Semitism and bullying in our party to be a competent leader has led to this grievous defeat Meanwhile the shadow banks that Secretary secant stomach has told the Guardian he's seriously considering running to be the next leader of the party Donald Trump has angrily attacked the leading us Democrat Nancy Pelosi saying she has declared open war on American democracy the comments came in a letter he wrote ahead of the impeachment vote later on whether he pressured Ukraine for personal political gain Peter Bowes is a North America correspondent Wednesday is the big it is the day of impeachment is the day that Donald Trump will most likely become the 3rd u.s. President in the history of the country to be impeached and it will be a very significant occasion John Worboys who became known as The Black Cab rapist has been told by a judge he may never be freed from prison the 62 year old has been given a life sentence after admitting for further offenses half a 1000000 a Hotpoint an indecent washing machines being recalled over fears they could catch fire money factual Well Paul says customers can still use them as Sheen's In the meantime if they choose the Cold War setting and in a world for thirst doctors in the u.k. a Trialing a new way of delivering chemotherapy the treatment being tested at the Rural Mostyn in Seri could lead to fewer side effects and uses ultrasound to targets Chivas and now the sport has Shatner Aston Villa ease through to the semifinals of the a.f.l. Cup after a 5 no win over the youngest Liverpool team ever fielded well as experience was too much for the young signed which had an average age of 19 you can club senior players during cattle for the Club World Cup semifinal against Monterrey tonight Pep Guardiola says he knew that Mikael title was in discussions with Arsenal about their managerial vacancy the Manchester City boss says he doesn't know what will happen but to will travel to Oxford fits nicely Cup quarter final Syria has apologised after images of monkeys were used on Pope. As for an anti-racism campaign the League's chief executive Luigi deceased ever says I realized it was inappropriate following heavy criticism from Italian clubs and the anti discrimination organizations and Fallon Sherrick has become the 1st woman to win a match at the p.t.c. Will dance championship the 25 year old from Milton Keynes fought back from behind to get a 32 victory over Ted Abbott's in the 1st round to Alexandra Palace she says I've proved that we can play the men and can beat them have made a great achievement for women's DOT's this space b.b.c. Radio 5 Live all digital b.b.c. Sound small speak of. The weather now it's going to be a largely dry night for most of us with lengthy clear spells unlike when they'll be missed and fall which would be dense in the Midlands 10 cold across many areas with a widespread Frost mist and folk will be slightly left late this morning but most areas will see some sunshine of action is James and John Robbins Alice Deal like pubs dealing shouting to great guests and what about live music played acoustically due to licensing restrictions so just a bit well you're in luck for a final line surely a week coming live from our London. Town will be joined by some lucky listeners and a few friends from the I won't lie Jonas takes all of my boxes and then some a tick stroke 6 Ellison John's Christmas cheer is seeing at the Apollo this Friday from London on b.b.c. Radio 5 Live. This is all for naught of 5 blogs long Dawson added by and coming up in this hour program in a moment a real history mystery as a mass grave is uncovered in Oklahoma was so full mommy chases trough friends well it was easy ruled the Central African Republic with annoyances for 10 years change 2003 and 2015 before he was ousted and now he's back and he was a stand for election and find out what the people there think about. I mean they need fuel burn it in a power station it can be a low carbon source of energy bad if it escapes in the atmosphere or into the atmosphere the compound is 30 times more potent as a heat trapping gas than c. Or c So what we do the heads of states a gathering in Geneva for the global refugee forum lots of questions being asked there is to our commitment to. The human rights convention that we've signed up to the gods refugees than ever this a 1st. Possible mass grave has been found in a city cemetery in Oklahoma in the United States which archeologists think may be from the 1921 Tulsa Race massacre the massacre began in May 1921 after a black teenager named Dick road and was falsely accused of having assaulted a white woman talk to Scott Hamish That is a senior researcher for the Oklahoma archeological survey you might want to take us back nearly a 100 years now don't Amistad to these race riots or the race massacre what happened essentially back in 1921 well this is a fairly affluent black community in the city of Tulsa and that wasn't really something that was liked by a lot of the white community so when this this incident happened they took advantage of it and basically destroyed the area town and killed a lot of people how many people it's hard to say we know of something around 35 for sure that the most common estimates we have are about 300 but some people think that maybe a few 1000 that's really up in the air right now I say in. A mass or a massacre is it fair to describe it better is a mass lynching. It's you know it's hard to say because there was fighting on both sides you know that's a that's a term you could use that it's not one that people use much around here so there was at least some resistance to this attack there definitely was there were a number of black World War One reference who were well armed and fought back how long did the the riot so the disturbance the most. Right itself lasted for about a day and there was martial law for several days after that which is when a lot of the victims were buried. But we know that it is on records that a lot of these a most of these victims I'm presuming were black yes the vast majority were with the casualties on both sides yeah there were we really don't have any good numbers on either side them and what happened as a result of that what was the consequence of this violence. There really wasn't much of one it was it was largely covered up for a good 80 you know almost 80 years there was a little bit of research done in the ninety's and it was shut down for political reasons and then restarted when we got. Political reasons is it sensitive. It's not as much now as it was it was a lot more so about 20 years ago did the people of Oklahoma recognize this moment in the history. I believe so it's not something that's been publicized very