Done, humanity will destroy itself. Early on in the 60s, you have this backdrop of tension. You have capitalism versus communism, and it was palpable fear. In the United States and in the soviet union. That the two sides were going to get into a nuclear war. The temper of the world is crisis. Architect of the crisis, nikita khrushchev. As the head of the soviet union, khrushchev was very ideological. He believed that the future belonged to communism. He said, America Needs to be contained, and the only way to do it is to create crises all around the american empire. Khrushchev came to the u. N. In 1960, and he said, we are grinding out missiles like sausages. We will bury you. And americans took it seriously. The toughness of the khrushchev speech did as some propaganda fuels of the fire that is now raging diplomatically between moscow and washington. To see if the soviets were Building Nuclear weapons, more importantly, missiles to launch them at the United States. We were flying a spy plane over the soviet union called a u2. Im bill fox. State cable editor for the United Press International in new york. A single engine u. S. Air force plane with one man aboard went missing today not far from the soviet border in the rugged mountains of southeastern tur y turkey. To a stunned and startled audience, khrushchev announced that an american u2 spy plane had been shot down in the soviet union. Khrushchev made the wreckage a public exhibition. To the soviet union, this wreckage was a national cause. National outrage over the violation of soviet boundaries. And so, out comes the cover story. The department has been informed by the nasa, a u2 Weather Research plane piloted by a civilian has been missing since may 1. Eisenhower had said, no, that didnt happen, et cetera, et cetera. He had been drawn into a trap. By khrushchev. The soviet leader was able to show not only that they shot down the plane but they had the pilot. Francis gary powers, an ordinary man, caught up in extraordinary circumstances, and in a way magnified by them. I realize that i have committed a grave crime, and i realize that i must be punished for it. The evidence of espionage, currency presumably for the spy to buy his way to freedom. And the spys last resort, a poison needle with which he could kill himself instantly if captured and threatened with torture. No one wants another pearl harbor. This means that we must have knowledge of military forces and preparations around the world. The safety of the whole free world demands this. Our government was, in effect, admitting that we had previously lied and that we had committed espionage, admissions no nation had ever made before. How will this incident affect the United States, do you think . I feel that it will give the americans a black eye all over the earth. I think we ought to sink one of the submarines that have been spying off cape canaveral. I dont think we should admit it. We have a right to protect ourselves. The shootdown was such a big event that it basically torpedoed detente. It torpedoed the chance to have a peaceful period, and actually, it was the beginning of the scariest part of the cold war. Americas public mood was one of demoralization, and theres the feeling that we can do better. And thats when the election of 1960 comes along. Kennedy Kennedy KennedyKennedy Kennedy kennedy for me i think the question before the American People is, are we doing as much as we can do . Are we as strong as we should be . Are we as strong as we must be if were going to maintain our independence . Kennedy was a cold warrior more than eisenhower was, really. I want people in latin america and africa and asia to start to look to america. To see how were doing things, to wonder what the president of the United States is doing, and not to look at khrushchev or look to the chinese communists. The fact is that kennedy did run to the right of nixon, and he was saying that they were letting the russians get ahead of us in missiles. It frightens people. Its not true. But it frightens people, and its very effective in the campaign. I believe the soviet union is first in outer space. You yourself said to khrushchev, you may be ahead of us in rocket thrusts, but were ahead of you in Color Television. I think that Color Television is not as important as missile development. The missile gap was a total lie. We out missiled them at that time better than 100 to 1. If eisenhower came forward and said this kid is not telling the truth, it would have been a different election. Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, to assure the survival and the success of liberty. Kennedy in his inaugural speech did not have a single mention of a domestic issue. 