He served 14 years as a judge, and later as chief judge, for the art of appeals in boston. He is known for his love of literature and architecture. His third book was published last year. It explores the work of foreign and International Law in american legal decisions. Inpoke with Justice Breyer new york city, and here is that conversation. I begin with this book called the court and the world. Backstage, and somehow this book, which is now in paperback, and you and i have talked about this, it is getting a resurgence. Justice breyer i hope so. Charlie you know it is. [laughter] charlie why is that . Is it because of our times . Charlie i think it Justice Breyer i think it is not just here, but in europe and other places of the world, there are a lot of people who see a turning inwards, not just this country, but in many places, and they are worried about that. They are worried because they see problems that face us never wire us to turn our words. Turnrnout word outwards. It might help to familiarize people with the kinds of onelems that we have in small, important institution, but what are the problems in front of us that require us to look beyond our own shores for a solution . When you see those, you think, oh, we will have to, and i think that is reassuring, because thats like someone said about economics. I am not a great economist. In economics, that which has to happen, does happen. Charlie talking about the globalization and antiglobalization movement we saw in europe, coming from beyond people of the middle east and migration, and some sense of people feeling that somehow there is a tide of history that is against them. I wouldnt think that necessarily, because when i talk to people at stanford in the audience, or berkeley, or 10 traders, or i talked to my grandsons school, i will say to them, i would like you to think i know fifthgraders go to sleep but law is one way of solving problems, trying to. You want the alternative . Turn on the television set, and you will see what happens in countries that have other methods. A wave ofut there is populism feeding on this sense of somehow the forces of globalization have affected their future, their economic and security, and the way they live. We saw it in the brexit vote. We see it in some of the discussions in america. We see it in political choices being made in europe. Areice breyer if you interested enough in the court and will take the time to read a few pages, you will see a long period of time when the was where you have needs for security, you have security, president , congress, got to keep a secure. The ones with the authority under the constitution, but we have the authority with respect to civil rights. What happens when we clash . Years,ere hundreds of perhaps thousands, when the key to what the court should do nothing. Said when the cannons fall silent. S actually, he did not say that. Someone wanted out to me that the romans did not have cannons. [laughter] Justice Breyer that ruined the whole thing, but nonetheless, you get the point. Now, go back and look. This is a long wind up in a short pitch. Adam is our hero, a great man. Charlie john adams . Justice breyer john adams put people in prison for what they say. Abraham lincoln put 18,000 people in prison. Charlie he won an award. Justice breyer correct. But they were not soldiers. You had wilson, woodrow wilson, continuously stopping what people said, and you had report to you had world war ii, 70,000 citizens of japanese origin put in camps. Charlie so what is your point . [laughter] Justice Breyer why does he want to know the point . Such an interesting story. The point is that in guantanamo, the court turned. Sandrasaid oconnor the constitution does not write a blank check to the president , not even in time of war. Four detainees won the four cases, and it resident lost. Thats the point. The point is what is in your mind right now. What is the question in your mind when i say that . If it does not write a blank check, what does it right . That will be our job. Terrorism is international. Countries all over the world are democracies too so we are to be influenced by all information Justice Breyer not be influenced, but at least have information. Charlie Justice Scalia differed with you on this. He said so to me. Justice breyer the cases that he was most likely to say that in our cases that involved the. Eath penalty, gay rights we were on opposite sides. My wife was a good clinical psychologist. You are angry at a, you blame b. You might not have liked the result in those cases. Who do you blame . International law. What does that have to do with it . That is b getting blamed for a. I feel a lot of criticism comes out of that, but that is pop psychology. Who wrote the opinions which paid tremendous attention to briefs filed by lawyers all over the world, cases where there is a plaintiff in uruguay, a defendant in holland, and antitrust case . Weve got to decide how american law applies, or how does american law applies Securities Law when you have a plaintiff in australia is myte the opinion, point. I joined his opinion. He certainly looked to or law. To show here is that there are many cases in many different fields. You cant avoid it. If you are going to decide that case correctly, i am going to give you casebycase. You have to look beyond. Charlie i want to come back to your opinion. Is the best opinion you ever or a a dissenting opinion majority opinion or a concurring opinion . Justice breyer i dont think thats up for me to say. I would say i am not necessarily i dont know. I have written some majorities that i was very pleased with. One was a case involving a student from thailand who goes discovers thed he same textbooks in bangkok half the price. Says to his