A 4 hours g.m.t. Welcome to the newsroom from the b.b.c. World Service Julio a far right populist and to Brazil's presidential race I am just a few months to both scenario is the change that we are waiting for he's the safety of our homeland we want something better for our country we'll look at why he's leading the polls a gunman shoots at least 9 people in the Canadians this you have to run to right now it's still very much an active scene this entire area is taped off a good chunk of the Jan 4th is completely blocked off the football and Mr Hill quits the German team because of what he says is racism in his words he is German when we win but an immigrant when we lose because I was offered a Turkish background and. Here about the world's largest Alpine own festival it's all coming up on the news room. B.b.c. News with Simone Comrie a congressman and former Army captain in Brazil who has expressed an astrologer for military rule has said he will stand in presidential elections and Tobar the extrusion right wingers I hear both are not oh isn't 2nd place behind the former president of Brazil Luis in us a little of the Silver who is serving a prison sentence for corruption and so is unlikely to be able to run canned Pietro port's desirable scenario is followed by millions of Brazilians on social media to his opponents he's a far right agitator who insults women and gay men and praises torture is from Brazil's military era to his supporters he's Brazil savior Mr Bowser nada says he wants to tackle growing crime by relaxing gun control laws he also has the backing of millions of evangelical Christians for his uncompromising anti abortion views paramedics in the Canadian city of Toronto say a number of people have been hurt during a shooting Initial reports say a gunman shot at least 8 people along several blocks of the Riverdale area the report suggests the gun man has killed himself. A former security aide to the French president Emmanuel McCraw has been charged in connection with the beating of a demonstrator during May Day protests in Paris on Xandra ban alarm was sacked on Friday after footage was released which showed him assaulting a man while wearing a police helmet despite not being a policeman just like Macallan has more the case has sparked up for in France with President McCall accused of trying to cover it up French media reporting that he knew of the beating on the day it happened but only suspended Mr Bell after 2 weeks an official of Mr Mihos Party and 3 policemen have also been charged in connection with the case the interior minister jar calm is being questioned by M.P.'s on Monday with some calling for him to resign polls show President McCall has an approval rating of just 39 percent the u.s. Secretary of state might compare who says he wants to try to stop countries importing Iranian oil by November this year as part of continued economic pressure on Tehran he was speaking in California toe ponens of the Iranian authorities Here's Barbara plateaus sure he also talked about communications pressure he said that the Americans were trying to help Iranian people circumvent censorship of the Internet that they were launching 24 seventh's channel for information in various mediums to the Iranian people and this was all coached in a pitch to the Iranian American community the bulk of which live in Southern California and the essence of his speech was really a blistering verbal attack against the Iranian authorities he called the more of a mafia than a government and when to do some detail about corruption allegations world news from the b.b.c. Regulators in the United States have approved a drug that can cure a recurring form of malaria with a single Doan's to Fanuc When is the 1st drug in 60 years to be approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of Vyvanse malaria it's the most common form of the disease in Latin America and song. Leaders of the Roman Catholic Church in Nicaragua have said they will continue mediating talks aimed at resolving the country's deep political crisis months of clashes between anti-government demonstrators and security forces have left some $300.00 people dead President Daniel Ortega has accused the ships of helping protesters the Roman Catholic cardinal of Nicaragua Leopoldo Brenner's refuted the government's assertion that the church supported Mr take his removal but the reverb it failed very well very well being a part of the Cure implies a cure against the state and I have no intention of a cure against the states because I'm not a politician and none of the bishops the politicians none of us want to take on the presidency nor do we want to form a political party so we see no reasoning to this Cuba's National Assembly has approved the 1st draft of a new constitution after a 2 day debate it emits the aim of building a Communist society in favor of simply focusing on socialism it also recognizes private property and opens the door to gay marriage Zimbabwe's foreign minister says the ruling Zanu p.f. Party has transformed itself since the overthrow of the former president Robert Mugabe and is now a party of the rule of law Sibal Cicero Moyo was speaking in a b.b.c. Interview a week before presidential and parliamentary elections they asked no footballer Mesut Ozil has said he will no longer play for the German national team he's accused the German Football Association of racism and disrespect saying he'd been made to feel unwanted in recent weeks b.b.c. News. You're listening to the newsroom from the b.b.c. World Service with me tonight Julio. Balsa narrow is often referred to as the Brazilian Trump he's outraged many with his sexist and racist comments but his supporters see him as a potential savior in a country where corruption and crime are rife that is if he can win October's presidential election Mr Paulson narrow is riding high in the polls and on Sunday he officially kicked off his campaign this supporter said she was optimistic about his chances. Than I am just too much both scenario is the change that we are waiting for he's the savior of our homeland we want something better for our country and I think that everyone has to be united because both n.r.o. Will be our president are America's editor can do spirit told me more about the man and his support base his core vote is the small for me Jim towns of the countryside the booming agricultural belt but he's also loved by the Brazilian the wealthiest best educated voters and