and moving forward. We get disconnected from, when we focus on the how worthy on the how or the who. Tremendous challenge, a huge challenge. The way i view it is all hands on deck. To take advantage of universities, companies. International partners. We end up using the best minds, the best ideas wherever they are. Thethem in order to meet goal. I am picturing getting into the who and how. We in this audience, we like to talk about the challenge side. We get excited about a challenge. About the think benefits of achieving those challenges and what they mean to society. Moving humans to mars . We need to turn those back into real things. It comes naturally to the younger generation. They see a Better Future by us moving out and being explorers. We dont often talk about that. Understanding how we do a closed lifesupport system. That has applications to us here on earth. Water purification for people in africa. Whole view of the universe, our place in the universe, has really changed. How do you talk about those inspirational aspirational motivations that are really big . Scientistseers and focus more on the challenge side but we need to turn this around. Describe what the benefits are of us attacking these challenges. Weve got to describe that other side. I dont think we as a community do a great job. Quachs we could compete to everyone of those 38 technologies and show us benefits. On the practical side. We are preaching to the choir. You can talk to us now. At ais somebody microphone. Introduce yourself and let us hear your question. I am from maine. Time the for the first atmosphere of mars is largely co2. To our planet,ng perhaps may be one of where we have been there before. In your analysis of where to put lending craft down, have you andidered where the oceans bodies of water would be . And if there had been human or human Life Settlements previously, wouldnt it be logical they would be as they are on earth, largely along the bodies ofhe former water . Is that something you have considered . Terrificgot this passage to mars documentary. A lot to say to those of us in the choir. Progenitors, the ones who may have started on mars. The answer is yes. One of the big breakthroughs in the last decade, we went from kind of a feeling, that is how long it took. A feeling there used to be water. A very good agreement of where that water is today. Where the water flows, the eyes are today. That is where we would take advantage of resources. Tremendous certainty. Some of these resources have as much water in them as lake superior. Those of us who live in michigan know that is a lot. In the world, i think you read the bottomline is, we found those. Relative to this natures of people who might have lived there before, i would just say, we havent found any of those signatures. We have High Resolution cameras. We keep looking to learn about science and all of what there is to learn. Point, what we are doing is looking forward. The one thing we know for sure is intelligent life will be there once we land. Ray bradbury said, we are the martians or we should be. We have already had workshops to look at what the lending sites might be for human exploration. Of course, technologically, we are looking at sightseeing. What are the challenges of landing safely . That has already started and will continue. I think also the co2 atmosphere is intriguing. Ability toing at the pull oxygen out. Spaceship, we take what the crew produces. We combine hydrogen with co2 that the crew generates and we make more water. We create methane. There is a nice cycle. Methane is a propellant that can be used for vehicles, etc. There is a nice advantage of using the co2 atmosphere in a real way combined with some of the water and mars to refine some of the chemical processes. Some of those have huge benefits on earth, as we deal with a co2 environment. How can we remove co2 and change it into something more compatible with life . Areas, really intriguing. Ars will force us to get Real World Solutions which will have benefits back home. A question on the side, hello, sir. International partners and Industry Partners are mentioned as a key role in deep space infrastructure. I am wondering how you see china playing a role . I know there has been some outreach to china. Have you heard in nasa any continuation of this outreach . Dayussion about how you one coordinate with china to build deep space infrastructure . Speaking of political rather than technological challenges. We are prohibited from working with china on a bilateral relationship. In ark with them multilateral forum. We are aware of what their activities are and they are aware of what we are doing. We can work with them in a multilateral manner. In terms of bilateral relationships, we are prohibited by law from having those interactions. I think again, this challenge is so huge, we will figure out a way we can work within the constraints we are given to make these activities happen. But we are doing is exciting. We need to look at that. Clocks i saw they refueled their space station. Hats off. That is a great accomplishment. We set the International Docking standard. We were able to publish that to the web. Space craft. We are going to set other