parents, send me a few. They sent more than a few. He began to sell them. The publishers got into it. Can he do it or not . Lawsuit in our court. In a fewer lies obscure words in the statute that no one can really understand. We received briefs from all over the world. I ended up writing the opinion. I felt i need to know what goes on in different parts of the world. The student won, but thats not the point. The point is to do a decent job in that case. Charlie you have to know. Justice breyer you have to know what goes on elsewhere. Dissent is probably in the affirmative action case. I wrote the affirmativeaction case. I believe that affirmative action is constitutional. I was in dissent. I felt strongly about it, and i spent considerable time trying to show the constitution does not prohibit affirmative action, positive discrimination. Charlie let me ask you this. , did yourer, ever wife ever, ever think your name would be in the same sentence with Kim Kardashian . [laughter] Justice Breyer this comes about through teaching. , what youre teaching do is you want to get an example that the class is going to remember. Sometimes when i am asking a question not everyone thinks this way, thank goodness pretty stream of consciousness. I have a question i want to ask, i am really curious. I want a lawyer to focus on it. Into the habit of using examples that are perhaps overly done. Charlie please explain what you did. Justice breyer i dont want to discuss an ongoing case. [laughter] Justice Breyer i have said a lot worse things than that, and its because i want an illustrative point. I dont want to watch every two seconds what i am saying, but i want a lawyer to guess the point that i am making so i get an answer out of that lawyer. Interestingly enough, and unsurprisingly, in an oral toument, lawyers are trying win their cases for their clients. But from our point of view, and it sometimes happens, more often than you would think, the lawyers are there to help us. We are not saying he was the best lawyer. We are not saying who is the best client. The problem is interpreting some words in the constitution or in a statute and having an interpretation that will work well and be consistent with the law. 319ill be the law for million or 320 Million People who are not in that courtroom. Sometimes in an oral argument, people sort of day going, and the lawyers say, what do you know about this bankruptcy case . Tell me what will happen if you do that. A conversationt going. When you get a conversation going in a courtroom, you can make a lot of progress. And much of what we do is to try to get that situation going. Before an oral argument, you study the briefs. You think about the questions coming out of the briefs. Does an oral argument have significance in where you end up . Jonah yes, Justice Breyer yes, i think it does. He put it the way i would put it does it affect the way you think about the case . If you are looking for an absolute switch from x to not x, that happens to have often. Too often. If you are looking at how you think about the case, what are the words going to be, what is the main point, and which points to you deal with and which points are not that significant . That makes a huge difference to the law. The oral argument affects that quite a lot. After 22 years, how have you changed in terms of how you see your role and how you see the constitution, and how see the first three or four years, david souter said this. Say,id what im about to which is that you are sort of frightened. You are worried. How do i know . Where can people go if i am wrong. You are worried you are going to make a mistake. I thought i could do this, but how do i know i can . Think, ford, you better or for worse, here i am, and the most i can do is my best. Which iid also said, think is absolutely right, you are always on duty. So be careful. I screwed up the line, i think, but be careful, because you are always on duty. You think, the most i can do is my best, and i think all of us, every one of us has tried to do his or her best. You are putting out. And as you get older, that becomes a privilege more and more. You have a job where you can go in every day, and you just have to do your best. Over time, well, i have seen these cases before. The careful, you have not really. They are not quite the same as what you saw before. Time, this goes back to the question that you wrote, that you said what is the best opinion . What is the worst opinion . It is not a contest. Its not a game. Can, and itest you is going to be up to other people sometime in the future to you tookher the views of the constitution or the views that you took of statutes, or the way you approach the case, whether that was the best way to do it. You talk about Justice Scalia. Indeed, one of the best discussions i had with him to placed in front of 2000 students in lubbock, texas. They probably had not seen a Supreme Court justice. We went on for about an hour, and we tried to describe what we did. We tried to explain we do have different points of view to some degree, not as much as people think, but to some degree. I went away thinking and he it is not so important whether they agree more with him. He is afraid i would be too subjective, and i would tend to some to i would tend to substitute what i think is good for what the law requires. I would think, i try not to do that, but more importantly i would say, you have a method i think is too rigid. In a rude way, but he knows thats what i mean. The constitution will work as well for the people who have to live under it now. And we talked about that. Whether they agreed with me more than him, i think the 2000 students felt left feeling better about the institution. Friends. We were they saw we proceed on the basis