he's their preferred candidate partly because he has very simple easy to understand message is very Trump like in that sense for example on law and order in a country that has 19 of the world's 50 most violent cities he comes out with saying you know that he wants to weaken gun control so people can act in self defense he says he's in favor of torturing in certain circumstances and he appeals to that base of conservative presidents who feel very ignored by the left wing liberal government of the p.t. That we Brazil is just come out of more or less and and didn't benefit from the boom years of the economy of that p.t. Government and he's a very divisive figure because he makes misfortune istic comments he comes out with anti gay anti abortion rhetoric he's always been somebody who grabs headlines. And with the diatribes against minorities and nostalgia for the dictatorship years of the past and there are some very infamous controversies that he's connected to so for example in 2003 he got a 3000 dollars fine for saying to a fellow Congresswoman I'm not going to rape you because you don't deserve it in 2011 he said I'd be incapable of loving a homosexual son I'd rather he died in an accident there is one man that could potentially defeat him the former president Lula da Silva but he's currently in jail is it looking like he might be able to run or is it uncertain still losing us a little as the Silver has been sentenced on corruption charges which he is appealing but in all guess the Brazilian electoral commission has to decide and to actually endorse all the presidential candidates that the Brazilian parties have put up and at this point it is probably unlikely that Lula will be accepted the Constitution does say you can't run for president if you have a criminal record the recent polls are put Will scenario in the 2nd place for the 1st Sloat with around 20 percent and that's good enough to make a runoff but it's a very fragmented field and he needs to win over women in the poor or from the Brazilian northern and northeastern regions which is Lula's heartland the left wing vote and it will depend who Lula nominates as well if Lula cannot stand who will rally around a more moderate left wing opponent in a runoff so both scenario it stands a very good chance of going through in the 1st round but it's all open in the 2nd round Candace spirit to Canada now where in the past few minutes Police say 9 people have been shot in the city of Toronto the condition of the victims is unknown one person the shooter has died according to a tweet from the city's Police Local media say the incident happened in the Dan 4th and Logan in using area and. The victims were spread across many blocks c.b.c. Reporter Natalie now ski is on the scene she's been speaking to eyewitnesses very much everyone is just in distress and they're shocked they don't really have a lot to say they're kind of just searching for information a lot of them told me that they live just you know a block or 2 down from the Danforth and they were able to say here those gunshots ring out and they heard gunshots being fired they didn't know that they were gunshots they ran to the window to look to see exactly what was going on they say that's when they saw a man pointing and shooting that he was firing inside a restaurant after that they did see a young girl get removed from the restaurant she one of the restaurants she was in critical condition there she was in some sort of distress she was bleeding and she was sent to hospital right now it's still very much an active scene this entire area is taped off a good chunk of the day and port is completely blocked off and people have just come out of their homes and they're just gathered here just to really take a look and see what's going on and police very much walking around all with bulletproof vests many of them I even saw one with a with a with a sniper what appear to be a sniper rifle out walking around kind of patrolling the area to see if if they're if there's anything else that they need at the moment c.b.c. Reporter not enough ski into wrong to a full election campaign advisor to do all Trump has dismissed as ridiculous on occasions that he conspired uncalibrated with the Russian government in the u.s. Television interview caught a page denied of being the agent of a foreign government his suspected links to the Russian authorities are contained in documents made public by the f.b.i. In response to a Freedom of Information request our correspondent in Washington. Gave me more details about the f.b.i. Investigation I think we have to 1st say how remarkable it is. Is that even a redacted version of one of these surveillance warrants has been released by the u.s. Government usually these are some of the most closely guarded secrets within the u.s. Government it the f.b.i. The u.s. Investigators lay out their case for surveilling Carter page not only because of his connections Donald Trump's campaign but also because he did have a history of contacts with individuals Russian individuals who were suspected of being intelligence agents as you say is unusual for the f.b.i. To release documents like this why do you think needs to do this now because there's been so much political heat surrounding this I think they felt compelled to try to be as open as possible there was a memo that came out from the Republican chair of the Intelligence Committee Devan Nunez which made allegations about why this surveillance warrant had been granted saying that they didn't disclose that it relied heavily on the quest for steel dossier this dossier that was compiled by a former British intelligence officer who was being paid by people connected to Hillary Clinton's campaign ad provided evidence in his mind of ties between the Trump campaign and Russia so that this wasn't disclosed properly in seeking the warrant what we see from this document coming out now that while it wasn't by name disclosed but there was extensive details of what could have been his political motivation and who could have been funding him so in some ways it undermines what the newness memo stated and I think that the government wanted to get out there to to show what it's grounds were and that it was more than just this one dossier that might have played a clip locations and predictably president response has been pretty furious absolutely he's better outspoken in saying that his campaign was being surveilled by the deep state by individuals