much outside of Oklahoma but people here definitely know about it I think there's a lot of momentum towards getting this rectified Now how did you come across this possible massacre. It was so we I was working closely with a bunch of historians and they had done a lot of interviews over the past some of them 45 years in some cases interviews photographic evidence all sorts of stuff like that and they identified some possibilities for us to go to look at and we did some physical survey ground penetrating radar and such in these areas that they identified for us they graves. I don't know what the process is but you've identified them scientifically but will they tend to believe physically be if then you know. That's one of the things that's being worked out right now you know we've identified some very likely candidates with your physical survey and what we're doing is providing recommendations to goes to a public advisory committee which is made up largely by members of the black community in some cases descendants of survivors and they'll sort of decide what they want us to do next there are still descendants of those survivors and there are yes how the descendants of people who lost their lives as well. Yet both and how do they feel generally about that moment in history what do they know magine it's a conversation the would have passed down in the family from generation to generation . Yeah that's correct it's there's a lot or a lot of. There's a lot of anger in the community as well as you might imagine but there's also there seems to be a fair amount of support for what we're doing and there for a fair amount of support from the city of Tel so which is finally being a little more transparent open and want to solve this story chapter in their history what would we learned from. A much more thorough investigation of these graves of this very. Well I think in some cases you know we want to be able to get an idea of the number of people that might have been killed in this massacre this is a start in that direction I think it's also a way for people to you know when you get some skeletal analyses you'll be able to figure out if people were actually murdered in that event or if it's maybe related to something else like that 1900 flu epidemic. Do you have any idea what the local papers were saying at the time about these roads. Well the a lot of the massacre was actually spurred on by a fairly fairly inflammatory headline by one of the newspapers and there were really wasn't much there wasn't much sympathy for the black population at the time have they recovered his race relations in tolls recovered. I think it's it's better than it was but it's like a lot of places in the u.s. Where there's still a fair amount of tension. I wonder whether they generally didn't have the kind of phrase you think of when you think you saw a multicultural communities when they were kind of resonating impacts. Right then attack on the particularly affluent black community the would have had consequently if you know I don't think this kind of you I know about was when you discourage people from elsewhere migrating north from the South for example from Cessna you know. You know it's a possibility I don't right I really can't can't speak to that I will say that a lot of a lot of the black population in Oklahoma came along with Indian tribes and their resettled here at 1800 so that's where a lot of folks came from in the 1st place so that's another sort of sticky point it is a really fascinating history the and its history I'm sure that shed from both sides I wonder when we're talking about this particular massacre whether there is a disabled different perspective coming from the white community now today reflecting on it. I think there's a there's a much more of a shared perspective now but we do know we still have a ways to go in this country with race relations and so we still I think we're not really talking about the same sort of equality or equal thing. The term is good thank you very much for joining us about it thank you Dr Scott who's a senior researcher for the Oklahoma archaeological follow the story and see if there are any developments over the coming weeks maybe return there now we don't hear a lot from the Central African Republic it's a country that is rich in resources but it's also one of the poorest countries in the world and has been politically unstable since it gained its independence in 1960 the country's undergoing an internationally supervised transition involving a constitutional referendum as well as presidential and parliamentary elections which he did to take place next year as the car deals that's what they call it Central African Republic but they describe his car as a car deals with a rather fragile political situation its former president friends were busy as returned Jack law she has been following events in the car and I asked him if there had been any warm greetings for the former president when he returned this certainly hasn't been that kind of reception I think saying that it's being greeted with astonishment would be an understatement and then it has to understand why there is we're going to have to go back about 20 years or so from shore busies a was the chief of the general staff in the army in the Central African Republic and he rose under all sorts of despots that ruled this very impoverished nation in the center of Africa since it. Since became an independent country fronts in the sixty's now in 2003 this front swap Azizi seized power from the president in a violent coup and this unleashed all sorts of unrest and violence across the country for the next 10 years this disease a character was in power and it was a. Very authoritarian rule he ruled with an iron fist and all sorts of rebellions blossomed around his corrupt territory and the way he would deal with these is basically sending in French troops bombing them crushing the rebellion and then buying off rebel leaders and bringing them into his administration with cushy to use to ensure their support but this never really dealt with the underlying problem which was marginalize Muslims in the north of the country and the Christian elite creeping off the profits of foreign aid and other income streams down in the South Bank and eventually these rebels up in the north all banded together into a coalition that is the subject in 2013 and they ousted this guy in. Every March that year since then he's been living in exile far away from the country and in those years the political situation is being abysmal it's been one of the world's worst forgotten crises and his ousting unleashed a civil war between mainly Muslim seller correct and on the other hand Kristie