Difficult to imagine a more timely moment for us to convene this particular forum. Met,e years since we last we have seen examples of something that is extremely an extraordinary. Cities are important as players on the national stage, bypassing cities look to each other. Mayors and city leaders across this country affirmed their support for what had been an nations, theng paris climate accord. Climate change is not an outlier in city to city coordination. It is happening on issues of inclusion, immigration, health, security. Extraordinary is perhaps the wrong word to describe this trend. Direct city to city coordinations emerging and wonderfullycoming ordinary. Why . Urbanization is the most consequential force shaping our political order in this century. It is the most dynamic force. 500 cities around the world have a population of more than one million people. That statistic it does not capture the staggering pace at which cities are growing. World0 one third of the lived in urban areas. Today over half do. Thirds, 6. 3ver two billion people who will live and work in urban areas. At this moment, a chicago sized city is being added to the worlds population every two weeks. We need to engage new people moving to cities and being born there. The next generation about the challenges that cities have is even more important. Fromding 32 students Global Universities around the world. Cities hold great economic power. Greater than ever. The output comes from cities. 70 ofo more than Greenhouse Gases being admitted in the world. Cities are the vanguards of openness. Important qualities in the time when nationalists and antiglobal sentiments are merging. Together, a future dominated by cities is rapidly becoming our present. Gatherede done, we are in this global city to shakeup discuss the role of Global Cities in the changing world. This year in some ways it is different. The questions we hope to answer are entirely new for good reason. Theyously we asked if drove the public economy. Now we ask how they will. Before we asked if cities can have a foreign policy. Now we are interested in diplomacy at their best. Before we asked whether such power onn challenge the global stage, today we know they are. We want to know how they will do so and better the lives of citizens of our cities. Many ways to start. A newunselor has released report that outlines the priorities for chicagos global strategy. That report is a great resource for leaders from chicago and Global Cities on how to organize ourselves and the many ideas we have learned not only from chicago but traveling and having a form like this about how we can meaningfully create agenda for global change. I encourage you to read the Task Force Report at your leisure. We have Copies Available of a special report on cities published today. Journalists here with us are moderating or participating in the panels. They have contributed to the special section. None of this happens by accident. I would like to thank the speakers who were joining us today. Here as wello be in this wonderful setting in which mayors and architects, educators and journalists, and all of you are gathered because forward thinking corporations believe level issues addressed here today are critical. Our supporting sponsors, united airlines, usg corporation. Sponsors. Undation thanks to all of you for your support. I want to thank our international and civil partners who made possible the richness of the content of the next few days. None of this is possible without your support. I want to thank the 500 delegates who join us here from three dozen countries. They made the trek to chicago. We gave you the nice weather, which comes free. It is part of what we do here in the council. Very pleased to have you. Tweet early and often. Is ghtag is lobalcities2017. It is our hope what is said here will enrich discussions and other Global Cities. Before we start i want to take a moment to remember benjamin barber. A friend and partner who worked with us on cities, and passed away early this year. Ofwas a pioneering leader thinking of the roles of cities in the world today. Insights he shared in bestselling books, and on this stage two years ago. Enjoyedhe would have the program we have planned for you. Its my pleasure to welcome the u. S. Manager of the financial gillian tett. Gillian welcome to the event. swould like to welcome ivo words. Ivo is a powerful, effective man. I didnt know he could control the weather gods. This is the third year we have. Ad perfect weather three out of three is a pretty good score. Chicago asoes show to its great advantage. It provides perfect frame to talk about these incredibly serious issues. Is veryabout cities now important. Trtly because of the great word. Donald. Cities are being asked to carry a lot of the burden of infrastructure. A lot of the burden of economic generation and growth. We live in an era where quite inadvertently the administration has put cities and states at the heart of the Climate Change debate. We live at a time when the question of immigration and the question of how different communities can or cannot live together is crucial. Cities are once again at the center of that. Time when theat a question of how we find effective leadership, how we find politicians people can believe in in these fragmented times is absolutely centerstage. We were having a discussion in the green room talking about which politicians we did or did not admire. Somewhat relevant given the u. K. Election. What became clear is many people looked to city leaders of people they can trust in these troubled times. Cities on to the center stage but even without donald trump, if you can remember a World Without donald trump, cities are incredibly important and growing in importance for all the reasons ivo has just said. We are delighted to be involved with this. So many of these thieves things on central to our pages every day. We can cover these issues and cover these debates well. So well that if you are already a subscriber, you will know that we have a special supplement