within the intelligence community that. It undermine his presidential campaign and prevent him from being elected president he tweeted out multiple times today. Republicans must get tough now Anthony's a he was a key member of Germany's World Cup winning side 4 years ago that message is ill has announced that he will no longer play football for the national side he says it's because of the racism and disrespect he faces due to his Turkish roots as ill who pays for the English side Arsenal was criticized earlier this year for having his photo taken with the Turkish president and he claims he was singled out after Germany's poor performance in this year's World Cup Our sports reporter added to Ross told me more about Mesut statement this is more than just a decision to leave the national team it is it a genuinely extraordinary attack by a player who clearly feels a complete lack of connection with the country that he helped to win the World Cup within 24 saying that this quote of course starting with this photo that was taken with the rise of type 2 on the Turkish president earlier this year who is a particularly divisive figure not popular with a lot of the mainstream politicians on the public and in Germany so there was a strong political aspect to all of this the photo taken not long before Mr other ones election win but all of that sort of blew up before the World Cup and then the Tolman happened Germany had an absolutely awful tournament finishing bottom of their group will feels that he's taken a lot of the criticism unfairly he is the kind of player that attracts that kind of criticism anyway because of his style of play but he feels there is a real. Undercurrents to this because in his words he is German when we win but an immigrant when we lose because of a Turkish background and he thinks that a lot of what's been thrown at him now by the public and by people in power who probably shouldn't be throwing these sort of stones around is to do with his heritage and that's why he's fired off this as a it's an incredible statement an incredible attack on the entire German football establishment. He feels he's being scapegoated for Germany's poor performance in this year's World Cup I mean did the fuss around his photo with which it tied it around affect his performance I think there were lots of reasons why Germany did particularly badly at this World Cup finishing bottom of their group as I say failing to make the knockout stages actual performance for my money is only a small part of that he is the sort of player that. Is easy to criticize when things go wrong he's got this kind of language style is a wonderfully creative player but he's not great out of possession so even at Astral he's often been branded fairly unfairly as a as a lazy player Germany have bigger problems the goal of no real natural goal scorer The no real quality full backs anymore and some of your gloves tactics and team selections at the top of Mt were also very widely question but it is true that OSHA was dropped and actually failed to start a Germany game for the 1st time since his debut in that dreadful run so with are still saying he won't play for Germany again it is only club football available for him he clearly feels that this was a stone on his back that he needed to get rid of whether or not he will improve his performances for astral this season we'll find out in the next month or 2. Now this . The sound of hundreds of Alpine horns being played at the world's largest Alpine horn festival in Switzerland the newsroom's resident Alpine Explorer Scout Barlow is here with me and Kathy what's been going on there well those are the somber sounds of the International open hall festival and open horns or opine hones traditional instruments synonymous with the high mountains of France of Germany and in particular of Switzerland and their remarkable instruments to look at their 3 meters long made out of wood they look a bit like giant oversize smoking pipes and traditionally they were used to gather . The Carrolls farmers who go up into the high mountains play the hole in the sand and water will carry for miles and miles and miles and they can also come back in now the more played for fun and also for competition and over the last 3 days hundreds of people from around the world have descended on the Swiss Alps to battle it out for the title of champion elp and home player you say they're played for fun but it's also taken very seriously as competition there were entrants from Switzerland of course from France from Belgium Germany even as far as Japan and it was some big money up for grabs $10000.00 u.s. Dollars worth of prize money could be won and the players would judged and they would judge joining numerous different criteria including the quality of the sound they made of their blowing technique and also of the musical expression they make and if you do hear the album horns being played in the Alps as I have it is a beautiful remarkable sound and the judges take it so seriously and of course Switzerland is renowned for being a very neutral country that it so seriously they judge from within a tent so they can't see the performers and they can only judge on the sound being made and as a sign of how serious this Swiss pastime is there's even the open horn a can to me of Switzerland which offers courses. Let's return to the shooting incident in the Canadian city of Toronto where police say 9 people have been wounded by a gunman Jody Steinhauer witnessed what happened all the sudden we heard what sounded like very very loud firecrackers about $10.00 to $15.00 blasts of them and someone just said run get to the back of the restaurant now and then it was silent and then about there about $5.00 to $10.00 went off and the all clear to the back of the restaurant and then we started to hear people scream out front and a woman was pulled inside and shot and we were told that 4 to 6 people on the dance floor were shot right here and we just tried to video the call 91 of those right now I'm looking out the window we're stuck in the restaurant and there's police and paramedics and ambulance and everywhere and it just mayhem down here nobody really knows what's going on we'll bring you more on that story as we get it each year more than $200000000.00 cases of malaria are reported around the world and nearly half a 1000000 people die from the disease now the authorities in the u.s. Have approved a new drug being hailed as the