Governor, i would be a uniter and i will never embarrass the citizens or the state of indiana. Moderator thank you, mr. Gregg. Gentlemen, thank you for being here, and thank you for just the tone and civility with which you have approached all of these debates. Would you agree . [applause] thank you, thank you. Thanks. Moderator thanks to all of you for watching and listening. We want to give special thanks to the university of Southern Indiana for hosting this debate, television station program,producing the and the league of women voters for keeping time for the candidates. On behalf of the Indiana Debate Commission we hope you further , participate in the process by getting out to vote for the candidate of your choice. Good night. [applause] thank you. [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2016] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] democrats need to win 10 seats to get to the senate. Florida, we bring you a u. S. Senate debate between senatorrm Republican Marco Rubio and democratic candidate patrick murphy. On saturday, kelly i at kelly ayotte and her challenger, maggie hassan. Coming up tonight on cspan, a conversation on u. S. Climate policy. 19thate for new yorks debate. Hillary clinton and donald trump campaigned in florida today. We will have the remarks later. Bobby kennedys last words before he got off stage were on to chicago. The next day he flew to chicago and would meet with the powerful mayor richard daley. His son, bill, who was chief of obama, saidrack there was a 70 or greater chance that he wouldve endorsed Bobby Kennedy for president. Larry time discusses his book, Bobby Kennedy. Had Bobby Kennedy beat Richard Nixon the way i think he would have, america would have been a different place. Racial tension and International Discord might be a little bit effort if we try to address them 50 years ago. Sunday on q and a. Now, Jonathan Pershing talks about the paris climate agreement. This was hosted by the Atlantic Council. Moderator i think we can begin. Good morning, everyone. Afternoonaybe it is by now. Good afternoon, everyone. Welcome to the Atlantic Council and we are going to be hearing from the chairman. Im pleased to welcome all of you here today. The conversation with special envoy for Climate Change, Jonathan Pershing. He will be talking about the upcoming 22nd conference of parties in marrakesh, morocco. Havee really very proud to special envoy pershing here. To choose the Atlantic Council as the venue to deliver his remarks as to what his priorities are with respect to marrakesh. We were very proud last year that secretary kerry came and spoke prior to paris. We are doing more and more all the time in the Climate Change area, and it is certainly a priority for the Global Energy center. Just last week we launched a paper with a program by bob i court on Energy Transformation in developing countries after cop 21, which is an incredibly important topic with respect to implementation issues, and will be carrying on with further programs in that vein. It is also especially significant that on october 5, the European Parliament ratified the Paris Agreement which brought the total approvals to the 55 , over the 55 admissions threshold. The agreement will actually go into effect next week on the fourth of november. And so the cop 22 meeting is going to be the first meeting of signatories with a ratified agreement, and to talk about what is absolutely key, how are the commitments going to be implemented . Obviously that is going to be the key to success. I will just say briefly, you have the bio of dr. Pershing, obviously a distinguished career. Before his present position he was at the department of energy and before that, deputy special envoy for Climate Change. He has had a five year career at iea as part of their environmental division, has done other things that you can read. There is nobody that knows more about this than Jonathan Pershing. Of course, the person who will be the moderator of the discussion, New York Times correspondent choral devonport where her energy and climate expertise came as a fellow of the metcalfe and the two and has covered energy and environment for the national journal, professional quarterly, and the New York Times. I am really looking forward to this conversation. We thank both of you for being here today. I want to remind everybody that todays discussion is on the record. It is streaming live, and you can join the conversation on twitter at ac Global Energy so that, jonathan, the floor is yours. Jonathan thanks very much, and thank you for hosting me here at the Atlantic Council. It is a pleasure to be here. I cannot fill the illustrious shoes of secretary kerry so get stay tuned for a highlevel eminent presentation that hopefully gives you some insight to what is going on in the Climate Change agenda. Thanks to all of the folks who have chosen to join online. It is often interesting to start with this story that frames the issue. I have chosen one that i think is relevant to me. I grew up in new york. The south ferry whitehall station lies in southmost tip of manhattan. All of these connections that come through it. On october 29, 15 million gallons of salt water poured into the south