that came out on the question of the future of cities. If you are not a subscriber, we deal, special promotional a newsletter talking about the discussions we are going to be having and you can get a free trial subscription through that. My one commercial plug. Otherwise, several journalists in the group in the next few days. Myself. Our chief u. S. Commentator. Our asia managing editor. Economiclf, commentator. And johnson, our u. S. News editor. We would love to have a chance to talk to as many of you as possible about these issues and hope that you enjoy the debate, create an interesting set of stories for us to write about, and hopefully read about, and kick us off this discussion, we begin with a panel called open cities, closed borders. A response to globalization. In the supplement we have a column by martin wolf which starts the worlds great cities are inherently dynamic and diverse. They are naturally open to the world. How should they respond if their countries seek to close themselves against outsiders . How should they do view their responsibilities to the world . One of the Great Questions of the age. I look forward to hear some answers. Thank you. [applause] , ivo daalder. Tor [applause] thank you for that kind introduction. It is welcome again. Good to see you. Some very with important forces or we can have a good discussion about where cities are heading in an age of globalization. The way competing with in which our International System has been organized. An International System based on the interaction of mission state. Isare seeing globalization posing real questions for not the viability of nationstates, but how do nationstates cooperate with the challenges we all face, and how do cities offer an opportunity to cooperate ind dealing with these fashions . An offer solutions. We have practitioners and thinkers, journalists and politicians, to ask these kind of questions. People who have served at high levels of government, who have not served in these high levels. People who have served nationally and local levels. We have john them the mayor of toronto since 2014. Great to have you with us. The chief economics commentator at the Financial Times. Already cited in the kickoff here. The former mayor of Rio De Janeiro including during the summer olympics. And the cities climate leadership group, the former Prime Minister of new zealand. We are going to have a discussion. Thisy want to talk about fundamental question of governing a world where political power of cities is not commiserate with economic and cultural power. Let me start with you. Sectione in the special , the Financial Times put out today, and we havent had a chance to look at it, please do. What has the past year revealed to you about the changing global order and the role cities are playing . First of all, thank you for the question. Its a great pleasure to be back here in chicago involved with a program we are running with you. Ive always enjoyed being involved with the global council. Start, how many hours do i have. Obviously the last year has taught us that we are in a spectacular mess in the west as far as globalization is concerned. Quite particularly, in the United States and united kingdom, which one would have regarded as the heartland of International Liberalism defined in the english sense of the term. Not the american one. So, these are not the only backlash is which against globalization. We dodged a bullet in france. Plausible the Biggest Party in italy. That could have big consequences. We have to ask ourselves, what is going on, and what does it mean for cities . The answer i think is that we are now living in a. Period of fragility. The most important parts. We have not succeeded in persuading a large part of our populations that the global has workede defaults for their benefit. Manipulativew, politicians have as you would expect, have exploited this. The form of exploitation takes the form of a return to tribalism. Link aroundities ethnicity and nationality. Which are by their nature hostile to globalization and the idea of an open society in its many different respects. Why . We have had rising inequality. Stagnant wages in the last 10 years. We had a gigantic financial crisis from which in the view of many citizens the bankers themselves were saved and they werent. See this isnt going to get better. Veryf the things that is revealing, so many people dont think the future for their children will be better than their own. This is the context. What does it mean for the challenges for cities . In some ways, thinking about my own country, the brexit referendum captured this stress between growing tribalism and the outward looking metropolis of london. Isdons population foreignborn. The place where there are incredibly large number of immigrants. It voted to remain. It is completely a relaxed about this. It opened. The links to the world are colossal. It is in some ways the antithesis of the movement which led to brexit. The people who voted for briggs. T were voting against london voting against the saying it embodied. London is an and norma source of fiscal transfers to the country. By depriving of london of its position in europe they will greatly impoverish themselves. The resentment being built up are such that they are choosing policy at the National Level, which impoverish themselves because of resentments that a city like london creates. They are similar things in other societies. Challengess immense at the National Level and city level. I dont believe cities can escape from National Context. But they have to be aware of the National Context in which they are operating. The core element is this return of tribalism shown so clearly in the results. We have an enormous challenges to confront. Take us from there. You are a national leader. A local leader. International leader. Staying with the local and national for a moment, cities are often characterized, nonbig cities have a sense of cities having too much power and influence, too much say over what is going on. They are viewed as elitist, out of