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You cant judge a daughter by looking at the mother. You cant judge a book by looking at the cover. Taking one look. Try to read me like a book but i leave em all shook cuz you cant judge a book by its cover. You cant judge a book by looking at the cover [x2] doespeninsula trail . He you wont find that on a map. Ill take you there. Take this left. If you listen real hard you can hear the whales. Oop. You hear that . vo our Subaru Outback lets us see the world. Sometimes in ways we never imagined. avo get 0 apr financing on allnew 2018 Subaru Outback models. Now through april 2nd. If you had left new york by car at seven minutes past 1 00 this morning, by 2 55 you could have made philadelphia. 95 miles in an hour and 48 minutes. In that same time this morning, a man went around the world. The spaceship was built in russia. When the russians put yuri gagarin into space, it was another sense of america being knocked back on its heels. Were behind. Khrushchev greeted the hero saying, now let the capitalist countries try to catch up. For the russians to be the first to put a man in space dealt a real blow not only to American Pride but restarted the whole question about whether the u. S. Government could protect the American People. The gagarin spaceship weighed five tons. The biggest payload we have been able to push into orbit weighed only a few hundred pounds. If you could put a man into space, you could put Nuclear Warheads into space, and lots of them. And then were in trouble. This is norman cal in moscow. The people who work back here in the kremlin are convinced that the balance of power in the world has shifted in their favor, and encouraged by this conviction, they have stepped up their activities all over the world. Not only in berlin but also in latin america. A great jam of cameramen here now, an absolute madhouse here. The first historic meeting between premier khrushchev and premier castro is now over. My father first met fidel castro in 1960 in the United Nations. Cubans became heroes in the soviet union. It was like the david who challenged goliath. In the years since he took power, fidel castro has become an enemy of the United States. In cuba, you have fidel castro whos tying himself to the soviet bloc. Which seems to be threatening the United States by the possibility that theyre going to export communism to other south american countries which are in many instances antiamerican. Khrushchev is saying that you have to understand that cuba matters a lot to us. Dont mess with cuba. Khrushchev was not just using rhetoric. The eastern bloc was supporting castro with military assistance. Many Latin Americans were shocked to find out how much communist equipment castro actually has. The sense was that kennedy had to do something about castro. When kennedy comes to the presidency hes briefed on the fact there was a plan in place to topple castro. But the plan thats presented to him is not what he wants. Its a huge invasion on a noisy beach. Its going to look like a u. S. Invasion of cuba. So he says to the cia, we cant be associated with this. I want something that is believably cuban. This is ron oppen in miami. Im standing in one of the many anticastro recruiting places scattered throughout the city. They were into communism and we found theres something against castro, we learned where there was a recruiting center and we just approached them and joined. We had no idea it was the cia. Since 2 00 this morning, men and boys have been filing through this door behind me, anxious to join the fight in cuba against Fidel Castros government. They were mainly cuban exiles. They hated castro. They thought that they could mount a smallscale invasion which would gather more and more support until it ended up overthrowing the regime. Cuban businessmen, doctors, whitecollar workers, men who once drove taxis, always hoping the muscle of the United States would sustain them. We thought the United States being behind this operation, there was no way we were going to lose. And we were wrong. Small force of invaders landed at a semiisolated resort area on the south coast of cuba at the bay of pigs. Castro alerted his small air force and his large army and raced toward the scene. The showdown came at dawn and the rebels managed to move only 20 miles inland. And those able to move beyond the beach were trapped in swamp or high growth. Translator wrong live the revolutionary forces which are shooting down yankee planes and are smashing the invaders of the land. The castrocontrolled Television Network is parading prisoners captured on the beaches before the cameras for public interrogation. One writer called the bay of pigs the perfect failure. It was a tragedy on the beach and in washington. Out of the news of this week, the attempt of cuban exiles to reestablish a foothold in their homeland. A tactical failure that became a strategic defeat for cuban democracy and american prestige. This task of imperialistic piracy falls squarely on the government of the United States. United states has committed no aggression against cuba. And no offensive has been launched from florida or from any other part of the United