that the admission of ukraine to nato — the north atlantic treaty organisation , could trigger world war three. meanwhile, turkey has been trying to act as a mediator in this war. buy does all of this lead the people of ukraine? could p still prevail miss with me in the studio is our security correspondent frank gardner, and orysia lutsevych, head of the ukraine forum at chatham house. and we'e are also delighted to welcome professor kata ryna wolczuk, from the university of birmingham's centre for russian, european and eurasian studies, drjustin bronk is a senior research fellow at the london based military think—tank rusi, he is an expert in airpower and technology, and from the bbc�*s russia service olga ivshina. we'll be hearing from each of our special panel in a few minutes, but first frank is going to set the tone for this discussion by reminding us of the key recent developments and statements — and what they might tell us about the risks of escalation. the war in ukraine is intensifying. after almost eight months of hard fighting and as winter fast approaches, the map of ukraine has changed several times. at the moment, though, russia still has a vast swathes of territory highlighted here in red along the southern and eastern regions of the country. but as we know, ukrainian forces have been carrying out highly successful counter offences, making gains beyond anyone�*s predictions. now, there's no sign of either of these two leaders, ukraine's president, volodymyr zelensky, and russia's president vladimir putin backing down. if anything, there's a risk this war could escalate both within and beyond ukraine's borders. this was the head of nato this week. russia is mobilizing tens of thousands of new troops. they are trying to illegally annex new ukrainian lands and we have seen the indiscriminate air strikes against ukrainian cities. and then, of course, we also have heard the veiled nuclear threats coming from moscow. all of this makes this the most serious escalation since february. well, the recent trigger for this escalation was the mysterious blast on russia's kerch bridge. that's the bridge that connects it to occupied crimea. that bridge was a personal project for putin. he called the explosion ukrainian terrorism. translation: if any - more attempts are made to carry out terrorist attacks on our territory, russia's response will be harsh and will be equal to the threat posed to the russian federation. nobody should have any doubts about that. clearly angry, he said that a red line had been crossed. russia's retaliation came in the form of dozens of deadly missile strikes on cities all over ukraine. the targets were mostly civilians and critical infrastructure. the aim to terrorise the population. the west called it a war crime. putin is very much in a corner at this point. russia has had to escalate this far into the conflict. again, the missile strikes part of that. so this is now an attempt really to go all in by russia to try and overrule ukraine through this escalation strategy. so keep escalating, use more violence in your opponents, keep threatening and hope your opponent backs down. of course, the problem here is actually that just encouraging ukrainian resistance and western resistance, what's perceived to be bullying. there is also, though, a deeper desire for revenge by russia that goes beyond just the crimea bridge because putin's forces have been losing ground on the battlefield. ukraine's troops are better led, betterfed and better motivated. plus, they're getting a lot of help from nato, including precision weapons like the high mars artillery system. but and there is a but here, the more success that ukraine has on the battlefield, the more president putin reminds the world he's got a lot of nuclear weapons. he wants the west to abandon ukraine. and he keeps hinting at retaliation if it doesn't. this is still really classic nuclear deterrence signalling as it is operated between the west and russia and former soviet union since the 19505. so it's correct to take it seriously, as western governments have done, because not to do so would invite further escalation from president putin to get our attention. but it is equally important not to overreact. inside the kremlin, president putin is really a victim of his own policies. his invasion of ukraine has turned out to be an all round disaster. russia isn't winning, and hard liners in moscow are calling for him to escalate the fight against the west. so is there any way to make him back down and pull out of ukraine? well, i think the answer to that is that we cannot persuade him to back down. i don't think that's the way ahead. i don't think there's a strategy there that can be successful. i know biden said that we're looking for the ramp off and so on. well, and i think sanna marin nailed it when she said the ramp up is for ukraine, for russia to leave ukraine. we will not be able to do that for him. and that the reason because of that is that this is an existential war for putin. it's not a war of choice as we see it. it's an existential war for him. it's a war between russia and the west. so what about that nuclear option that putin keeps referring to? i think we probably need to draw a clear distinction here between the sort of massive end of day strategic missiles that would wipe out a city like the ones detonated over hiroshima and nagasaki. no one's talking about using those. and on the other hand, small so—called tactical nukes that russia could deploy on the battlefield