most significant advance in malaria treatment in decades defended Quinn treats coing form of the disease called 5 x. The strain most common in South and Southeast Asia and Latin America by killing dormant malaria parasites that live in the liver Professor Richard Price is from Oxford University buybacks is a fairy debilitating disease I've seen young children get infections after infection until they become sick Francisca and eventually they can succumb to the actual malaria or to other diseases that come along at the same time such as pneumonia or diarrhea more from a global health correspondents Meath decide vive x. Malaria the most common form of the disease in Latin America and South in Southeast Asia can be a challenge to get rid of that's because the. Parasite can lie dormant in the liver and reawaken several times existing drugs can kill the sleeping parasite but need to be taken for 14 days and some people stop as soon as they feel better this leaves them vulnerable to disease returning and leaves a reservoir of malaria in the community that can be spread by mosquitoes now the Food and Drug Administration says a single dose of to Fanuc when can help flush the parasite out of the liver and stop it coming back regulators will need to consider its side effects and then decide whether to make it available in countries where vive x. Is a serious threat. The growing threat of an all out global trade war has dominated the latest g. 20 meeting which brought together finance ministers and bankers from the world's largest economies and at the talks in Argentina some officials expressed concern that the u.s. Is policy of imposing trade tariffs on some countries could hinder global growth our South America business correspondent Daniel Gallus reports the g. 20 summit of finance ministers warned in a joint statement that trade tensions risk undermining the global economy but there was a lot of tension in the meeting itself Europeans complain about u.s. Tariffs being imposed on element human steel the e.u. Commissioner for economic and financial affairs Pierre Moscovici warned that u.s. Action is inappropriate and that Europeans are allies not force the French finance minister Bruno Lemaire said the you should not negotiate trade with a gun to its head but u.s. Secretary of treasury Steve Newton try to adopt a softer tone he said that in upcoming talks with g 7 nations there will be efforts to drop trade barriers altogether the g 7 does not include China so there is a hint that the u.s. Is trying to isolate the world's 2nd biggest economy last week President Donald Trump suggested that the u.s. Could significantly ramp up its tariffs imposing duties on $500000000000.00 of Chinese goods which is 14 times more than the current amount Gallus reporting now so have some other stories from our news desk Ukraine's security service has defended its decision to fake the killing of the Russian journalist our candy Bob Genco insisting it was a success the service chief vassal hits said the operation 2 months ago has saved lives he said Russia had been planning to assassinate dissidents in Ukraine and allegation Moscow denies the Egyptian leader Abdel Fattah el-Sisi says that rumors aimed at fueling discontent are among them. Serious dangers that his country faces Mr Sisi claimed that more than 20000 rumors have been spread in recent months Mr c. Says critics accuse him of presiding over the most serious crackdown on dissent in years many who opposes policies have been jailed and South Korea has recorded the hottest overnight temperatures since records began 111 years ago morning temperatures in the city have gone nung were record breaking 31 degrees Celsius according to the Yonhap News Agency the hot weather comes as a heat wave in neighboring Japan has killed more than 30 people let's go to Sue Dunn our country often described as a nation of poets it's certainly a place where poetry is held in high esteem but it's also a country with many restrictions on what people and especially women can do in public are reported James Copnall made a recent trip to the capital Khartoum and he went to a spoken word poetry ning where he met a young female poet This is a portrait of a woman. There was born in pain in his longing for a change. A woman with a rough kind of beauty a one not easy to pick up in behind all the easy common ugly a. Rebel can a woman so much trouble this is Roger Bush era known as Raj reciting rebel one of her best known poems in the garden of a large house in a Khartoum suburb in a few minutes she got up on stage before with a monthly poetry event it's called Knox with no pads not many people in Arabic so what draws Raj to poetry I think the very raw truth that comes out with poetry I think maybe with music it's a bit disguising the melody and everything but with poetry is just spoken out you know it just hits you it hits home. I always like to write about things that just as they are to not really put them and fasten metaphors or anything just as they are and I think that's to be of poetry it tells you the truth right in your face that sense of being able to express yourself freely is that particularly important in a place like Sudan where that's not always that easy yes definitely importing Saddam because we're under authority the authority of many things. The government for example our family sometimes and my mother actually watched me perform once and when she saw me perform a she realized why I so much love to come to us with open eyes and everything but I still don't really share all the kind of poetry that I write with her because you know you don't really know how would they take it how they accept it so being able to express yourself having this platform is really important for us as youth and Saddam because we don't get this often I think not when Opus is one of the very few places where you can do that next up we have royalty. Oh my talking about the run right where you are there were it's the best feeling in the world because when I'm behind the mike I am my real self and my friends would know that I'm not the much talkative person or the President shares their thoughts are not even an emotional person I think and on the mike I'm just out there I am naked from all the boundaries I am speaking my mind I am saying what I feel and I said in a way that it's just who I am who I really am. I need to let out. I need to vent I need to explode with everything inside me out there is rubble