of reason and argument and thought, and try to understand each others point of view. Its not so terrible in this country that people have different points of view on the Supreme Court. Its a big country. Charlie did the justices of the ,upreme court agree much more ruling 90 more often than we imagine . Lets say you agree 70 of the time Justice Breyer 50 we are unanimous. Of the time, the nine justices agree. Justice breyer yes. And 54 is about 20 . And it is not always the same five and same what tro same four. Is our biggest problem. People think we are Junior League politicians. We are Junior League politicians, thats what we think. Charlie amateur politicians. Justice breyer i would say Junior League, because [laughter] Justice Breyer look, you know who tried to be a politician is roger cheney. Perhaps bythat reaching a decision saying a ck person was not a person unbelievable but he thought he would help prevent the civil war. If anything, he helped bring about the civil war, because Benjamin Curtis wrote a great dissent showing i think at the time his decision was wrote a great decision showing i think at that time, his decision was wrong. Abraham lincoln picked it up. He read the decision and said it was a shocker, and used the dissent in his beach his speech at cooper union, which propelled him to the head of the republican party, and help get him the nomination. He was really an abolitionist at heart. And the civil war followed. It was not justice cheneys idea. He was wrong. Justices are not politicians. They are not even Junior League, and i can explain that later if you wish. [laughter] charlie i do. But i just talked last week in the chambers at the Supreme Court to Justice Ruth Bader ginsburg. Me that she would like to see more of a conversation between the court and the congress. Justice breyer it is hard to get a conversation going. Charlie but you understand what she means . Justice breyer absolutely, because sometimes you can find thing in a statute charlie or had them think about in a dissent, which she had been thehe complexion of congress had changed, but the law had changed because of what she pointed out in a dissent because there was a dialogue. I think that isreyer good, but it is not easy to bring about. I worked in congress for a wild. Charlie the Judiciary Committee with ted kennedy . Justice breyer yes. I would guess they are on different time frames. We take things slowly. We are not elected. The virtue of having nine hamiltonople says this in federalist 78 they can take the time to think. They are not particularly powerful. , and maybe that is basically true, comparatively speaking. Time,er a period of weeks, months. Member of congress, you dont have a second. There is a constituent in front of you, on the phone, emailing you, or telling you something, and that constituent is very surprised if you cant remember his or her name and every single thing he or she has is a problem and have not done anything about. After all, you received the email yesterday, why have you not acted now . Job. A very hard and the time frame is different. The court used to have its offices in congress. But when they built this beautiful palace, he said, i. Ont really want to move no one will have heard of us again. That turned out not to be quite so right. Members ofd talk to Congress Daily over lunch, and he liked that. Granddaughter said, i dont want to move. It will go to their heads. He was right about that. Its something absolutely aspirational. It would work much better if people try different methods of bringing it about. Pointing out that it is harder to bring about than you think, but a very good idea. Charlie are there any that youes or skills wish you had as a justice of the Supreme Court . Number one,er youd like to be able to know all the relevant things that have tremendous experience and Different Things that you dont have so you can understand. Thats like Thurgood Marshall saying that. He said that he had, which was correct, experience that the others did not have. And it was valuable having been on the court. It is valuable having a right having a wide range of experience. And i would like to be able to write better than i can. I did not want to discourage people. Review in theok i. A. Times of a book that wrote on economic regulation. I am surprised you all are not very familiar. [laughter] Justice Breyer but the reviewer, i dont know how it got into his hands. He said in alice in wonderland, the dormouse begins to read from the history of england. Why are you reading that, says alice. Wet,se the dormouse were and this was the driest thing i know. [laughter] but you also said about Justice Scalia, you said he suffered from a good writers disease. Justice breyer i have said that. You have to be careful of that. In anb of a judge Appellate Court is, in an opinion, to explain the reasons why he or she reached this opinion. Think that calls r requires what you might be able to do in terms of great phrasing. If you can do that, it can be an advantage. When nina and i and i miss nina, i do we would appear say,her, and someone would why do you insult all your colleagues . Tell you why. He suffers from good writers disease. A good comedian. A good writer is like a good comedian. If a comedian has a good joke, he will not give it up. You find the felicitous phrase, and you are going to use it. And he is going to use it because of the way it sounds, and we all know that. And if it is aimed at us, we dont take it personally. Charlie there may be an opportunity for the republicans to control the senate will still be in control after january 20, to vote on judge garland. Question, what is the impact of 44 . Not 54, but 44. Justice breyer we hear 75 to 80 cases. Is 44, that just means the case was never heard. Thats myxactly, point. It goes back to the court of appeals, and in the majority opinion prevails. Justice breyer you want to know the impact. There were four cases. 