using a system like this. but even one of those could cause as much destruction as the blast in 2020 that obliterated beirut�*s port. and then there's also ukraine's nuclear power plant that russian forces have illegally seized. there remains the risk that if that was blown up, it could potentially send a radioactive cloud across much of europe. military experts worry that putin could try something like that or escalate with a tactical nuke. but the risk of a full scale nuclear war is still thought to be relatively small. i don't think that we're going to see global nuclear war. there are too many checks and balances in place in the kremlin, in london and in washington. putin cannot fire strategic nuclear weapons at a whim. well, that's little consolation to the millions of ukrainians bombed out of their homes, to those who've lost loved ones, and to a country that's being punished for resisting an unwanted invasion. let's talk to olga ivshina from our russia service. nato and the g7 countries have been meeting and restating commitment to ukraine, both in resolve and with military hardware. meanwhile vladimir putin is expected to meet president erdogan of turkey. any indications that he wants to negotiate? he any indications that he wants to negotiate?— any indications that he wants to neuotiate? , to negotiate? he is in the mood to negotiate? he is in the mood to negotiate _ to negotiate? he is in the mood to negotiate but _ to negotiate? he is in the mood to negotiate but it _ to negotiate? he is in the mood to negotiate but it seems - to negotiate? he is in the mood to negotiate but it seems that l to negotiate but it seems that at the moment he is only eager to negotiate on his terms. so is always the worst in ukraine are eager to accept that crimea is now crimea and those newly occupied territories are now part of russia, he will be happy to discuss that. of course this is unacceptable at least for ukraine and probably for the worst as well. that is the trouble, if you remember there were negotiations very early on in this war in march. there was a possibility of a deal, as far as we know from kremlin, whatever was reached during the negotiations was just crossed out by mr putin. he back and wanted a different solution. once again he is ready for talks but he is not ready for talks but he is not ready for talks but he is not ready for renegotiations. you have been — ready for renegotiations. you have been speaking to people in ukraine, any appetite that the negotiations?— ukraine, any appetite that the neuotiations? ., ., ., , ., negotiations? negotiations mean its territorial _ negotiations? negotiations mean its territorial integrity _ negotiations? negotiations mean its territorial integrity of - its territorial integrity of ukraine. in ukraine i was in septemberandl ukraine. in ukraine i was in septemberand i was ukraine. in ukraine i was in september and i was on the phone — september and i was on the phone this week after these horrific_ phone this week after these horrific blasts. people's anger turns— horrific blasts. people's anger turns into _ horrific blasts. people's anger turns into actions which is a very— turns into actions which is a very healthy transformation of an emotion and we have seen in the first— an emotion and we have seen in the first day after this bias in the _ the first day after this bias in the centre of kyiv, £5 million _ in the centre of kyiv, £5 million raised for drones for example _ million raised for drones for example. there is no way in ukraine— example. there is no way in ukraine if— example. there is no way in ukraine if putin comes that he can have — ukraine if putin comes that he can have the worst give up on ukraine, _ can have the worst give up on ukraine, but ukraine cannot give — ukraine, but ukraine cannot give up— ukraine, but ukraine cannot give up on itself. so ukraine, but ukraine cannot give up on itself.— give up on itself. so this is no way dented _ give up on itself. so this is no way dented morale - give up on itself. so this is| no way dented morale what give up on itself. so this is - no way dented morale what they are going through? it no way dented morale what they are going through?— are going through? it actually creates the _ are going through? it actually creates the opposite, - are going through? it actually creates the opposite, a - are going through? it actually creates the opposite, a bit. creates the opposite, a bit like — creates the opposite, a bit like us— creates the opposite, a bit like us bombarding you vietnam people _ like us bombarding you vietnam people were not willing to give up. ukraine is doing the same. can i_ up. ukraine is doing the same. can i ask— up. ukraine is doing the same. can i ask about the bombardments when when we see children's playground is child ren's playground is targeted. children's playground is targeted. we have a new general in charge of russian military, is he responsible for this do you think? he is he responsible for this do you think?