behind my heart that I need to evacuate there is poetry here. In Stan when you're a woman you kind of feel like you should leave the platform for the men to speak up for us and I want to tell you that you know you have your own vision you have your own feelings you have your own thoughts you have your own experiences that needs to be out there for other women and men to listen to it to learn from it as well so don't be shy about it Roger Bushra talking to James Copnall in that report and our breaking news this hour 9 people have been shot in the Canadian city of Toronto Police say the shooter is dead there are no details so far on injuries before the news we look at the blueprint for a privately owned city money and power from the b.b.c. And the master plan of the project there were creationists and they were in the middle of the shopping center and these are the residents there you could basically spend your entire life here you can go to work here you live here everything everything this is nothing 20 and paradise in this. Small Central American nation is just no embarrassing in a peculiar political experiment 50 states will attract foreign capital and started to form of these fans had to ask whether a privatized Cissie community health and a tough race country I think that is the best for our national sovereignty I think it is also a 1st for our cultural tradition it is a model for us a I think the next morning the very sustainable city the private cities of one jurists at b.b.c. World Service dot com slash money and power. I'm money just isn't and after the knees I'll be here with crowd science where I'll be snooping around a lab preserved in time since the 840 s. When Faraday performed his crucial experiments in electromagnetism I also try out the latest tech which uses magnetism to read my thoughts or because we've had a bunch of questions from listeners about magnets how do they work what is that special force that pulls them together and keeps them apart sounds attractive join us just after the knees. B.b.c. News President Trump has warned Iran that it will face consequences the likes of which few throughout history have ever suffered if it threatens the United States in a Twitter message to President Hassan Rouhani Mr Trump said the u.s. Would not stand for what he called Iran's demented words of violence and death a gunman has opened fire in the Canadian city of Toronto wounding at least 9 people Police say one of those hurt is a young girl the gunman is dead the far right Brazilian politician Joey or both an auto has announced his candidacy for the presidential election in October Mr Paulson r.-o. a Former Army captain wants to loosen the country's gun controls to tackle crying u.s. Regulators have approved a drug that can cure a recurring form of malaria with a single dose at present drugs must be taken for 14 days but patients often stop once they feel better leaving a reservoir of the parasite that can return a political scandal is deepening in France after a former security aide to President Mike wrong was charged in connection with the booting of a demonstrator during May Day protests Alexandra Bana law was sacked in Friday when a video emerged which showed him assaulting a man their own Catholic cardinal of Nicaragua says the church is being persecuted by President Daniel Ortega as government church leaders have been attempting to mediate during months of anti-government protests. The head of Ukraine's security services defended its decision to fake the killing 2 months ago of the Russian journalist Genco insisting it was a success that'll create socks at the operation and save lives Zimbabwe's foreign ministers as the ruling Zanu p.f. Party has transformed itself since the overthrow of the former president Robert Mugabe presidential and parliamentary elections will be held in a week's time b.b.c. News. So I'm not going to be able to give you an answer. I can't explain in terms of anything else that's Tamil you do you. Probably got enough time to purchasing at the top and then catches in the bottom do. A successful experiment. How do I know any Chesterton and you're listening to crown science on the b.b.c. World Service this is the show that takes your questions about science and turns them into audio adventures the b.b.c. Normally records the audio on digital discs but my voice what you hearing right now we decided to record on magnetic quarter inch tape which is what we used to use back in the good old days before the Internet and the millennium and podcasts producers would edit the program with a razor blade and sticky tape so I can make my voice repeat repeat repeat repeat repeat or slow down. And can't take his magnetic or can also wipe it like this and say any old gubbins about it. And you won't be able to hear Oh because producer Al put a magnet next to this in the edit. I want to show the power of magnets because we've been asking magnet questions which will be the next half hour starting with this one. Thank God science this is on the black in northeast England asking how to magnets work. Thanks Randy such a straightforward question or is it crowd science invited physicist Dr Melanie wind ridge into a studio over to you Melissa. And it sounds like a really simple question there actually isn't a particularly simple question I suppose a magnet is if we talk about your fridge magnet or your something like this neodymium magnets I'm holding in my hands at the moment then that's a permanent magnet what we'll call a permanent magnet and this is something that creates a magnetic field but then you can ask for the magnetic field and you can go really deep in into this so I suppose a better place to start would be magnetism answering what is magnetism takes me to the basement of the Royal Institution in London the Royal Institution was set up in $799.00 is a meeting place for discussing and doing cutting edge science if you're passing through London in. All of this stuff. From his. This is you know our education I want to get a bit of the history of magnet science and it was here in 845 that British scientist Michael Faraday performed crucial experiments in magnetism Charlotte new curator of collections that they are I gives me a tool. So this room that we're standing in looks very much like a laboratory for doing science is is that what Faraday was doing down here it is what art is doing down here actually this really started off as part of the kitchen this was the