in militias known as the antibiotic. Who were supported chroma far by posies. For this he received sanctions from the u.n. And a travel ban against us forward what is it over 6 almost 7 years and he's now suddenly appeared back in the country and it's concerning people are very concerned. International observers to politicians in the country to ordinary people in the streets that his return could trigger or sort of tensions in the run up to major elections next year indeed he's rigid is predicated on those religions he wants to take despite the fact that he's got a lot of for you as you display the. Yes this is this is the thing you know he's he's accused of all sorts of serious crimes and yet he seems to be playing by the kind of electoral code of the country showing the West respect it basically next year it's a crossroads for the country we had this major peace deal between the government and all sorts of rebel groups around the country which for sure certainly calmed things down I mean this is a war that is seen over a quarter of the population up rooted from their homes other than to refugee camps or just surrounding country countries thousands killed in some really truly terrible atrocities. And this peace still did bring a welcome return to normality that said there have been some serious flare ups this year in which civilians have been massacred so next year in the run up to this presidential election tensions are already increasing rhetoric is already getting more divisive and certain stakeholders in rebel groups and other powerful figures are just looking to make sure they cling to their power and posies a who as the electoral code says any presidential candidate must be on cars Central African Republic snatch more territory for at least one year before the election this is a guy who's never hidden his intent to take back power by the ballot box and lo and behold Perry is 12 going to forego action he has his support is absolutely his power base you know will be predominately in the West southwestern areas among the Christian population but there's a heck of a lot of people who suffered beneath his rule or I'm talking about Muslims specifically up in the north and northeast who for years in years were marginalized by him this is a concern because those same groups are a heavily armed heavily militarized. They they haven't. Refrained from storming the Capitol before and. So this very very delicate time there are serious concerns that his return and any divisive rhetoric he kids could seriously trigger return to the darkest days of the Civil War several years ago those groups in the north those Muslim groups in new North have they responded to the news that he's back. Right now things are quite tentative I mean a lot of this news is being couched in reports that he's returned certainly his spokesman has come out and said he is in the country at the same time the government spokesman has come out and cast some doubt over this. Find this hard to believe but posies party is claiming this and I think we can go along with that in the next few days we can expect those easy to come out and address the people of Central African Republic that will be a major moment and that is when we can expect these powerful seriously powerful well armed rebel groups up in the northern areas up in the eastern areas who control large swathes of Central African Republic diamond go belt to make their views known and that will be a critical moment to see what happens next how can the country be pull when it has a diamond in gold belt. So very the question is hugely rich in natural resources diamonds and gold and at the same time this is according to the United Nations Development Index the 2nd poorest country in the world after Nisha Now I don't know how they establish that it's any poorer the knees but it is at the bottom in terms of life expectancy education infant mortality access to health care. It is the bottom of the bottom. Not to say that the people there are incredibly resilient in the face of this hardship I've experienced that firsthand when I've gone into refugee camps and remote rebel held areas but for sure life is tough. You would expect that having access to gold and diamonds would would boost development from tax revenue and from trade but that is all dependent on having a functional system where there isn't corruption and that taxes are being paid in the money's going to the right place. Actually it's these very resources like diamonds and gold that can fuel rather than fewer development. People that the gangs out there the militias out there groups out there determined to get their hands on in the case of car over many many years they've resorted to the worst kind of violence to get their hands on the most serious Reserve. Under the attention of outside influences I know that Russia is back in Africa in a way. A military interest in. Because of the diamond and gold gold saw the other was. Yeah diamonds and gold is kind of that's kind of a bonus for the Russians. But I wouldn't say it's the main reason you know the Russians or the Soviets were big in Africa during the Cold War And right now Russia's return to Africa is is the the biggest pressure President that Moscow has had in the continent since the end of the Cold War. This is coming at a time when America and the trump of ministration is retreating not just from Africa but from the world stage. Europe is divided. The strategy around certain parts of Africa seems seems confused NATO isn't without its problems and for Earth urgent Kremlin under Putin Africa is a great opportunity it's an opportunity for it to rekindle old Soviet ties and to move into vacuums where Western Power is now absent Central African Republic is that the epicenter of this shift. You've had Russian weapons getting flowed in there you've got Russian boots on the ground whether or not they're genuine. Regular Russian soldiers scenary said in a story it's a Wagner group. Certainly Moscow wouldn't comment on that but. This is a place where after decades and decades of credit tro French imperial rule the local population of 2nd they've had decades and decades of Western foreign aid hasn't really improve their lot in fact you know it was people like posies a it was creeping up the proceeds from foreign aid. The Russians might not do things in the most legitimate ways by the book but they do get things done quick. And certain in Moscow it's capitalizing on the appetite for a new power in town. You've got to remember is well after years and years of civil war. Central Africa is that desperate for a change and with Russia they see Moscow as providing that that that dignity that standing that strength is long been absent in the country. You say that and the irony of. The country of is trying to. To sort out issues of governance after. 