— you think? he is known for bein: you think? he is known for being cruel— you think? he is known for being cruel but _ you think? he is known for being cruel but it - you think? he is known for being cruel but it is - you think? he is known for| being cruel but it is unlikely that— being cruel but it is unlikely that he _ being cruel but it is unlikely that he was— being cruel but it is unlikely that he was in— being cruel but it is unlikely that he was in charge - being cruel but it is unlikely that he was in charge of- being cruel but it is unlikely. that he was in charge of this. because _ that he was in charge of this. because this _ that he was in charge of this. because this egg _ that he was in charge of this. because this egg strike - that he was in charge of this. because this egg strike that. because this egg strike that ukraine _ because this egg strike that ukraine is— because this egg strike that ukraine is experienced - because this egg strike that ukraine is experienced on. ukraine is experienced on monday— ukraine is experienced on monday must— ukraine is experienced on monday must have - ukraine is experienced on monday must have been. ukraine is experienced on- monday must have been planned for at _ monday must have been planned for at least — monday must have been planned for at least a _ monday must have been planned for at least a week— monday must have been planned for at least a week or _ monday must have been planned for at least a week or two - for at least a week or two weeks _ for at least a week or two weeks 50— for at least a week or two weeks. so he _ for at least a week or two weeks. so he was- for at least a week or two| weeks. so he was brought for at least a week or two i weeks. so he was brought in for at least a week or two - weeks. so he was brought in to change — weeks. so he was brought in to change the _ weeks. so he was brought in to change the russian _ weeks. so he was brought into change the russian military- weeks. so he was brought in toj change the russian military but it seems— change the russian military but it seems that _ change the russian military but it seems that it _ change the russian military but it seems that it was _ change the russian military but it seems that it was putin - it seems that it was putin who are still— it seems that it was putin who are still in— it seems that it was putin who are still in charge _ it seems that it was putin who are still in charge and - it seems that it was putin who are still in charge and the - are still in charge and the decision— are still in charge and the decision to _ are still in charge and the decision to bomb - are still in charge and the decision to bomb ukrainej are still in charge and the . decision to bomb ukraine in this— decision to bomb ukraine in this way— decision to bomb ukraine in this way was— decision to bomb ukraine in this way was made - decision to bomb ukraine in this way was made in - decision to bomb ukraine in this way was made in the i this way was made in the kremlin _ this way was made in the kremlin-— this way was made in the kremlin. ~ , ., kremlin. will remind us what that general _ kremlin. will remind us what that general did _ kremlin. will remind us what that general did to _ kremlin. will remind us what that general did to syria. - kremlin. will remind us what that general did to syria. he | that general did to syria. he is known _ that general did to syria. he is known for _ that general did to syria. he is known for being cruel for already— is known for being cruel for already from _ is known for being cruel for already from the _ is known for being cruel for already from the 1991, - is known for being cruel for| already from the 1991, when is known for being cruel for- already from the 1991, when he drove _ already from the 1991, when he drove his— already from the 1991, when he drove his unit _ already from the 1991, when he drove his unit through - already from the 1991, when he drove his unit through a - drove his unit through a barricade _ drove his unit through a barricade of— drove his unit through a - barricade of pro—democracy protesters _ barricade of pro—democracy protesters in _ barricade of pro—democracy protesters in august - barricade of pro—democracy protesters in august 1991. barricade of pro—democracy protesters in august 1991 in moscow _ protesters in august 1991 in moscow. several— protesters in august 1991 in moscow. several people . protesters in august 1991 in . moscow. several people were killed — moscow. several people were killed and _ moscow. several people were killed and one _ moscow. several people were killed and one of— moscow. several people were killed and one of them - moscow. several people were killed and one of them was i killed and one of them was crushed _ killed and one of them was crushed. then— killed and one of them was crushed. then he - killed and one of them was crushed. then he thought. killed and one of them was . crushed. then he thought the war, _ crushed. then he thought the war. known— crushed. then he thought the war, known for— crushed. then he thought the war, known for its _ crushed. then he thought the war, known for its brutality. crushed. then he thought the war, known for its brutality inj war, known for its brutality in syria — war, known for its brutality in syria in _ war, known for its brutality in syria. in syria _ war, known for its brutality in syria. in syria he _ war, known for its brutality in syria. in syria he was - war, known for its brutality in syria. in syria he was in - syria. in syria he was in command _ syria. in syria he was in command and - syria. in syria he was in command and his - syria. in syria he was in i command and his strategy involved _ command and his strategy involved air— command and his strategy involved airand _ command and his strategy involved air and ground i command and his strategy - involved air and ground attacks on civilian _ involved air and ground attacks on civilian objects _ involved air and ground attacks on civilian