ferry station. Salt water mixed with raw sewage and every completely inundated and destroyed the power system. It wrecked every mechanical system. The escalators, turnstiles, all of the technology. It was one of the results of Superstorm Sandy. It largely immobilized new york during Superstorm Sandy in october 2012. Nine of the 14 tunnels were entirely flooded, unable to withstand the storm surge. The largest Transit System in the nation was crippled, and the cost to rehabilitate and open this ferry station is going to top that one station will top 630 million. Repairs continue to this day, the Transit Authority and local and federal officials have been installing flood covers on all the openings. There are 540 openings at the six stations in lower manhattan. New york was not built with Superstorm Sandy in mind although new york is almost better prepared than any other city in the hemisphere. It has devoted years of research and millions of dollars to build resilience to a 100year flood. At the end of the day, sandy represented a one in 700 year event and when it arrived, every vulnerability was laid bare. According to the National Center for environmental research, Climate Change is partly to blame. They say warm seas likely played a role in camping up Superstorm Sandy and the fact that the sea level has risen means that sandys surges were able to wash further inland. Here is the framework, here is the outcome, here is the Climate Change impact. Those are only the tip of the iceberg. Take the spread of the zika virus. The mosquitoes responsible cannot survive cold winters. We know their reproductive cycle has accelerated significantly in warmer temperatures, and while epidemiologists and Global Health experts assess zika, they agree that Climate Change is playing an indisputable role in the spread of these diseases. As colder regions warm and precipitation patterns shift, the mosquitoes that carry zika are expanding their habitable range. These offense are not contained exclusively in the United States. Not even at our borders. On a recent trip to nigeria, i talked about the impact of Climate Change and a number of National Crises with their environmental minister. One of the things is the threat being developed by boko haram. There is also a second threat that you are probably less aware of, the conflict between the farmers and land ranchers in the community. In both cases, drought is the culprit. In the northern part of the country where boko haram rom is it has led to a failure of , systems and that has driven recruits to boko haram. In the central part of the country those droughts have , forced cattle ranchers onto forms and into conflict with farmers. On one and the crop is drying up , and there is less availability and at the other end, the grazing land is drying up, there is less availability so they are coming into conflict. These cannot exclusively be laid to Climate Change though they have been made noticeably worse. They will become worse still as warming continues. If the stories represent the local and immediate effects of climate, a global impacts are no less daunting and the Global Statistics there it out. 15 of the 16 warmest years on record have occurred since 2001. The arctic ice sheet has hit new lows in coverage. Not only an indication of rapid warming, but in fact an accelerator of that warming. Ice and snow cover that used to reflect heat back into space disappeared. Sea level has risen an average of nine inches over the last century and the pace is accelerating. Hurricane intensity and energy has increased by 70 just in recent decades. Our oceans have warmed and this sounds like a small number, but it is a norm us. Our oceans have warmed about a half a degree celsius or one degree fahrenheit per decade in the last 30 years. These are extraordinary statistics and are only a few of the countless ones that we have got. Climate change is a problem that does have solution. It demands cooperation across borders. No single nation can turn back these Global Forces on its own. Driven by this threat, the Global Community has begun to rise to the challenge not a moment too soon. In december 2015, 195 countries came together in paris in search of Common Ground to solve this problem, and by any measure they clearly succeeded. As the u. S. Special envoy for Climate Change i responsible for representing the United States, but i cannot claim credit for paris. Credit is due to my predecessor. Many of you know him, todd stern, who led the u. S. Team last year. He was following a very strong lead provided by president obama and secretary kerry, to whom we owe an enormous debt of gratitude from having moved us down this agenda with that kind of power. It is useful in trying to evaluate paris to start earlier. Dont start with paris. Start at the beginning of the u. N. Negotiations in the early 1990s. I was present at the very first meeting of the u. N. When it became the convention on Climate Change and was convened by president george bush, the first george bush outside of washington, d. C. Did not have a lot of pageantry, had a small number of scientists, no ceos or visiting dignitaries, no organizations touting the programs, but it did set the framework for action. It did establish a forum for further negotiation. The first negotiation done underneath the office of the u. N. Convention concluded in 1997, the kyoto protocol. It applied missions that emissions cuts to developed countries, leaving the rest of the developing world to pursue vague and undefined actions. 