60 years of independence now issues of governance the lead to a lot of the troubles that you talked about the Civil War was the conflict the strives the autocratic leaders and so on that's the irony of this is they're trying to have a referendum on the constitution they're trying to bring in new elections that will hopefully increase democracy in the country and trying to get their act together and yet it seems from what you've told us Jack to be honest. That's the least of their worries governance. The problem is in custody much of the violence in so many the problems has been fueled by a lack of accountability there is widespread systemic impunity i.e. If you commit a crime more from the not you know going to have to pay a price you're not going to receive justice you know going to go to jail. Posies return really makes a mockery of efforts in recent years to try and instill this accountability in the country right now you've got the u.n. Setting up this Special Criminal Court to try war criminal was you've got trousers in The Hague about to get under way and you've got national courts trying some. Putting on lower ranking middle ranking rebel militant chiefs on trial as well so while that is happening you then certainly have a former president who's accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity of co-ordinating death squads from other from other countries why he was an ex out who has been under sanctions from the un since 24 seeing it was actually until recently banned. Banned from entering the country by airline decision that was actually over all just a few days ago and here is in the country hustling to get some more votes which many observers were say completely flies in the face. Of this fight against impunity and this fight against impunity is so crucial because the cycles of violence will simply continue until these perpetrators approach justice Jack who is a journalist who writes for among some of the Washington Post The Guardian The Telegraph so many different people the Sunday Times magazine you go given these probes because you know he does not just speaking from over here he does go in the field as it were an embed himself with guerrilla soldiers another was. These conflict areas but it's fascinating what he's saying about the Central African Republic a lot of information that we just don't hear about we don't know and the wider implication to that as he says is this you know grass for scramble if you like for influence if not power in Africa by whether it be Russia on the one hand or China on the other hand in France of course former colonial masters there are so many permutations of these stories we really need to keep across them Domi and I think we should over the next few weeks or months maybe have some more Jack lost as well after the news in sport will be focusing amongst other things on the conference it's refugee conferences taking place in Geneva at the moment it hasn't all gone quiet on refugees in fact there was. An incident on the in the channel just yesterday where. British border patrol in French authorities were trying to of it. A situation where people were trying to cross the Channel risk their lives as always as you hear the case and we will be finding out what can be done about this and if there is any kind of global or international consensus about the meaning of refugees today the each country seems to have its own interpretation its rules and regulations around that as well so all that to come after the latest 5 Live headlines with Victoria Holland from digital b.b.c. Salads and on the Venus is b.b.c. Radio 5 members of the Royal College of messing up a pairing to go on strike for the 1st time in the organizations 103 year history actions being taken in Northern Ireland from 8 o'clock in Iraq have a payday and patient safety. Tony Blair is warning labor not to whitewash the scale of last week's general election defeat in a speech the former prime minister will say the party's problems go far deeper than the unpopularity of Jeremy Corbett and its brags its stance President Trump has described impeachment proceedings against him as an attempted coup by the Democrats members of the House of Representatives will vote today on whether he should go on trial in the Senate accused of abusing his palace and the 2nd series of killing Eve was the most popular program on the b.b.c. I player this year spy thriller was the most requested show followed by the police drama line of g.c. And now his shot with the sport Aston Villa comfortably be Liverpool's youngest starting line ups 5 nil to go through to the semifinals of the e.f.l. Camp with an average age of 19 and 5 debutants the inexperienced Liverpool side never threaten Dean Smith to probably the weirdest major competition call of all are saying or ever been involved in you know they started really brightly they've got some really technically gifted young players but we were very clinical in what we did and very professional showed a really good attitude there was no win situation a little bit for us apart from going for the semifinal because everybody expected us to win but we did what we had to do you can clobber taken a senior players to cattle for their Club World Cup semifinal against Mexican side Monterrey this evening if they win the face Brazil's from a go in the final for the chance to lift a new trophy we don't feel that's favorites or whatever we see also up as a challenge or it would be the 1st time for the country in particular up that can win the club book up to the most important cup competition in the world I don't know all winners from all different competitions in a continent we are here to represent Liverpool and Europe the match will be live on b.b.c. 2 from 5 30 pm Pep Guardiola says Mikel Arteta will travel to Oxford today for Manchester City's Lee Cup quarter final which will be our 5 Live comment. Much later City coach John Tatar is in talks with his former club Arsenal over their managerial vacancy Well Duncan Ferguson will remain in can take a charge of Everton against Leicester Everton are reportedly continuing to pursue Carlo Ancelotti to become their permanent manager We'll have updates of that much in 5 live Sport as well as Manchester United against culture step sorry as the chief executive has apologized for an anti racism campaign which is received heavy criticism for his use of monkeys on posters Luigi deceit ever says he realizes it was inappropriate the former AC Milan an England striker Luther Blissett says told 5 Live the images just don't make sense it reminds me of him