russia, and that further escalates this when everyone is trying to de-escalate it. do you think that the sanctions, that's what they're doing right now, of course, do dees x-escal the situation, do you think they're enough to move putin and what else can be done? i hear you saying, thinking what else can be done, and you're saying a lot is already being done right now? >> yeah. there aren't many good options left. some of my colleagues at the atlantic counce it last week did a report looking at remaining options. unfort unfortunately, they're all high escalation risk, low payoff for doing so. so what is left is, we have the sanctions on, they're very severe. that may factor into russia's calculus particularly if we can find a way to lift those in a gradual way in exchange for russian concessions in ending this conflict, but i think it is going to take probably changes