12 years later under the offices of the convention, the copenhagen accord succeeded with a wider variety of commitments with developed and developing countries. That represented a major breakthrough in a precursor to the Paris Agreement, but the session ended chaotically and a global agreement was still not in place. Fastforward to 2015 and the 21st session. The french led session brought nearly 50,000 attendees. President s, Prime Ministers, and ceos competed and tried to outdo each other with sweeping announcements and statements of new and renewed action to combat Climate Change. In paris we adopted the first , time a durable agreement known to all nations as the foundation on which i think we can build successfully. The Paris Agreement relies on National Climate goals, known as nationally determined contributions, to cut Greenhouse Gas emissions. Virtually all countries put forward these specific goals. Nations. T count, 186 the big players are all in. China set a target of 60 to 65 reduction in emissions intensity. India pledged 40 and couple this with a promise to build 100 gigawatts of solar power by 2030. The eu set the target of 40 below 1990 levels by 2040. 2030. The United States has goals of 2628 . Them to smaller countries are in as well. Smallest in many cases have even more impressive target. Costa rica and a number of small island states have alleged to reduce net emissions to zero. A number of countries have called for the complete elimination of emissions from their power sector, all of that enshrined in commitments announced in the runup to paris. Yet the universality of this , agreement and comprehensiveness of coverage is a first in the annals of our climate talks. Never before have we had this kind of participation. It was clear that the pledges by themselves were not be sufficient. For it to work parties had to have confidence that others would meet these national commitments, and there would therefore be progress. You have to have monitoring and a robust system to verify these goals would move. This is the system that was in trying to in paris at the negotiations. It has layers of accountability, review mechanisms to match countries words with their deeds. As we work to meet the global goal of eliminate warming to well below two degrees. That is the framework we adopted. We had an agreement to ratchet second, up emissions over time. It was clear this first phase would not be sufficient to solve the problem and we needed to continue to go forward. The announced numbers would not keep us below two degrees of warming. Two that end it calls for , revisiting National Pledges every five years. As countries achieve their targets and costs of Solutions Come down we anticipate they , will make stronger pledges Going Forward. Finally the agreement does not , just lay out a process for setting and advising international contributions, it provides assistance and help for countries to make their target. The agreement marshals a broad array of support to help nations invest in infrastructure, technology, and science to meet their goals, and help Vulnerable Countries become more resilient in the face of certain climate impacts. That is the architecture. National climate targets, strong accountability system, a system to track targets, renewing targets over time, and a framework to support the low carbon transition and help Vulnerable Countries respond to Climate Change. Now that the community has taken the step of adopting the agreement we are faced with the it, of implementing translating it into tangible action. Already we are beginning to see this happen. In the u. S. We have adopted new regulations that increase the efficiency of cars, trucks, appliances. We are moving to adopt refrigeration and cooling technologies that release fewer and less potent Greenhouse Gas into the atmosphere, and we have developed and hope to soon begin implementing the president s Clean Power Plan to reduce major sources of Carbon Dioxide from the industrial sector and power plants. While there are legal challenges that are moving their way through the system, we are confident it remains on solid legal footing and will soon begin to bend the curve of emissions from electricity generation. Since paris, congress is actually passed laws providing support for Renewable Energy. These have led to the rapid uptake of clean power. Taken together, all of these initiatives represent an unprecedented approach to Climate Change. The effects are already apparent. Wind and solar energy accounted look for2 3 of all new of all newting Electricity GeneratingCapacity Installed in the u. S. According to the department of energy. Last year, wind power represented about 41 of all new generating capacity and a 2014 there were nearly 71,000 megawatts power across 41 states. The u. S. Solar energy now employs more people than coal. Lastn every new 78 jobs year was in solar energy. We are also in the process