servants all on the outside of the door still has the plaque saying servants will be basically kicked the the servants out and said no science needs this I didn't let him I think it was more stall route rather than an act of Katrina because there was other bridges places around the basement which have now long gone but he effectively started working down here so a lot of his magnetic work was done in here so Farraday was in this exact space where we're standing magnetic question was he trying to sell one of the things that he investigated was what properties magnets had or what influences Magnus had and obviously one of his big things which a lot of people didn't believe was that there was such a things as lines of force around magnets and one of the things that we have got here is Michael Faraday his notebook from 845 where he starts doing real investigations into his lines of force and the properties of magnets and within Here are his filing during its life I can turn to the right pages 100 knots 70 almost 2 years old I think that indeed so I should just has got this is tucked into the book there are 2 hot pages and they're blue with the kind of. Scatter of tiny lines in brown on them water my looking at these are called refining drawings I'm sure many people are familiar with during I'm in school I remember doing them when I was about 11 just refer it to senior school they're called drawings but they're not so these are actual I'm fighting set on a page to show that there is such a thing of the line of water and a magnet so there's lots of curved patterns coming off the magnets that are placed on the page so you can see the outline of where a magnet would be and then you can see the interaction of the curves of the lines of course and how far they made these was he was axed paper and melted the wax and then when it's placed over the magnet scattered the iron filings and of course they set in a page and the reason that we know that that's also true is a you can feel that there are very fine but they're busting the pages opposite so there's rust marks they look a bit like meteorological drawings you know where where a storm is coming exactly and that was to prove. That there was such a thing as light as a force that interactive from a magnet and could influence things so people didn't believe that there were the these weird forces between magnets No And even once Faraday did this work I think they still didn't believe it if you've ever played around with a bar magnet and iron filings in school you'll know what Charlotte is talking about if you haven't even missed out on one of life's simple pleasures and you should definitely look up on filings experiments on the Internet. Magnets attract filings in particular patents like those that Faraday for his own to wax paper because they have poles and north and a south pole I pick Melanie Windrush is physics brain about magnetic fields if we're talking about magnetic fields does the Earth have a magnetic field yes is the earth a magnet it is a big magnet Actually yes it is and that's because magnetic fields are generated by either moving charged particles or something that has its own hair. Magnetization and that actually if you were to drill down into it is to do with these same moving charged particles that is in a piece of iron for example is magnetized all the atoms or molecules are all lined up in a particular orientation so all the ways that the electrons are spinning all lines up and so it reinforces this like same thing force in a particular direction whereas other materials don't line up in that way so everything has its own inherent magnetization but it might be really really tiny and we don't really feel it whereas in something like iron you can line the mall up those individual charges and so then it can get to a level where you can actually feel the force but then if the Earth is a ball of rock which most rock that I've come across isn't magnetic and it's got trees growing on it and then not magnetic how come the earth as a whole magnetic The earth is magnetic because of what's inside it the very very inner core is solid and then outside there's a Multan iron core around that and so the very very in a core is warm and it heats up the molten core around the outside and so it sets up convection currents which will be familiar with from like in a pan of water boiling on the stove and so as this is all flowing you go electrons moving which is charged particles moving and this creates a magnetic field and 2 actually. Add to that convection current the Earth is spinning and so these little loops of convection get twisted into spirals and so you have all these of spirals of charged particles in the center of the earth and that creates a magnetic field pattern a little bit like a bar magnet in 2 dimensions it's a bit like butterfly wings around the Earth I think that's what a magnetic field looks like and it's actually really really important because if we didn't have a magnetic field we likely wouldn't have life on Earth because with a lot of stuff going out in space that is dangerous to human life so for example the solar wind which is essentially a lot of charged particles flying out from the sun in all directions and we sit in this solar wind in all these charged particles and that wouldn't be good for the life So actually our magnetic field acts like a kind of protection a shield that keeps the solar wind away from us so we have magnetism to thank for this habitable planet there magnetic field no atmosphere and nobody wants to be stuck at the party with no atmosphere. The earth is magnetic because it has a core made of moving stuff and that movement is key to magnetism to understand more we take you see ells Professor Steve Brown Well on the train to the capital of Wales Cardiff to the lab of a fellow magnet physicist Dr Shaw Gibson sure has some stuff to show me. Someone picks up essentially a copper tube in a plastic tube and the only difference being that is that essentially warm Well how do you describe this past metal as a metal and that's plastic and is a plastic So if you like in here the electrons in this metal are free to move to a 1st approximation in a plastic window and we know that that's true from everyday life so if you want to know about to kill yourself or use a plastic screwdriver then we've got a magnet so the magnet if I actually. Against the plastic there's no attraction similar if I bash it against it. There's also