72,that was out of about 73, Something Like that. I would say two of the cases would be written about in the newspaper in bright letters, and two would not have been. Have beennd two might decided differently if it were 54 . Then it would not be 44. [laughter] charlie but my point is, knowing those cases, if there if it had been 54, it might have gone against whatever the opinion was in the court of appeals. Justice breyer it might have or it might not have. Charlie but you know. I bet you could predict. Justice breyer what you want me say, i a what he does suspect, is does the personality of a judge make a difference. I think it does to some degree. It depends on the case. Judges, just about when they have asked thisppose i question what do you think is that a combination of things that have given you what might essentialred your judicial outlook . Was a your education . Was it the environment of growing up . Was it some combination of this . How did you end up where you are . Justice breyer that is a very good question, and i think it is the crucial question, because when you look at the 54 cases, you are not going to explain them on the basis of politics. You a republican, democrat . No. Or is it really ideology . Are you a marxist, l eninist, troublemaker, or adam smith Free Enterprise or . No. It is, perhaps, liberty and the 14th amendment. The freedom of speech. Words that dont explain themselves in difficult cases. Do i think it makes a difference that i want to Level High School in San Francisco, that i grew up in the 1950s . That i was at stanford . And of course, that eventually, at a very abstract level, creates views that you have about your profession, about the country, about what america is like. What is law about as it applies . Not write that down in 500 words. But nonetheless, every person at by hisin age is shaped background and experiences, and has these sort of general views about his profession, and i think that explains a lot. When i went down there, i lived in San Francisco for many years. I had seen a lot of disagreement, but not quite as much as i had seen in some of the cases. At first, i thought it is not awful. Withdont have to agree me. After a while, i began to think more maturely that it is a big country, there are 320 Million People. They think a lot of Different Things, and it is not such a terrible thing if, on the Supreme Court, there are people who have somewhat different jurist credential outlooks. Scalia probably mikes rules more than i do. Morals morelikes than i do. If im using clarity to get a clear rule, i probably have a view that life is a mess. You will probably find a lot of differences between us, just as you said how far do we go . How brought a role do you want rule do youd a want . I am am just giving you examples of how basic outlooks about the constitution apply today to people who might live under it. Those are the differences. It is not politics. I assume you went to see hamilton. Justice breyer i thought it was great. My wife, we got tickets. That is an amazing admission, because i have to add that we got tickets before was so well known. Theater,at the public or before it when broadway . Justice breyer we saw it here, but it was not quite the price it is at the moment. [laughter] Justice Breyer but it was great. Charlie great because it was simply a wellcrafted musical, or great because Justice Breyer on every score. Would you believe that i would go to this musical with rap music . It seems a little young for me. , andhen, i go there hamilton is a great biography, but much of the cast is minority. They are africanamerican. Do you think it will be slightly politically correct . No, it is not. And what you see is not necessarily the constitution at that moment. There were slaves. Women did not vote. There, astential was this document would be applied to the country, and hamilton saw that. And probably many of the founders did. It was an experiment. It was an experiment that later had its failures, and it later had successes. To live with that experiment and to realize you are still part of it, as everyone is, and to see where they are coming from, and see where the potential is, and of course, in addition to all of that, it was just terrific entertainment. How can you miss it . Charlie where would you be on the conflict between jefferson and hamilton . Justice breyer historians at the moment tend to favor hamilton. Charlie of course they do. [laughter] Justice Breyer and when jefferson came i mean, we are creatures of the historians. It was very funny, the jefferson character. Georgeond funniest was iii. Charlie thats true. I probably, from what i have read, would be more of the hamilton side. Charlie you have often talked of your admiration for books. Justice breyer i think i talked about it to a french interviewer. Charlie what books have influenced you . Justice breyer if a high school or College Student asked me if i could read one book, what what i read . Education. I think it is a terrific book. He lived from 1838 into the 19th century. He lived at a time where maybe people bought the country would be an aristocracy, and there would be elections, and the people would rule, but not too much. Periodlived through a where he looked at the presidency and congress. Converts re about there were cartoons about congress, the big my bags, the big money bags. Ride people. Not he lived through a lot. He goes, my goodness. And the south in the civil war, they were a bunch of ruffians. He says they have these slaves. Look at his reactions, they are very interesting. Finally, he