standards in terms of lifesupport systems, pressure levels. Standards in terms of architecture, power systems. It is not a mandatory standard, it is voluntary. Havef a sudden, we intercompatibility. I think it is a really powerful way we can stay out of the political debate by publishing open standards. I think it is a really powerful way wewe have interoperability standards. Those things make tremendous sense, as you want to bring a Large Community together. You publish general ideas. Now you have interoperability. You can build this flexible architecture. As a scientist, that must sound pretty good. Thomas in science, we have during the cold war, during every one of those kind of betweenl rifts countries, collaborated. Organizations have been a platform for science discourse. A between countries, collaborated. Platform which currently has a u. S. President. To really get science discourse going, or even if there are political challenges, science has been over time, so many of these things have been uniters. Have been helping people come together. It is multilateral. People go to the same around the world. Sometimes here, sometimes elsewhere. It is continuing. We are getting close to the end of our time. I am peter. I am just a lame engineer. Talk moref you can about the mars mission. Maybe if anyone can try to sell me this mission, that would be great. Let me tell you how i see my job. I am only good at some type of science, not all science. Wrote, ications i forgot what the number is. One pretty narrow domain. Im not going to tell you, in every science we do at nasa, i am the same level of expert you when a person like me comes in to a job like i am in, what we make sure of his we are not immediately pivoting to what i know or what someone else might know. We ask the National Academies to convene the best experts in a given field. Give us the most compelling evidence and most compelling recommendations for programs we should do. The mars sample return is the highest recommendation of the there is a midterm kicking off. Science moves forward. Sometimes, something is a super priority that over time give usg evidence and most, because we start answering some of these were almost done with this. Addiction would be i would wait for the academy. The last time it is going to remain a high priority. The major reason has to do with the ability of taking some of these samples and investigating them. With the tools they need. We dont know how to land those. We dont know how to get nasa out there. Im not going to sit here, compared to all the other topics, i know me thomas, this is the most important one. I am following the National Academies. Everybody the programs will be far too narrow. We are following this kind of advice. These discoveries really do happen. Have we never would guessed. I have been a nor need back of the room. Lets get one question from back there. , we are thedirector folks developing the lava Tube Research facility in iceland. My question has more to do with the last comments and discussion. It has to do with the support for journeys to mars. What i am interested in finding out, we have had people approach us such as nike. People like that interested in and developingd a relationship with any and all of the efforts going on relative to approaching mars. What within nasa where the government organizations are currently available that we can refer people to from that industry to help coordinate those kinds of efforts . They are predominantly interested in in developing shoes, clothing. Can you comment . There are couple of activities we have been looking at even for general clothing and other things on station. Lots of transactional authorities where we can get into some creative agreements. I think we stand a very open for those groups to come and talk to us. We have requests for information where we are requesting hardware. They can provide us an unsolicited proposal. Want to teamhey with us. I think the agency is very open do a variety of different theyerently have definitely have applications. We are doing a 3d printed habitat challenge, where we are trying to use 3d printing technology. Elements of the structure you can then robotically assemble into a habitat on another planet. We are partnered with caterpillar, who is interested in in the machinery. With radleyering University Korea 28 teams that are going to bring their machines to p oriana, illinois in a few months. That is an approach to engage nontraditional partners. Me, look up the technologist and contact them. The best person to Start Talking to you about your idea and steer you in the right direction to submit a proposal for better formulate what you are trying to do. It is really easy to get a hold of them. They are my front to work. We are going to leave it there. Am excited about my same day amazon prime directory on the moon. We need to get going because there are many more sessions. My boss, the science guy, likes to say nasa is the best friend United States has. If he is right, right, the people sitting up here with me get the credit and much of the responsibility. As we reach out for the red planet. Thank you so much and keep it up. [applause] thank you. Someone is still having his or