objects and - on civilian objects and infrastructure. - on civilian objects and infrastructure. so - on civilian objects and infrastructure. so we i on civilian objects and i infrastructure. so we are on civilian objects and - infrastructure. so we are more likely— infrastructure. so we are more likely to — infrastructure. so we are more likely to see _ infrastructure. so we are more likely to see more _ infrastructure. so we are more likely to see more of— infrastructure. so we are more likely to see more of this - infrastructure. so we are more likely to see more of this and i likely to see more of this and the playbook— likely to see more of this and the playbook being _ likely to see more of this and the playbook being used - likely to see more of this and the playbook being used in l the playbook being used in ukraine _ the playbook being used in ukraine at— the playbook being used in ukraine at the _ the playbook being used in ukraine at the moment. i the playbook being used in| ukraine at the moment. so the playbook being used in - ukraine at the moment. so being butchered, — ukraine at the moment. so being butchered, having _ ukraine at the moment. so being butchered, having a _ ukraine at the moment. so being butchered, having a reputation i butchered, having a reputation of a lrutcher— butchered, having a reputation of a butcher almost _ butchered, having a reputation of a butcher almost goes - of a butcher almost goes without _ of a butcher almost goes without saying. - of a butcher almost goes without saying. but - of a butcher almost goes - without saying. but ukrainians have _ without saying. but ukrainians have mentioned _ without saying. but ukrainians have mentioned to _ without saying. but ukrainians have mentioned to already - without saying. but ukrainians l have mentioned to already know and ekpect— have mentioned to already know and expect brutality— have mentioned to already know and expect brutality and - and expect brutality and cruelty _ and expect brutality and cruelty. what _ and expect brutality and cruelty. what is - and expect brutality and cruelty. what is neededj and expect brutality and - cruelty. what is needed from him — cruelty. what is needed from him as— cruelty. what is needed from him as being _ cruelty. what is needed from him as being a _ cruelty. what is needed from him as being a good - cruelty. what is needed from - him as being a good commander and organiser~ _ him as being a good commander and organiser. if— him as being a good commander and organiser.— and organiser. if we see this brutal campaigning - and organiser. if we see this| brutal campaigning continue, these tactics continue, does russia have the wrap and re—that it needs? russia have the wrap and re-that it needs?- re-that it needs? the difficulty _ re-that it needs? the difficulty for - re-that it needs? the difficulty for mr - re-that it needs? the difficulty for mr putin | re-that it needs? the i difficulty for mr putin is ultimately, beyond escalation outside of conventional weaponry, he has got relatively limited options. there are a lot of hardliners and particularly in the russia's media space asking him to escalate the violence against ukraine, but russia is already very short on missiles, they are close to their own minimum limits on what they feel they need to keep as a contingency. in terms of the military, they have mobilised upon hundreds of thousands of new conscripts. they have no one to train them, with a normal training programme it would take six months to make people useful, if you're trying to make new and as you're talking about one year. russia has limited options beyond lashing out. even those, it cannot keep up that rate of fire because it simply doesn't have the stock of missiles.— of missiles. they get new missiles _ of missiles. they get new missiles from, _ of missiles. they get new missiles from, are - of missiles. they get new missiles from, are we - of missiles. they get new. missiles from, are we talking about iran and north korea? russia has been purchasing, launching missiles, people call them suicide drones. they have also been purchasing artillery and potentially missiles from north korea. this is definitely a sign of desperation, it is not where they would want to go. it is a sign they had desperate to stock. some of this includes a lot of expense of missiles and anti—aircraft missiles as improvised anti area munitions, firing them as cities. which is again a sign of desperation. lode cities. which is again a sign of desperation.— of desperation. we have to address the _ of desperation. we have to address the michelle - of desperation. we have to i address the michelle issues, this is what people —— the nuclear missile risk. for this is what people -- the nuclear missile risk. for 77 ears nuclear missile risk. for 77 years nobody _ nuclear missile risk. for 77 years nobody has - nuclear missile risk. for 77 years nobody has used - nuclear missile risk. for 77 years nobody has used a i nuclear missile risk. for 77 - years nobody has used a nuclear weapon — years nobody has used a nuclear weapon in— years nobody has used a nuclear weapon in anger because if the two sides— weapon in anger because if the two sides went to war with each other, _ two sides went to war with each other, that is the end. russia would — other, that is the end. russia would cease to exist, so with much — would cease to exist, so with much of— would cease to exist, so with much of the west. there is no point — much of the west. there is no point