no traction so the magnet doesn't seem to be interacting with either the copper tube or the plastic tube but if we drop them down the tubes we see that if we drop the magnet down a plastic tube it just does free fall becomes very quickly after the end. And it takes maybe a fraction of a 2nd to do that just falling under gravity but if we do it down the property. It takes about 5 seconds to drop out of the end slow down you've probably got enough time to push it in at the top and then catch it at the bottom you do. Not have a successful experiment. And so what that tells us is that the magnet it doesn't interact with the copper to win it still if it's moving with respect to the copper to be there and if there is an interaction between the moving electrons in the copper t. And the moving electrons in the atom of the magnet. Now the reason it doesn't happen in the plastic is that in the plastic t.v. Electrons are not free to move in that way because not much more tightly bound into their atom was but a thing we learned from that is that the changing magnetic field creates a changing electric field and vice versa their elected electricity and magnetism are very closely related. Everything on the planet is made of atoms the basic units of stuff if you could draw any atom it would have a central core with electrons spinning in orbits around it in some materials hold on to their electrons very tightly like part of the others like metals tend to hold the more loosely and those electrons when they float what we call an electric current What Faraday and his pals discovered was that when you make an electric current You also make a magnetic field it's what you may have heard of as an electromagnet you find them in scrapyards lifting cars but it works the other way too Steve shows me an experiment levitating lumps of alum minion a metal You wouldn't think of as magnetic around an electromagnet. Stick it in a magnetic field and it develops its own personal magnetic field and then the magic happens what we've got here is and it isn't a very big coin with copper live with electric current flowing through it and it's arranged to flow backwards and forwards so this will create a changing magnetic field that will basically go up or down and then we've got a wooden post and we've got 3 days there we going to put on that post and see the 1st one is a thin aluminum disc. You and it repels the magnet of the copper call. It shows that magnetism is associated with the flow of electrons and we can test that a bit further so 1st of all we have to drop the rather thicker it's hot by the way it was a whole lot of that is hot so it's hot because where we're putting energy into it from the electromagnetic field to the mini ring. The 2nd ring we've got is the same but much thicker so there are more electrons in this so the effect should be much bigger. P.c. Now it's in everything. Rather hard level and even jumps off let me take the high level if you take it in field often and it on again jumps. Ok that's not the both element in that at once they can yes profoundly name but that's because. So the thyca alum inuring jumps right off the post even though it's heavier than the one because it contains more atoms so more free electrons and when it becomes a magnet it's a stronger magnet it repels the magnetic field of the post with a greater force at this point I just want to recap something Melanie said about magnets some materials are just magnets the internal charges just line up and stay lined up and so they have a stable magnetic field it's the thing that keeps them stuck to the fridge but what's happened in your fridge magnet can be made to happen temporarily in many many other materials in fact just about every material if you put it in a magnetic field will temporarily make its own magnetic field that will act against the one you just plunged it into let's go back to Michael Faraday's love again go around to the front of the table Your see a very large My favorite so on to this table oh well. It's that you chaise this life and lots and lots of coals something under here yes and he says that underneath and then test things of that say yes so it's still to him the table and what it is is this one only a ship's chain that's how the talk I can tell you see that coming out the top of the table year. And then he had it down with what is going to make us think of the time it was Europe's most powerful electromagnet. And he et oversleep used to test many different things so he wanted to know what was a Magnus and what wasn't magnets Yes what had what could have magnetic properties and I think it proved more or less everything could have a magnetic property in some way kind of things to the test so he tested me to test it vegetables he tested bits of metal he tested bits of you know anything and everything he got his hand I just love the idea that he would have been at home eating his dinner and then looking at what's on his fulcrum going oh I wonder if this potatoes magnetic actually through to the lab to test it and the home was the 2nd floor of the Royal Institution so actually where our offices are now is where he lives very conveniently located. You're listening to ground science from the b.b.c. World Service and this episode is hard because listeners wanted to know how magnets work if you need to listen to this again on half speed you can do so by the podcast . What Faraday was doing when sticking his dinner in a magnetic field was measuring how strong a magnet it was he'd suspend bit of before Apple between the poles in his experiment and watch but any movement he'd made a magnetometer back in June Gibbons lap we're also making a magnetometer using a few coils of copper wire. So if you just press start clicking Ok cliquey thing. So this is $100.00 coils. Was the now really do some sticky tape sticky taken place and there we have it she once made some corals about the size and shape of a drinking straw wired up to a volt meter as we stick anything in the coils we can measure how much that thing affects the current in the coil we've just made a gadget that can in principle measure how. A magnet anything is so you could put your finger in that and it would. Yes what would happen were you gave things that. Instead of asking what is a magnet it might be easier to ask what isn't a magnet if beef is a magnet it shouldn't come as a massive surprise that our brains are also magnets when electrons move in a brain cell when your