her luggage outside the door sitting there. We will send it to the moon soon unless you take care of it again, yourself. Sorry about that but it really needs to be done. For the laster, five years, has served as a deputy attach a administrator for policy and plans in nasas Human Administration directorate. Helps charting the future course of nasas human Space Exploration programs. For me, what is important, he battles the policy environment for all of us to make human spaceflight happen. Personally, i would like to thank him for that because that is a big job and it needs to be done. Greg, for taking it on. With nasa for a while. He started his career with nasa as a president ial management intern in the office of the space station at nasa headquarters. We all see where an internship can lead. A great Williams Greg williams. Jake good morning. You have heard some good morning. You have heard some reference to this. It is in your program. Representative because it is representing a team. Mark mcdonald, doug craig. Jonathan. Folks were involved a hand wanted to give them a shot off. We dont need to remind you of this. We won to go to mars and we want to do it while we are still alive the end taking. You have seen a reference to the set of principles in the humans to mars report. As we said, on this journey we wanted to establish and what we needed to do was establish how we are going to get there. The one at the top, fiscal realism the book and. A current limit we have lived with for some time. We cannot expect huge spikes in budget. We wont even be able to do it within a realistic ending envelope and that has been a guiding visible for our and a verse twodate. Of you see a gradual holdup capability. Architectural openness and resilience is tremendously important. If we mapped out all of the steps we needed to get from here mars and back of again, the one thing we would know is if we got there that is not the way we would have done it. We need to be open to new technologies, partnerships, discoveries. We need to make smart decisions about the key things we can do right in front of us. You can see in your program deep progress we are making towards the first bunch. Next thing we want to do is a deep space gateway. Thee doing great work on International Space station and it will enable us to fly humans safely. We want an overlap between that and the regular cadence of crude missions. Gaps is not commensurate with the momentum and progress we want to make. Are theo book ends principles that are important to us. We are conducting this move towards mars in phases. Phase zero is where we are today on the International Space station. Huge for us, you have heard some of the progress were making on mission. The oneyear the results are pouring in. We will see publications in scientific literature probably later this year. What were doing in technology and development at the space station is huge. We are accomplishing in a robotic mode. That will be hugely and enabling for what we want to do in deep space. That regionove into of space between the earth and the moon encompassing orbits outside the moon. 70,000 kilometers or so. The first phase will be to build up a deep space gateway. A transportation node and other space to mount expeditions to mars. The will allow us to gain confidence that we can conduct deep space operations, autonomous docking. Ava operations in deep space in the an environment more similar to the transit to mars then you would find in leo. We want to build up that gateway in phase one. In phase do we want to accomplish the deep Space Transport. A vehicle capable of sending 1000date missions to the mars environment. This will be the vehicle we use for mars transit. Phase three and four we begin to do those sustaining crude expeditions. That is the stepwise approach we are taking and the key thing for us is what infrastructure do we need to put in place that allows partners, International Partners, commercial partners, and others to engage along with us in this churning. It was mentioned to me this morning, the nasa choice 2017 authorization act. A huge deal for us. It described the transition back into the was designed by congress to transition across administrations but it takes a much longer view. You can tell the longer view by looking at the three goals described here. Congress, both houses, is really behind extending human presence deeper into the solar system. You will find mars is strongly represented in this document. 