using the n word to say that it's Ok to use it because we're trying it just doesn't work it completely tells you no send out the wrong message just completely about what it's about I thought I find it very difficult to really see where they're coming from with. History's been made this fall and Sharon has become the 1st woman to beat a man at the p.t.c. Well don't championship the 25 year old how to get a $32.00 victory of a Ted added to the Suns drowned Alexandra Palace and says it's one of the best moments as she's made something for women's dots the Rugby Football Union says talks are continuing with England head coach Eddie Jones over a new contract and they won't rush to extend his deal through to the 2023 World Cup in France he is our if you chief executive Bill Sweeney as I said in Japan with the conversations are ongoing but they don't stop and start at any particular time the are an ongoing dialogue all the way through so we're not looking at the 6 Nations being at a time until you know we're in the middle of those charts and 7 jockeys are gone 10 day bonds for ignoring a flag signal to stop or I says some down the suspensions overturned after appealing That's the latest from b.b.c. Sport Christmas day. I keep a big names to get through the big day on 5 Live solicitors have a. Week of imperialist James and John Robinson special guest Peter Crouch maybe with Liam Gallagher Christiane is a pretty commonly Scott Mills and Chris Stockbridge James Jimmy Anderson and Felix white the same and just might some of my own of course. Christmas Day with all the big names. On the b.b.c. Sound just in case you didn't know that but the 5 like website listings the fuss continues and the best law school this is b.b.c. 5 Live. It doesn't add up by and according to the Australian Broadcasting Corporation the a.b.c. The it is officially the hottest day on record in Australia and that's well the tribute saying that the preliminary data from the bureau. That the average temperature across the country was $40.00 degrees Celsius breaking the mark of 40 point with the. 3 degrees Celsius set in January 2013 but it's a record unlikely to last for long but more on that. I'm sure in the coming days etc but where there is the average across the country that's the average there are places still expecting the temperature could go up as high as 50 degrees Centigrade this week if you can fathom that and talking of which well kind of talking of which me thing the gas if you burn it in a power station it can be a low carbon source of energy but if it is scapes into the atmosphere the compound is 30 times more potent as a heat trapping gas than c o 2 which is why there's now a satellite looking for me thin emissions and why we've just learned about an accident in that was one of the worst accidental leaks of the gas yet see this pizza Dr Steve Hamburg who is the chief scientist at the Environmental Defense Fund which is a nonprofit Environmental Advocacy Group Dr Hamburg What can you tell us about what happened in Belmont County Ohio in the spring of last year and how was it detected . Well and so there was an explosion of a. Natural gas well and it it was root reported so people knew it was a fairly large event but war what we were able to do is to use the trick pony satellite which was launched by the European Space Agency to 2 in its routine flyovers look and quantify the size of that blowout and the real significance of this is now with the routine monitoring that that satellites doing which was brand new when when this event happened we can be looking for these kinds of things around the world on a regular basis now what's the science behind this detergent. How does it pick up how do the sets winds pick up. The missions as opposed to any of the gas emissions Well there's a if we to in the satellite to very specific wavelengths and look at the light that reflects off the surface of the earth and goes up to the satellite you can actually quantify the amount of methane in the atmosphere and then you basically build a map of the amount which shows where it's been enhanced where there's extra methane versus the background and you see effectively a plume of methane coming out from in this case the explosion so that any well so there is a substantial amount of me thing in the atmosphere nevertheless. Yet there is there's methane in the atmosphere but on Unfortunately it's increased dramatically . Through human activity and it's a critical factor you were talking about the record breaking heat in Australia and a lot of that is coming from that extra methane that humans have put in it accounts for one quarter of the warming. That we're experiencing now across the globe comes from the extra methane that humans about it's the atmosphere and when you say human activity. What would you mean exactly. Well it's oil and gas production and leaking so whether it's in the street in front of your house or the production like at this site no Heigho So it's oil and gas it's coal production as there's a lot of methane associated with coal in addition it's also. Our friends the cows so ruminants if depending on their diet but always they they Burke methane at about a rate I'm out equal to the production of oil and gas always I didn't want to be cool suppose this conversation I voided that Professor but a lot of people who would have heard that and I was so it was some kind of a. You know theory that couldn't be substantiated so when cows bring up window break wind they're actually well they don't it's through their mouth through the mouth so. What you see a lot has been lost in translation yes because I did speak out so there you go so when they when they bring up when then threw them out yes actually emitting a substantial amount of me thing right so basically they can digest the things we can right if you go out eat grass we would do very well and in the process of breaking that down it doesn't happen totally efficiently and some of that carbon that's in the grass or the other things that they normally eat it gives off it's been given off by the organisms the bacteria in the gut in the room and to it as methane and you can know reduce that by improving their diet improving the quality of their diet and actually they're now there's a lot of interest and some new supplements you can add to the diet which reduces shifts the micro biome so they produce less methane and that carbon actually is used by the. How to grow but you can brew cows of eating gross that they might be grossed out though they like the grass is not putting them off totally in grass but shifting their diet to a little higher quality material sounds expensive it is but is used it's not necessary it's used in