no— much of the west. there is no point. no one exists. but russia's_ point. no one exists. but russia's doctorate does involve the use — russia's doctorate does involve the use of— russia's doctorate does involve the use of theatrical nuclear weapons. they are not particularly effective on the battlefield but as a psychological weapon of terror to intimidate ukrainian population, there is a possibility, i am sure this is one — possibility, i am sure this is one of— possibility, i am sure this is one of the _ possibility, i am sure this is one of the options are being presented to president putin. as can— presented to president putin. as can things continue to go badly— as can things continue to go badly he _ as can things continue to go badly he may think to use the. to simply— badly he may think to use the. to simply intimidate their ukrainians by saying, if you don't — ukrainians by saying, if you don't want this to go on you should _ don't want this to go on you should give up and let's take over~ — should give up and let's take over. should give up and let's take over, ., should give up and let's take over. ., ., over. so as a tactical weapon, if it did use — over. so as a tactical weapon, if it did use that _ over. so as a tactical weapon, if it did use that what - over. so as a tactical weapon, if it did use that what would i if it did use that what would that look like on the ground? the upper limit of a tactical nuclear weapon generally speaking is about 16 keller turns. the upper limit of what things are... if you moderate the damage for example one of the damage for example one of the town that was recently liberated by ukrainian forces. the size of battlefield weapons there, the blast radius for effects such as breaking windows and damaging structures, that would barely clear the outskirts of town. so essentially, the tactical nuclear weapon effects can be summarised as catastrophic for the troops and anyone within a kilometre too, but there are thousands of kilometres of front lines, russia will need to use thousands of them to really affect the battlefield. in the fallout would also be blown towards russia because of the wins and the dynamics with the wins and the dynamics with the west would become very difficult to model let alone match. , , , match. president zelensky is now known _ match. president zelensky is now known for _ match. president zelensky is now known for that - match. president zelensky is now known for that courage, j now known for that courage, resilience all of these qualities are so admired. it is still unifying the country or are so well admired. it is still unifying the country or are the facts are starting to appear? are the facts are starting to a- ear? , . are the facts are starting to auear? , . ~ ., ., , appear? very much ukrainians are on board _ appear? very much ukrainians are on board with _ appear? very much ukrainians are on board with zelensky, i appear? very much ukrainians| are on board with zelensky, he has overwhelming support to his leadership, over 90% approve of his masterful address to western leaders, to western societies, to keeping that western coalition going and also personal courage, bravery, staying in kyiv, making the address on monday. when the capital was under bombardment. and i think there is an understanding, what is the enemy? the enemy has russia, any internal friction is as any democracy are, they are all put aside because ukrainians understand there is no time now for these divisions. the country is definitely united. inside russia what are the hardliners saying? i inside russia what are the hardliners saying?- inside russia what are the hardliners saying? i think it is important _ hardliners saying? i think it is important to _ hardliners saying? i think it is important to notice - hardliners saying? i think it is important to notice that l hardliners saying? i think itj is important to notice that i agree — is important to notice that i agree with what everything has say. agree with what everything has say the — agree with what everything has say. the trouble is that mr putin— say. the trouble is that mr putin is— say. the trouble is that mr putin is surrounded by bi— people. _ putin is surrounded by bi— people, his previous friends the former they are way more distant — the former they are way more distant from her right now there _ distant from her right now there are people who would like to opt— there are people who would like to opt things, the trouble is they— to opt things, the trouble is they try— to opt things, the trouble is they try to keep silent because it is a — they try to keep silent because it is a great danger for them to talk _ it is a great danger for them to talk. there is a peace party _ to talk. there is a peace party, that is why mr putin, he maybe — party, that is why mr putin, he maybe doesn't see that there is an alternative and also for him in internally. it was his decision— in internally. it was his decision to start this war so that— decision to start this war so that is— decision to start this war so that is why he doesn't listen to the — that is why he doesn't listen to the peaceful party that much _ to the peaceful party that much. russia does not have the democracy— much. russia does not have the democracy in a western sense, he doesn't _ democracy in a western sense, he doesn't depend on his people. _ he doesn't depend on his people, he doesn't depend on other— people, he doesn't depend on other parties, political parties, other groups of interest. so it is for him to decide _ interest. so it is for him to decide on— interest. so it is for him to decide on everything including nuclear— decide on everything including nuclear weapons, and as we know, _ nuclear weapons, and as we know. as _ nuclear weapons, and as we know, as we see hisjudgment may— know, as we see hisjudgment may be — know, as we see hisjudgment may be clouded because people try to _ may be clouded because people try to please them all the time _ try to please them all the time. that may be why the information he is getting is different from how things are in the — different from how things are in the ground. do different from how things are in the ground.