States. The american role is immediately exposed. No one believes that this isnt happening with some american help. The leader of the free world has been humiliated on its own doorstep. Castro has prevailed over kennedy, at least for the moment, and it will take a long time to destroy that image. It was a calamity. Kennedy had been totally misinformed by american intelligence about the strength of the anticommunist movement. And the fact is, when these poor people arrived on the beaches in cuba, they were decimated. On the landing themselves, stewart, how large were they actually . Best indications, walter, there were about 300 men armed only with the weapons they could carry. Unmistakably clear, walter, from all the evidence available, that the cia planned this operation. It was the cia that established the revolutionary council by saying to the dissident factions, get together or else. Today in his News Conference the president acknowledged the failure and took the responsibility for it. Detailed discussions are not to conceal responsibility because im the responsible officer of the government. Victory has a hundred fathers, and defeat is an orphan. The russians, i think, see this as evidence of a young, feckless, inexperienced president. Kennedy privately goes around saying, how could i have been so stupid . Hes full of selfrecrimination. Kennedy listened to the experts, cia, military, a little bit too much and they were wrong. The lesson he learns from this is not to trust the cia. 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After the bay of pigs, kennedy was more anxious than ever to meet with khrushchev, because he knew that he had screwed up. There he is, president kennedy with mrs. Kennedy. He thought the meeting in vienna would straighten all that out. In fact, it made it much worse. Vienna was at its romantic best, almost enough it seemed to remove a bit of the chill from the cold war. It began with a Police Escort leading mr. Kennedys limousine to the soviet embassy. Nikita khrushchev was waiting also, for talks to explore such issues as berlin, nuclear testing, and disarmament. Tell us what you think about this meeting between the young president and khrushchev . Well, i think it was long overdue, because the world needs peace and the world needs disarmament. For khrushchev, it is a chance to test the new president on the subject of berlin, khrushchev is tough and blunt. Khrushchev said west berlin is a bone in my throat. And we must extract it. Berlin, of course, is divided at the end of world war ii but berlin is 110 miles inside of the east german zone. Khrushchev is threatening to force the integration and take over west berlin. And kennedy says to him, berlin is part of our western commitment out of world war ii. Dont challenge us there. After two days, the talks end. Kennedy did not do well. He allowed himself to be caught in an ideological argument with khrushchev. Hed been warned against it. He did it anyways. And khrushchev bullied him and pushed him around. Khrushchev has made the first move in the chess game. And the president knows it. As he leaves, he says, its going to be a cold winter. Kennedy thought there might be a basis for dealing with the soviets. Instead, he gets the berlin crisis. In july, 1,000 east germans escaped into west berlin every day. Now in august, theyre coming out at the rate of 2,500 a day. As a result of khrushchevs threats and demands. East germany is being bled of its besttrained people. I went to berlin to cover the bureau, and the nbc news desk in new york called in the middle of the night and said, whats this about closing off the border at the Brandenburg Gate . At 2 00 a. M. , the communist regime issued a new case. No east german could go to west berlin without special dispensation. The sound of jackhammers erupts in the night. Suddenly east German Police appear, tear up the sidewalk and street. A small crowd gathered, and the east germans were unrolling barbed wire and starting fences. They were sealing off the border. I thought, my, god, this is, you know, unbelievable. President kennedy was in hyannisport for the weekend. A telephone call from washington that sunday morning told him that the communists had finally begun to seal the berlin sector border against the east germans and east berliners. Through backyards, down canals, across streets, all along the 25mile border between east and west berlin. Telephone lines to west germany are cut. The flood of refugees is dammed up. West berlin is isolated. A communist country like east germany cannot exist with an open border. It must be able to wall its people in and make them work till communism succeeds. President kennedy decided on thursday to send johnson to berlin because mayor brant had written a letter warning that the citys rotting morale required bold and quick treatment. And the United States wants you to know that the pledge he has given to the freedom of west berlin and to t