touch. Where does this perception come from . Why is it occurring . What can we do about it . Its not a healthy way in which to live. Ollects there is a tendency there is a tendency to have polarization between a large dominance and smaller cities. Let alone the role of hinterland. Is this havingng an overlay of globalization. So, that exacerbates what is often a traditional tension. Somehow it becomes bad. The fact that because of the scale of the cities, they have more political power in the legislators of federal legislatures as well. This builds up a resentment. Bighis big place, these places are seen as doing better than i am in my smaller place on the periphery, that creates antagonism. Trashalso then easy to the cities as the places where the pointy heads are. The academics. What do they know. It is where the big Media Centers are. Populism has taken on attacking the media. Some cold sure again. That can be represented as pointyheaded. The cities give space to the expression of liberal values than one finds in a hinterlands. Multiculturalism. Feminism. Lgbt writes. The political left, which may not be found in the hinterland. For all these reasons we are in a time and place where traditional periphery dividers is exacerbated. What we can do about it is a harder issue. Governance, for Political Tendencies for those we areed about populism seeing at the moment, the issue is how to run economic and social policies which are more inclusive so you dont set of these divisions. How do we become more cohesive, more inclusive in the way countries are run . We will come back to this issue of the city and the periphery can come together more and share in the benefits of openness. Staying for a moment with the city, Global Cities in particular, yours being one of them proclaim they are open to the world. Almost 40 of londons population is foreignborn. In your city it is even larger than that. They are open, but also not particularly open in some ways. They are leaving people within their own cities behind. What are the tensions playing out . Different kinds. Tensions of a sort but not the kind of tribal tensions. The challenge is you dont want them to develop into that. Canada has been fortunate in that are shared values are broadly shared across the country included in the big cities. We do have 51 of the population born outside of the country. We have somehow managed to have people feel accepted and embraced. If there is tension, it is not nationalities or faith. If i challenges in front of us that could lead to tensions, not trying to pretend we have achieved part perfection. I am probably the single greatest unifying feature in canada and the i am the largest and most disliked eddie in the country. I consider that my contribution. Tensions about inclusion versus noninclusion. If you look at the people not , they tend toated the people who have come from somewhere else. It is not because anyone is trying to salute them. We have been working hard at courses. G the language some of that is i am sure by design. Professions that dont admit it that put up barriers to entry. We are developing transition courses, Community Hubs were these people live to avoid tension arising from a lack of inclusion. We are working at things as simple as language courses. How can anybody be included if they cant speak one of our official languages . Isare working at that but it where is the challenge for us . That is where it is. Tribal roots the of tensions that exist elsewhere in the world. Refugees coming on took a in votes but we very open approach. When it was put forward by leaders including myself that we should be open, this was not a subject of any particular debate. We didnt have the same pressures that countries in europe would have. It is just the attitude and the values. We still have a challenge with inclusion. Brazil has different challenges. There is an urban rule challenge. Is in some ways affecting policy and policy making, and voting behavior. How has this manifested itself . Is there a populism that comes with that difference and the challenge of the rapid changes happening in the urban areas in brazil . It is always going to be a difference when we speak from the global north. I would like to go back a little bit in brazilian history. Crazy going through a time in politics. Two or threeike years ago the country was doing great. If you look at the past two decades, 10 years, inequality has become smaller. Things were getting better. The economy was doing well. Why would i like to go back a little . In 2013 we had lots of protests. The economy was growing. Almost no unemployment. Brazil finally had become a great country. And everyone went out on the streets and was protesting against the politicians. It was nice to have so many people protesting. Issue of always the the olympics and the world cup. End, something between the global self and the glow self and north, we face the big problem. Representative democracy. Instill choose our leaders the same way we did centuries ago. It got better. Women are voting. No more slaves. These people who have more information. People have access to politicians. Thathas become a thing when you look at cities, it can mean a big difference between a rule area and the cities. We arecall it are a to a point, we generation of people that have to go through this adaptation. Cities are the place where direct democracy can come back. People are always wanting to discuss. They did not go out into the streets of brazil to complain about the services because they were better than they were before. People were complaining about the lack of representation. In these things cities can make a big difference. Moment, im optimistic about what is going to happen. Atrywhere else, if you look latin america, if you look at south america, lots of populists. It comes from the left, it comes from the right. But by the end, this is a transition. I think cities will play a major role. I see cities, the way cities can change representative a Great Machine to change what is going on. Sweden,t to t