lots of agriculture with supplements and I'm not an expert in the diets of cows but there are many farmers who are raising animals provide supplements beyond just grass sesamoid and its details who have what you think will be the impacts of this how much will we be able to reduce the kids who have me thrown into the atmosphere about well the satellite is an incredible it's the beginning of what's a revolution is to be able to see these methane emissions and around the globe on a regular basis we actually at the Environmental Defense Fund are also building a satellite that will extend what we can see beyond the triple me satellite that we used in this case and we're working with the Dutch space agency to do the science and we'll be able to map the methane emissions across all the oil and gas producing region of the world with with increasing. Detail and lower and lower threshold seeing more and more of it and that will really make it clear you don't what's happening and we don't fix what we don't know so as we get to understand better where those emissions are coming from there's. Enormous evidence to suggest that much of it can be eliminated at no cost the International Energy and agency says at least half of that emissions can be eliminated at no cost so this is really about doing the obvious and the nice part is you can do it without it adding any costs to anyone it's just about focusing and getting good data and if we can detect Smee thing emissions from assessable we can no doubt detect carbon emissions generally right across the globe when it comes to these climate change summit meetings that no country can then say were annoyed when the culprit where you can define and determine the biggest culprits are yes so so we're in the methane as is a we're working on that now but there's also increasing capacity in satellites to look at c o 2 and we really need to both the get most people don't recognise aren't aware that how powerful methane is you said at the top of your comments that it was 30 times more powerful than c o 2 was really. More than 80 times more powerful than c o 2 for the 20 years after it submitted so if the emissions this year so whatever we do around the globe that greenhouse gases we put up and their impact on the climate I'll experience for the next 20 years or my daughter will have that impact will come from that thing Ok And so it's not instead of c o 2 we've got to do both but we really need to remember that it's more than one greenhouse gas of the Hamburg thank you very much Dr Steve Hamburg the heads of states business leaders and representatives from civil society and humanitarian agencies have gathered in Geneva to attend the 1st have a global refugee forum image and folks has been following events and asked what the atmosphere was like on Tuesday Well I think this was seen as a very odd. I level summit about refugees in fact just as I was leaving the United Nations just a couple of hours ago leaving the b.b.c. Office there. Massed serried ranks of police and limousines because the Turkish prime minister. Was leaving after addressing this summit and then having a meeting with the u.n. Secretary general and his presence here reflects the fact that he is concerned that Turkey is the country with the world's largest number of refugees 3700000 great many of them from Syria and his question is how are we to keep on coping with this you know this war is almost 9 years old. This was the 1st ever conference of its kind of refugees what's expected from it do people know the clear is to what the outcome should be. Maybe not entirely That's quite a good question actually I mean the u.n. Has consistently tried to draw attention to the fact that because we have these a great many number of conflicts that just aren't getting solved and you know we could look at Syria but Afghanistan would also be more in Yemen would be another the situation of the Rue hinge of Muslims who fled b.m.r. To Bangladesh a 1000000 of them in camps in Bangladesh now that. It's not safe to go back but what are they supposed to do in the countries many of them also very poor countries which are hosting them and so the un the key thing about this summit has made it different from un appeals before is that they have said look we all need to face up to this can't have the short term immediate humanitarian relief kind of solutions that we've had in the past where we may have you know camps where people stay safe in tent than and poor to cabins and so on and then a few months later they'll be able to go back this is not happening it needs to be a different approach now a long term more durable approach which means maybe more acceptance that some of these people can't ever go back more acceptance they may be in countries for a long time they should be allowed to work they could have skills they could be doctors teachers engineers you know who could actually you know. Provide something for the country who is hosting them you will know image and there has been an ongoing debate about refugees sometimes here particularly in Europe you know Fortress Europe you want to describe it because of the numbers of people coming over not least across the Mediterranean Elysian their lives and now across the English Channel we saw an incident just yesterday of British border patrol and French authorities are trying to deal with people trying to cross the Channel to get to the United Kingdom and that debate also. Brings in all sorts of questions as to who is a refugee and who's in economic migrants in all sorts of parameters as well as far as the United Nations Refugee Agency the u.n.h.c.r. Is concerned how many refugees are there in the world. 26000000 and if you want to add the number of people who are actually displaced by conflict that of maybe tried to go to a safer place inside their own border borders it rises to 70000000 which is actually you know around about the population of Great Britain maybe rather more so quite a horrifying figure and certainly you know thousands of times higher than whatever numbers there are apparently crossing the Channel and I think this is you know I'm sitting here in Geneva the kind of humanitarian capital of the world quite frankly there's a real sense of frustration inside the United Nations inside the Red Cross this constant feeling in Europe that. People coming into countries are somehow some massive threat when every single country in Europe including the u.k. Has signed the un convention on refugees which says if you were fleeing conflict and persecution we our bureau are obliged to offer you protection so when you ask You know it's quite hard to find the difference between an economic migrant and a refugee the u.k. Is