— different from how things are in the ground. do you believe that president _ in the ground. do you believe that president putin - in the ground. do you believe that president putin and - in the ground. do you believe i that president putin and russia will win this war? i that president putin and russia will win this war?— will win this war? i don't think so- _ will win this war? i don't think so. there - will win this war? i don't think so. there are - will win this war? i don't think so. there are very| will win this war? i don't - think so. there are very few even theoretically clauses of action that would lead to a likely reversal of the military fortunes. the only way towards winning the war a thing for russia at this point, beyond the incredible gamble of really large scale nuclear use, which as we have heard holds problematic things in one get one what they want either. even if it did lead —— didn't lead if it did lead —— didn�*t lead to if it did lead —— didn't lead to global nucleus exchange. the only thing that might look like a victory from them would be trying to isolate ukraine from the rest of the world. if they can isolate ukraine than the economic burden and the requirement from continued supply of emission from the west is something that ukraine couldn't sustain on its own. in terms of the battlefield momentum, it is all on ukraine's side. the question is whether the battlefield collapse comes before winter or early summer next year.- early summer next year. there is a long. _ early summer next year. there is a long. cold _ early summer next year. there is a long, cold hard _ early summer next year. there is a long, cold hard winter- early summer next year. there is a long, cold hard winter to i is a long, cold hard winter to come. critical infrastructure is being hit, there is a lot of ukrainians now have to prepare for. ., ., ., for. you mention that resilience, _ for. you mention that resilience, that - for. you mention that resilience, that is - for. you mention that resilience, that is a l for. you mention that - resilience, that is a feature of ukrainian society over centuries. 30% of the electricity grid has been destroyed this week. they are crowdsourcing the generators, there — crowdsourcing the generators, there is — crowdsourcing the generators, there is still a lot of nuclear capacity _ there is still a lot of nuclear capacity. there are small businesses that are supporting the communities, the front line — the communities, the front line. there is a network like a beehive — line. there is a network like a beehive of— line. there is a network like a beehive of people, cities, mayors— beehive of people, cities, mayors and businesses. led by zelensky— mayors and businesses. led by zelensky standing by. and i think— zelensky standing by. and i think the resolver strengthening. think the resolver strenuathenin. . ,, , strengthening. thank you very much for being _ strengthening. thank you very much for being with _ strengthening. thank you very much for being with us - strengthening. thank you very much for being with us at - strengthening. thank you very much for being with us at the | much for being with us at the special programme as we look at the escalation in the war in ukraine. thank you very much forjoining us. bye bye. the activist and nobel peace laureate has met victims of pakistan's devastating floods as part of an attempt to reinforce the need for critical humanitarian aid to the country. it's only the second visit to her home country since she was shot in the head while returning from school by the pakistani taliban a decade ago. she's been speaking to the bbc�*s sahar baloch. when i met those families, when i met the girls, you know, i realised how... ..how intense and immense the impact of these floods has been. we see some figures in the news but we don't realise how it has impacted individuals and those families. people are in desperate need right now. so this is urgent, this is a crisis, and we need to take immediate actions. we need to ensure that we are providing the emergency aid. how do you think has been the world's response towards the floods in pakistan? i really appreciate everyone's contribution so far to the floods and i do appreciate people coming and visiting pakistan as well and reminding everyone that the impact has been so intense, that it has literally, like, impacted whole villages. whole villages have been covered in floods. but we need to go beyond just making statements, we need to make sure that we are providing enough financial assistance, and i know that some countries have made commitments, but we are still falling short of the required amount and it's really important for countries to be more generous in their support for the people who are impacted by the floods, because it is not just how floods have, you