Among the main obstacles to creating a unified, cohesive and reconciled nation in the wake of South Africa's long history of apartheid and colonialism, 52% of respondents to the 2021 South African Reconciliation Barometer survey said the division between the rich and poor was the largest division in society, ahead of racial divisions identified by 50% of respondents. The 2021 South African Reconciliation Barometer published by nongovernmental think-tank the Institute for Justice and Reconciliation (IJR) surveyed 2 400 South Africans from all levels and groupings of society to measure the public perceptions of citizens to inform policy development.