actually obliged to find that out itself it's obliged to do the research in conjunction perhaps with the u.n. And charitable organizations but it's obliged to do that and what it's not supposed to do is just say no we're not letting anybody in and as you said Fortress Europe this is this is a problem now these are very wealthy countries who the u.n. Says Fine you're giving money but it's not actually enough you have to be more accepting you have to provide a bit of space even if it's only for a few 1000 even if it's only for you know the most vulnerable. Refugees of he think children alone in refugee camps young women alone in refugee camps people who are disabled people who are severely traumatized by conflict they are very vulnerable inside some of these refugee camps I have been in these camps and frankly you would not like to be there and you certainly wouldn't like to be there with your kids thinking they can't go to school I can't go to work and I might be here for 10 years and is that the definition by the u.n. A.g.r. Of a refugee somebody who's freeing conflicts or resolution as our position that in the 1951 convention on refugees and that if you think if every country is entitled to assess somebodies application for asylum and usually they do that they're supposed to do is do that with the person themselves with knowledge of the country from which they have come and with supporting. With support from charitable organizations who perhaps work in conflict zones and also know the conditions that is more somebody in the u.k. Would be one. Who has signed the un convention on refugees is supposed to do what you're not supposed to do it's a very technical term it's called non reform and you're not supposed to just send somebody back if you think they could actually die if you were to or be tortured or persecuted if you return them to their country of origin. And I suppose this is Bob The problem is that. It there is no unified sort of thinking about the definition of refugee that each nation decides itself does their point of entry whether you are a refugee whether rather than a refugee being able to present themselves and it's self-evident. I think it has become increasingly difficult. I give you one hypothetical but it's a very real example for many refugees if you are fleeing a country like Syria for example where not only is it racked by war but you perhaps have been in or position to President Arafat right you might flee with a false identity because if you sleep with your real identity didn't you might be picked up at the border arrested tortured killed so you plea with a false identity or with no identity papers when you get to a country where you think oh I could apply for asylum here increasingly countries have said unless you have bona fide a identity papers we will not consider you. Then there is another example and I saw this myself many years ago that in in former Yugoslavia which I reported from some countries have said you cannot apply for asylum to our embassy in the country. Of conflict if you fear for your life in your own country you cannot for example go to a British embassy or a Swiss embassy and say anymore I need asylum you used to be able to do that you can't anymore this is why people are crossing the Mediterranean because they're being told if you really want to apply for asylum you have to come to us but then also you have to have a proper passport the same as you came from the country in which you were persecuted and what the u.n. Says about this is if you shut off all the once legal methods for applying for asylum people are going to try illegally and then we get to this talk sick mix of confusing migration and illegal migration with asylum seekers and refugees and get people dying in that what what's what makes Turkey different I suppose it's a border country or front line country to have my most volatile of conflicts which is Syria but nevertheless the fact that it's prepared to absorb so many refugees is it the fact that other states are prepared to fund key to accept refugees to stop them in principle from going for the coming towards of the European countries is that what makes their situation different and what about Germany as well because Germany famously is the country in Europe that is. Taken the number the largest numbers of refugees by far the largest numbers I wonder whether that's. A. A social conscience thing because of the history and so I wonder what makes those 2 countries very different at a summit like this. And that's a very deep question it's very very complex sorry I apologize are gonna jars from there about that that's Ok I mean it's really interesting to to answer Turkey 1st of all is a frontline state you know to a war zone and these are the countries which always take the most people in fear of their lives particularly families will pick their kids up leave everything behind and run that's what any normal That's the normal human instinct and you will run until you think you are safe and that often means to the nearest border Lebanon and Jordan also borders Syria also have a great many Syrian refugees. Turkey did a deal with European Union we have a while where we saw vast numbers of people crossing from Turkey to the Greek Islands picking up again at the moment but it was shut down for a while because the European Union offered to supports church financially to house these refugees in the hope that eventually keep them close to home which is what refugees want to do most of them and soon they will be able to go back that unfortunately with Syria hasn't worked out in addition prime minister erred one complained in Geneva today that he hadn't received about 50 percent of of the billions that the European Union had promised so he's not entirely happy it's got 3700000 refugees and he's not getting the money he was promised to support them other political thing with Turkey I think they see a chance because they border northern Syria Kurdish territory they went in there the Turkish millet. Very a lot of Kurds left and they are talking now about creating a safe zone for Syrian refugees in the northern part of Syria Turkey would like that because it gives the Kurds as a threat it would like them a very long way from the Turkish border into Cardiff repopulated with refugees. And you also asked me that Germany I think their history a colleague of mine who works for German television once told me he thought angle Americal really had no choice but to say yes we will let these refugees in given Germany's history that they could not be the country in Europe which erected barriers and turned desperate people away and Anglo-American got a lot of criticism for that in some quarters