know, caused people to be displaced, but now that they are based in these informal settlements, they need support on the day—to—day living as well. they need health care, they need hygiene, they need education, they need to learning facilities. they need sanitary products. they need support with pregnancy and so many other things. so seeing this response, how do you plan to bring the world's attention to all of the problems that you just told me about? how do you plan to go about this? i will continue to do my advocacy, to ensure that the urgency of the impact of the floods is understood and the international community contributes more towards addressing the humanitarian needs needed right now. at the same time, we also have to acknowledge the issue of climate justice. we know that pakistan is contributing less than 1% to the carbon emissions, but it is facing one of the worst catastrophes and impacts of the client change. so it's important for the international community to acknowledge that and it's important for them to provide justice in this case. not so long ago, flying cars were a figment of the imagination, but now that they've actually materialised, investors are scrambling to be a part of this technological phenomenon. some of the latest models have been on show in dubai this week — as wendy urquhart reports. the evtol flying car x2 looks like something out of a sci—fi movie. so it's no surprise that the great and the good from dubai turned out in droves to watch the 90—minute test flight. inside this carbon fibre car, there are two seats with headrests and the passengers have the option of driving it manually or switching to auto mode so that they can enjoy the view from on high. it's the brainchild of the chinese electric car company xpeng aeroht. they say the flying car's super aerodynamic design boosts in—flight performance and they also point out that, because it's all electric, it produces zero carbon dioxide emissions. and this isjust the beginning. we are now in the researching process. we make it step—by—step to the international market. first we select dubai city because dubai is the most innovative city in the world. and this is our first public flight globally. this is our first step to international. the x2 can reach a height of 3,200 feet and it's capable of flying for around 35 minutes at a speed of 130 kilometres an hour. so it's perfect for short, low—altitude city flights, but there are still a lot of questions to be answered, like when will it be ready? how much will flights cost and will they be affordable? or is this just another pipe dream? wendy urquhart, bbc news. we just want to read you a tweet from bbc newsnight political editor who says a former cabinet minister tells me brace for the mother of all u—turns on the mini budget today. a friendly person in the know was advising us to steer clear of the media today to avoid the explosion. we wouldn't want to look silly by tomorrow. no indication as to what that might be and it's obviously an anonymous source who is being referred to thereby the newsnight political editor, but that suggestion is there could be something coming up. another u—turn. there's also been a u—turn on the 45p tax rate and liz truss at the end be no spending cuts to pay for those key tax cuts announced in the mini budget totalling £a5 billion and it's a question then of wait and see. the one o'clock news is coming up see. the one o'clock news is coming up but right now time for a look at the weather with carol. goodbye. hello again. in the next few days, we are looking at sunny intervals and blustery showers or indeed some rain. we have had some heavy rain this morning moving across the south—east, the weather front bringing that clearing away onto the near continent, and we have got an array of weather fronts lining up to come in across the north and west, where we have got brisk winds. brisk winds across scotland, gales with exposure in the north—west but for the rest of us, we are looking at light winds. behind the rain in the south—east we will have residual cloud but it will brighten up and for most it is going to be a dry day with some sunny intervals. this rain taking its time to get over to the east of scotland and clearing from the west of northern ireland. temperatures, 12—18. another one comes in right behind it and then we have got another system bringing some rain in across south wales and south—west england. overnight lows between 7—12 degrees. we could see something as low as four degrees in sheltered glens. tomorrow is quite messy. rain and a lot of cloud crossing southern england and wales. today at one: after turmoil on the financial markets, pressure grows on the prime minister to rethink her tax—cutting plans. in office for fewer than a0 days, but liz truss faces calls to change course or perhaps be forced out — a move a cabinet colleague warns against. i think that changing the leadership would be a disastrously bad idea, notjust politically, but also economically. and this lunchtime, downing street has insisted there will be no more u—turns on the mini budget. also on the programme... fewer operations are being carried out by the nhs in england as the waiting list for treatment hits a record high. the metropolitan police is investigating more than 600 domestic and sexual abuse claims against its own staff. the ukrainian fighters who defended the mariupol steelworks until they had to surrender to russia — we hear the story of one

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