says this is just terrible. I go to the white house, oh my god, my goodness, look at congress. They had these they are just on the payroll, oh my goodness. And then he says yes, right. So what do you suggest . , andys, we have democracy i will just have to work because there is not an alternative. And then he turns to other people and says we have to make this work. It is not overall philosophy, but i agree with that. It is the description of the year after year after year, and you come away feeling, yes, this incredible country, and we are making it work somehow. Why not . Charlie frequently in this political debate, people will end, here is the aason that we have to vote republican or b democrat, because the next president of the United States will be able to have a dramatic influence on the Supreme Court, and that is what will have influence over decades. The people ir know who are very much in politics, not the politicians, used to say i dont know if it is still true that it does not really have much influence. That the people who feel strongly about the Supreme Court knowhow they are going to vote. And they would vote that way anyway. So you carry your constitution . Justice breyer no, thats not the point. The point is, when i get that kind of question, which i do quite often from college and high school students, i say i want to tell you something, and this is what i feel more strongly than what you brought up. But i would say, i cant tell how to lead your life area leave your life. Lead your life. I hope you have a job that is satisfying to you, and i also hope that you will participate in public life. That might be on the school board, it might be on a park commission. It can be anything. Just go out and vote. Persuade somebody else. Why . Not because i am trying to tell you what to do. I have raised children who do the opposite. This document, i can tell you ,his if you dont do that this document wont work. It is not the Supreme Court that tells people what to do. This document sets boundaries. We are in a sense a boundary commission. I used to listen to Sergeant Preston of the yukon. He was in the boundary. It was cold, it was freezing. Sometimes those boundary questions are very tough. Is abortion in or out . Will prayer, in or out . Dont make the mistake of confusing a tough question that the fact of with what the documents are like, because the documents leave vast space in between the boundaries for people themselves, through the ballot box, to decide what city, state, or nation they want. Thats what this first sees, and if you do not purchase a paid, thats what this foresees, and if you do not participate, it will not work. It was said at a funeral oration in athens, what do we say in athens of a man who does not participate in public life . We do not say he is a man who minds his own business. We say he is a man who has no business here. Tough, tough. Thats what this is talking about. And thats what i want them to do. If you want soapbox, teach the children civics. Teach them about the government. [applause] charlie have you changed your years, where if you had another go you would be wiser . Justice breyer i can think of a couple. But normally we dont look back. Sandra oconnor told me this. Sandra said that there are two unwritten rules of the court. Conference nobody hasks twice until everybody spoken once. That is important for a small group. The second, tomorrow is another day. You and i were the greatest of allies on case one. Case three comes along, we are at odds. The fact that you were with me on case one is irrelevant, unless it is legally relevant, but i mean, its irrelevant to whether we are allies on case three. What that means is we are a court. We decide. Thats the job. Decide the case. Do your best in that case. Absolutely. But eventually, you have to decide and then move on. There will be plenty of people around in the next case or the one after that to tell you all the mistakes you made, and try to do better next time. Tony kennedy said it is more like an express train then you think. , you decide, pay attention, read the briefs, listen to the argument. Charlie would you rather be a swing justice or a chief justice . What i rather be the swing justice or the chief justice. I mean, it sounds phony, but it is true. I have enough to do. [laughter] Justice Breyer i get the case, do as well as i can, and then on to the next one. Charlie what does the Second Amendment mean to you . Justice breyer i can say what the court ok, i will say the opinion i wrote. But that is what it meant. Charlie what it meant to you. Tell me that. I cannot iter meant this. Being regulated militia necessary for a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms should not be infringed. What did i think it meant, when john stevens brought it thought it meant, what ruth bader in spurt and others thought it meant . In article one of the constitution, it is repeater Ginsburg Ruth Bader Ginsburg and others thought it meant . In article one of the constitution, it gives the right to call up state militias. , ife is a lot of concern you read the federalist papers, there is a lot of concern and fear that Congress Might do that and this band then. Disband them and replace the state militias after they disbanded them with the federal army. No on thevote constitution, because if they can do that, within the federal government destroys your freedom. Madison, and i paraphrase, never fear. We will put in the constitution and amendment says congress cant do that. It cant call up and disband the state militias. Why . Militia isell armed necessary for the security of a free state, i. E. A state militia , and therefore the right to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. In other words, they