but if you look 2 to 3 years down the line. There has been quite a good acceptance and integration of the people who arrived in particular if you go to the un refugee agency which tries to offer positive images of refugee integration there are a great many of them unfortunately it's not what you and I in the media concentrate on but there are great many very good examples of how Syrian refugees have been integrated in Germany and are working under being accepted in their communities see clearly a lot to discuss at this conference in Geneva do we know what's going to be happening later on today Wednesday. Well Wednesday's the final day we expect to know exactly what financial pledges have been made and we expect them from business which was also invited and member states to be fairly significant but money is not necessarily the primary thing that the u.n. Wants here they want what we were talking about earlier longer term solutions for refugees they want to host countries to relax some of them have bams on working bands on children attending regular schools they want them to relax that because they think that it's very damaging particularly for refugees who are refugees for many years war is the point of not making use of their skills in education what is the point of not allowing children to go to school and the other thing is they want wealthy countries and that would be Europe that would be North America to provide more places for resettlement for the most vulnerable refugees who really need to be go out to these camps who are just going to suffer and be be victimized and possibly you know victims of sexual violence inside these camps and I'm presuming the refugees themselves have had a say at this conference so that everybody knows where they want. There have been some speakers. I think a young woman from Iraq and another one from Syria and what they they did which I thought was was rather nice and hopefully had an impact on some people was say I get up and say this is my name this is what I'm like This is the person I am I know I'm I'm not just an Iraqi refugee I'm not just a Syrian refugee My name is a mirror I like to do this I like music and I think this this would maybe help a lot of people particularly people who read the tabloid headlines and worry about people in boats crossing the Channel it might help them to think you know that could be me or that could be my daughter and how nice it would be if another country said you know what you're safe with me and you can go to school here imaging folks are reporting from that refugee conference in Geneva in the next hour of the program we'll find out just why our colleagues at a.b.c. In Canberra had some good cause the programs from outside the studio were happy and you know continued to do that are they that skillful that they can just transfer this guilt trip in Algeria this week without missing a big car to. Send me a. Plane any anyone else this b.b.c. Radio 5 Good morning this is up or not. And I divide the main news on 5 life thousands of nurses in Northern Ireland go on strike and in sports Aston Villa reach the League Cup semi finals up to come to be beating Liverpool's Young's does . This is b.b.c. 5 Live the b.b.c. His own father Victoria Hall of around 1000 this is a walking out in Northern Ireland this morning interest in a dispute over pay and conditions it's the for. 1st time the Royal College of Nursing have gone on strike anywhere in the u.k. Chris page is a Northern Ireland correspondent the voile College of Nursing has existed for a 103 years but members of never before going on strike the union says pay for nurses in Northern Ireland has fallen by 15 percent in real terms over its years paramedics social workers and administrative staff are also working on it for the all of the with just to be released to the c.m. Level as n.h.s. Employees in the rest of the u.k. Angry Labor M.P.'s have accused Jeremy cool bin and his advisors of being responsible for their resoundingly election defeat the labor leaders face the parliamentary party at a meeting Meanwhile the kiss Dhamma the shadow brags that secretary has told the Guardian he's seriously considering running the party later President Trump has described impeachment proceedings against him as an attempted coup by the Democrats in an angry letter to the speaker the House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi Mr Chairman compared his treatment to the victims of the 17th century Salem Witch Trials Liz Cheney is a Republican congresswoman no where in the Constitution does it say if you are angry at the president or if you are angry at the opposing party or you disagree with his policies or you are afraid you can't beat him in the next election that you can just assume impeachable conduct yet that's what the Democrats are doing half a 1000000 whole point in Indus at washing machines are being recalled over fears they could catch fire money factual Well Paul says customers can still use their machines in the meantime if they choose the cold wash setting then folds would let the government's review of the u.k. Product recall system it's appalling to say over of a Mex couple a week full crane you're all old with your children do not use your washing machine or use it only oil coal and this is winter the company with an international good name but I think a way they've handled it in this country has been really lamentable doctors. In the u.k. Are conducting a world 1st trial of a new way to deliver chemotherapy acoustic cluster therapy uses ultrasound ways to target cim is without attacking nearby healthy cells and the 2nd series of killing me was the most popular program on b.b.c. I player this year the spy thriller was the most requested show followed by the police drama line of g.t. With the sport now his Aston Villa eased through to the semifinals of the e.f.l. Cup after a 5 no win over the youngest Liverpool team ever fielded well as experience was too much for the young signed which had an average age of 19 you can club senior players during cattle for their Club World Cup semifinal against Monterrey tonight Pep Guardiola says he knew that Mikhail Tatar was in discussions with Arsenal about their managerial vacancy the Manchester City boss says he doesn't know what will happen but our title will travel to Oxford fits nicely Cup quarter final Syria has apologised after images of monkeys were used on posters for an anti-racism campaign the League's chief executive Luigi to see ever says I realized it was inappropriate following heavy criticism from Italian clubs and anti discrimination organizations and Fallon Sherrick has become the 1st woman to win a match at the p.c. World dance championship.