neurons fire that has a measurable magnetic field. At the some exhibition over at the Royal Society another ancient institution for discussing science professor Peter Morris from Nottingham University in the u.k. Demonstrates some new technology which he says magnetism to read your thoughts so little electric currents go between the cells and just as in a wire you would generate a magnetic field so those little electrons in your brain cells generator tail but it's very much smaller so something with a very large number of zeros so it's really why I put a fridge magnet up to my head and still average magnet work they absolutely enormous compared to the kinds of fields that your brain cells generate Ok and your fridge magnet if you're about to ask one to fact the operation of your brain cells although much stronger ones actually could do so we have to measure those very tiny electric fails and we need something much much more sensitive and that's what's been developed with so-called optically pump magnetometers that is is that. Develops. Ill pointing out sort of a cycle helmet with some prozac into the side of it yes indeed can I try one of those on you certainly can yes they my guest so if I've got this on and you ask me to perform a certain task yes I wave my hands Oh yes very definitely hands in my left hand I'll be able to tell a difference Absolutely because they are part of the Orion that controls movement is in the central straight in the motor cortex it was your left hand it would be the right side of your Marja cortex that word would light up. There we are measuring small magnetic field thinking brain who would. Anything that contains an electron that mind can be a magnet and that can be most things that magnet. Ism is still the force which I can feel as I try and push too repellant magnets together I just don't get this forces it's the same question bugging listener James he says the only explanations I've seen just refer to attractive forces but this might as well be another term for it's magic what's going on in a magnetic field he's listening Mike in Wales Hello my name is Mike Collins and I'm calling from a grimace in North Wales. My question is what constitutes a magnetic field if you take 2 magnets into intergalactic space where there's very little if anything then my understanding is that those 2 magnets would still attract or repel each other in the same way as here on Earth Thanks Mike there's a clue in that bike helmet sensor thing I tried on at the Royal Society they use optical pumping so light to make their senses sensitive back to u.c.l.a. Professor Steve Brown Well magnets in space any idea what's in a field yes if you have 2 magnets floating in outer space attracting each other what they're doing is next train showing photons of light and these carry forces we call them particles but they don't really behave very much like. They're elementary particles and they carry forces and there is a magnet is really exchanging photons I liked his involved and indeed you know one of the big discoveries no science in magnetism is that you can't separate the properties developed tricity magnetism and light which is an electromagnetic wave they all come together and to understand one of them you have to understand all of them put together. 3 sides of the same coin those are you keen to point out that coins don't have 3 sides welcome to the problem we have the language we want to use the language we developed for explaining classical physics is sort of on helpful to describe the world as modern physics sees it and modern physics really sees objects now has being composed of things just a little bit analogous to electrically it's also a little bit more complicated there's no you know in magnetism the most important field is related to 2 light in fact the photons so magnetic feeling as they. This is created from photons and add together in a certain way to create what we call a magnetic tape so if you ask the question as I think one of your listeners did what is the magnetic field made of the straight answer it's made of photons which in a sense the particles of light since we received Mike James and Andy's questions I've started putting the question what is a magnet to every physicist I talk to they tend to grimace they all have trouble giving me a helpful answer because here we reach another language barrier we understand things by how like other things they are atoms are like tiny balls electrons or even smaller balls magnetism isn't like anything at the top of this show you heard this voice I can't explain that a dragon in terms of anything else that's the mill you do you that's Nobel Prize winning physicist Richard Feynman he was brilliant at explaining complex physics he had this to say about magnets I really can't do a good job any job of explaining my metaphors in terms of something else that you're more familiar with because I don't understand anything else that you're more familiar with he's not saying with thick he's alluding to how fundamental magnetism is outside of the center of atoms our universe is governed by 2 forces this gravitational force and the electromagnetic force hundreds of years of scientific research by people like Faraday Maxwell Einstein and people like Sean given like Steve Bramwell means that we understand more about how magnetism works its properties knowing how to harness those means that we have all sorts of useful things like electricity and computer memory and m.r.i. Scanners for medical diagnoses Talking of which I'd like to end at the Royal Society Peter Morris was telling me about the power. Big scanning medical magnets have to grab metal out of your hands it just is very strange that this will be pulled almost with a force of its own constraints and yet clearly there is nothing between you and the magnet instead of through space that I don't know it it is well it's a natural phenomena and if it is magic Well I think the only man in that many natural phenomena or magic I know that's the pleasure of science really it's a wonderful place to work. Through crowd science from the b.b.c. World Service this week's program was produced by Alex Mann field and presented by money traffic then based on a question from me Mike Collins from going to sleep in north Well if you have a question about life the universe or anything email crowd science at b.d.c. Dot the oh don't you k. Thanks for listening. 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