100 pagesnt is nearly long and mars is mentioned 75 times. It is remarkable if you compare to the 2010 act. That tells you about the confidence we have built and the right thing to do as a nation. The orion spacecraft is in the lower right. On the deep space gateway construct, what we want to do is a i will show you how we plan to put that together. Habitation module with airline capability and a robotic arm to enable remote autonomous operation. We want to be able to use his, again, as both a proving ground and demonstration so we can operationsely crude in space but we also want to be able to move this gateway around ofng the points in and out various orbits around the moon orbit into high earth order to be able to not only enable Mars Missions but also enable other martians in the lunar system while the mars transitehicle mars. Ehicle is headed out we want to be able to conduct a crew or mission for 30 days on the vehicle and 12 days of transit. Provideto be able to power, habitation, and logistics which will be hugely important. This is the next step on the way to mars. How were going to do that, we will use several missions. You could see at the top the deep space gateway buildup. Expedition 2, 3, 4, those are the flights we would use to build up the gateway. Beyond the modules as we continued to grow to support particularly science organizations and thinks we want near the moon. We want to be able to do that early to mid part of the decades of the latter half of the decade we can then build up the deep Space Transport system. This will be the vehicle we will to the crude transits martian system. The idea is the second half of the 1920 the 20s, we will build this up at the gateways then conduct a yearlong shakedown or validation. We call it a navy talk but if you have a Sicilian Mafia background it has different connotations so we are still wrestling with how we want to describe this. [laughter] mr. Williams if we can do this we believe we will know enough and have enough confidence that we can send this thing, crude, under 1000 day mission to the mars system and back. So in the second half of the 20 past we would build the transport system to launch the core vehicle in the 2027 timeframe. And follow with logistic flights both to support the shakedown cruise, the validation crews. In the last part of the 20s, provide flights for the long transit to mars. We are still working on it. Again, this is an evolving plan. There will be a chart after this hopefully over the next year or so that will show how were going to get from this point in finish0 cause where we the validation and checkout of this vehicle that would show how we will do then a crude mars 2033m mission in the timeframe. We have to do this one step at a time. We are now in the process of fabricating and assembling and building the vehicles and our next step is the gateway construct. So we are trying to lead this journey to mars in a broad range of partnerships. You heard this morning how we want to do this with commercial partners and International Partners. One of the things we will be doing is putting a package to gather. What players can divide and how we can together orchestrate the role to move out on these crude missions to mars. You heard references to gateway and transport and i want to provide you the context for our plan for capability in space because if we are going to send humans to mars we have to this make thectivity to journey safe and affordable and make it sustainable. We are not aiming for a oneshot sprint to mars to plant flags and footprints. We want to expand capability to transit to mars for multiple expeditions with an Arctic Research mode and be able to one day except permanent human presence on the red planet. I will take questions. Thank you. [indiscernible [indiscernible question] from an operational standpoint, it has gained confidence that we can conduct deep Space Missions where getting back is really tough. Want to bemmit, we able to convince ourselves we can do automated rendezvous and operations and conduct activity in deep space over time. Proving ground kind of activity as well as a staging area for future missions. [indiscernible question] are aiming what we for. One of the things we will be taking about over the next year or two is the vocus of the gateway now has been to enable the Mars Missions but while we are doing that and conducting those 1008 missions to mars, we will have this gateway we can use. We may do some longer duration things depending upon our objectives. On tok we are ready to go the next topic. Thank you for your time and attention. [applause] announcer cspans washington day withlive it every news and policy issues which impact you. Coming up, washington correspondent for the daily beast discusses progress of resistance against the trump presidency. Tax Gop Health Care in reforms. Then, discussing the potential increase of afghanistan troops in afghanistan. Wednesday morning at 7 00 a. M. Eastern. Join the discussion. Also, confirmation hearing with solicitor general nominee. We are live at 10 00 a. M. Eastern. Game state fish and directors from around the country are heard from as Congress Considers changes to the and danger to species act. That is live on cspan3 and online cspan ordinate in streaming on the cspan radio. Saturday at noon eastern on book tv, military historians discuss their books on world war i at the 2017 colby military writers symposium. Speakers include an author with one, andout world war a book called the path to war. And a retired colonel and his book over there. The recipient of this years award is David Merrick with his the waging war. Watch 2017 colby military writers symposium on saturday at noon eastern on cspan two booktv. Earlier, a discussion on human trafficking. From nyus washington, d. C. Comic campus this is about one hour. Thank you for hosting this important discussion today and taking time out of your busy schedule. Trafficking asn a lawyer