are talking about that. Thats what i thought they were talking about, which is not the aght of an individual to keep to his bed. Ok . Bed. Ep a gun next to his ok . [applause] charlie what will scalias legacy be . I think he took the job very seriously, and i think that is a plus. Here, you have to remember that you get some words on a piece of paper, what do they mean, how do they apply . All judges use the same basic tools. You read the words. What do they say . It says caret, you cannot rot, you cannot say it means fish. And tradition counts. There is a long tradition behind habeas corpus. And president counts. Someone may precedent counts. Someone may have decided something similar before. And purpose counts. Someone wrote those words. What do they have in mind . And consequences count, mainly consequences related to the purpose. If you decide this way, are you furthering the purpose or not . Where justices really differ, Justice Scalia and me, is he thinks these 34 things are the whole story or almost, because he does not really think of the whole. Text, history, tradition, precedent. Arey, yes, of course they relevant, but they often dont answer all the questions, so i put more weight on purpose and consequences. Related to purpose. Degree, ander of i think he has pulled people too far from just using the last two. You cannot say a carrot means a fish for my does not, and dont go near that. I think he is right about that. There are some things you cannot do because the text just doesnt say it, or it says the opposite, and you have to be loyal to that. Where i disagreed with him is i think he put too much weight on that, but he thinks i put too little weight on it. He will say, you will say, what will history say of that . We had better ask the historians, particularly those who have not yet been born. Charlie here is a word that is used with you, pragmatist. Justice breyer people do say that, and it is not pragmatism in the sense that you should do whatever is good. It is not that. William james was a pragmatist in the sense that you are you dont with know it all, just a little bit but the whole body of law, and the decision you make in this case is going to feed into that. And it is not going to be the whole story, because there are vast rules, rules about treating precedent, there approaches, their standards, their law firms, their judges, their citizens. Structure,e kind of and ideally when you make this new interpretation, things as i whole will work a little better, rather than a little worse. Least in this area that you are dealing with. That is a guide, and in that sense, i guess i am recommended, because i want to know how it is going to work, and is it going to further this goal or not . And if the goal of due process of law is fairness, is it going to end up treating people more fairly or less fairly . Charlie do you find yourself occasionally looking at something in which you say, the way the actor, which led to an issue coming to the Supreme Court, where it is a resident or it is in the interest of something good because i know they have good intentions, and wanted to achieve a noble goal . And maybe even a goal that i agree with. This personwe allow to do it, someone might come along next time, a different resident or person president or person, and use that right in an evil way. And in the Supreme Court, we got to put boundaries on that kind of thing. Justice breyer of course. , under roosevelt, to the administrative procedures act. I am sure he had very good , and the mind secretary of the interior had very good things in mind. Theyhe Supreme Court found could not even find a world he was following because nobody had written it down. The result of that was, of course, even if he had one the best thing in the world, you have to write it down or it is not a law. And a statute was passed saying just that. That is one of many important points. If it is not public, it is not a law. There have been many people in history who have had wonderful intentions, but whatever their intentions i mean, i dont think ken jeongs intentions jongsaid kim intentions were so good, but if they were good, he should not have put people in prison. His intentions, whether good or bad, would still be subject to those few words, according to law. Charlie and mike that apply to what Abraham Lincoln did during the civil war, in terms of how he used Justice Breyer thats how we have changed. Abraham lincolns secretary of state called in the british ambassador. See that bill, he said. Push that bill and have any person i want to new york to run into prison. If i push it twice, i can have any person i want in indiana thrown into prison. Tell me, he said, does the queen of england have such power reactor such power . And the court that involved after the war was over, after it was over. He said he had gone tina far tina far. Too far. But look where that leads us. That attitude. Black said this to the conference according to frank fr someone has to run rankfurter, someone has to run this war, roosevelt or us, and we cant, so it had better be roosevelt. The consequence . Several thousand citizens of japanese origin thrown into internment camps for no reason. Details, yout the will see there is no reason whatsoever. Donny im donny deutsch. John im john heilemann. With all due respect to Hillary Clinton and donald trump, if shawn and megan can be friends, why cant you . John Hurricane Matthew watch continues. The storm has stayed far enough offshore of Central Florida but it is not over yet. The city of jacksonville and areas in georgia and South Carolina are on high alert. We will track that throughout the show. Meanwhile, just 48 hours before the second presideia
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