There are thought of it that way. Is it true that youre feeling a bit sick when you were up there oh i know its i was a feeling a bit sick i barfed twice i got sick i may sound like a naive question but who and what am i going to ask about feeling sick in space what is it like when you think they can say well it feels subjectively if eales the same as if youre if you get seasick or if youre susceptible to motion sickness in a car motion sickness is motion sickness so it feels very much the same way now its quite different however because of space with no gravity things dont go things dont go down. So you end up with you know something here you have to carry things off so its not as. Physically comfortable as it is on the ground. Simply because gravity doesnt work with you and separating you know sticky things like when you barf from your mouth so its unpleasant now after you do it find you feel better and of course after one day a problem then i had adapted entirely and there was no problem after that but it was very disruptive for the one day that happened twice so looking back you were the one to test it to do that to them and to them when 50 years later if you compare right now to the modern manned spaceflight is it any different with like minor technical adjustments or is a completely different. Well it. Its not a very good comparison. Looking back 50 years of the spacecraft the technology that was used and that kind of thing from the technology thats available today i mean there are quite different its drastically different thats what im asking or is it the same with the physical principles youre dealing with in terms of maneuvering and all i mean to physics is physics and the physics hasnt changed over 50 years so the environment itself isnt changing but the technology which we have available today to to execute is quite different. Rocket technology is still fundamentally the same thing you know were a bit more efficient there are some new materials and that kind of thing programming the Software Aspects are much much more capable today you know the i mean in my i phone i have a 1000 times the capability of the of the computers that we had on board the spacecraft at that time i mean its ridiculous that in my back pocket i have much much more capability than we had in the entire apollo program. So the things have changed in that sense but the challenge the physical. Environment that youre dealing with with the vacuum maneuvering rendezvous techniques all of those things are basically the same challenge youre simply using a more capable tool to do the same job so after you left you actually devote your career to the issue of asteroid danger and defense against the impact you can create a foundation what is it about asteroids that made you to vote so much of your lifes work and time to. Well it you know there are very few who x. s stench will threats. To life on earth im not talking about my survival or yours im talking about the whole life experiment here on earth. There have been mass extinctions in the past and the the impact that wiped out the dinosaurs 64000000 years ago wiped out 75 percent of all life that exists people hear about the dinosaurs but it was 75 percent of all species disappeared with that impact so the asteroid impacts at the Largest Scale which is very rare that that type of an impact occurs nevertheless there is a 1000000 existential threat to life on earth if you if we put it in simple words what could it be like it could destroy a city a country a continent whole plan a while im delighted to be a little bit careful because were just what the when we talk about the potential destruction that an asteroid impact can cause were talking about the threat to life were not talking about the threat to the planet the planet will survive i mean the we dont worry about the planet per se worry about the life carrying capacity of the planet the capability to support life that can be destroyed. Were very fragile occupants of the surface of this planet so yes a city can be destroyed a continent can be destroyed and life on the planet can be destroyed civilization is very fragile frankly. So it doesnt take much to destroy civilization and we can protect civilization and life on the planet with the technology and the capability we have today if we do this job correctly so how many how do you imagine asteroid Defense System because in my have like i have all this 5 films and i have a king its a ring of orbiting the sun satellites like in Starship Troopers or something what does it look like quick do we have technical capabilities for such thing at this point well 1st of all asteroids occasionally hit the earth in fact asteroids hit the earth every day we call them shooting stars these are very very small asteroids ok but 100. 00 tons of material comes into the earth from shooting stars every night. So were always hit by the saying the issue is not are we going to be hit were always hit the issue is how big are they going to be and the larger you get the less frequent they are and so what were protecting against is the occasional asteroid impact perhaps only once every 100 years or once every 400 years how often the lennix last time i looked like a huge warning china right in 15th century that killed 10000 people and there was one inch a lab and that was the talked about well show yes the most recent one was a want to show evidence which did not kill anybody but had it come in just a little bit steeper than it did it came in a fairly shallow angle had it been a little bit steeper we probably would have seen a few deaths with that but thats only about once every 75 years that one of those will hit more to the point is the one that hit in 1008 in. Again in siberia but that one would have had that come in over a city today. You know that there are not that many cities you know on the surface of the earth but had it come in over a city it would have wiped out an entire city so what does this defense looks like or what is it like no you dont build a defense in space translated to our language what is it like yes you predict by by knowing what these asteroids these asteroids are out there finding them. Determining their orbit i can then predict theyre there they go around the sun the same way that the earth does but theyre pez cross the orbit of the the earth and if they do cross the orbit of the earth you have a 3 dimensional intersection and sooner or later the earth and the asteroid will be in the intersection at the same time its just like 2 cars you know if there are only 2 cars in the whole d on the whole planet not often have an intersection but on rare occasion you will and if you can predict that then you can take action to prevent that asteroid from arriving at that intersection at the same time that the earth goes through there so how masoom is our chance thats what im doing as im changing the arrival time of the if i know its going to be in the intersection at the same time as earth 5 years ahead of time i need to slow it down or speed it up a little bit using Space Technology so that it arrives slightly ahead of the earth or behind the earth but not at the same time as the earth thats a deflection so do i understand correctly that you do that by costly observing. Where is coming from how do you detect it like i dont have years ahead yes i dont have to constantly observe if i use telescopes on the earth to find an asteroid whose orbit does cross the earth then by having this in my database i know i can predict it in the same way that i can rendezvous with mars or the moon or another spacecraft if i know the orbit somethings in i can go to meet that to rendezvous so if i know that there is an asteroid that isnt in orbit this going to hit the earth i can go up ahead of time and slightly change its orbit so that it doesnt arrive at the same time as ears thats thats a deflection we dont have to blow it up we dont have to change its orbit we just changes arrival time at that intersect so youre not changing to jack terry right well you have to be careful i dont read or wrecked it i simply make it go faster or slower thats also changing its orbit but its not by turning to direction its going is by making it go faster or slower you know im asking right because you know as humans everything good that was start often turns into evil i mean can this possibly be used i dont know by governments against our enemies like take trajectory change it directed towards your enemy or something that you know what i mean yes this is this is a question thats existed for a long time theres even a phrase for which i forgotten but it is not a serious issue. Let me put it this way. It is much easier for me to destroy you or vice versa using other means than to find an asteroid in exactly the right orbit i can change it just a little bit so the hits you mean that i would have that opportunity maybe once every 10000000 years well if i want to get rid of you i get rid of you tomorrow i dont want to have to wait for the right asteroid a 1000000 years from now to get rid of so this is not a this is not a serious issue in a sort of hypothetical way yes. Theres a possibility but its easier. Much much much less expensive. To take a short break right now when were back. Thousands of american men and women choose to serve in the countrys military. Every. A complete. You. Kill me and. Any screamed at me in. My own. Right mean i think if you take into account that women dont report because of the extreme retaliation its probably somewhere near about half a 1000000 women have now been sexually. And in the u. S. Military rape is a very very traumatizing thing tat happen but ive never seen trauma like ive seen from women who are veterans who have suffered military sexual trauma reporting rape is more likely to get the victim punished dont be offended by hand and almost 10 year career or chose very invested in and i gave a sex offender who was not even going to justice or put on the registry this is simply an issue of tower and violence male sexual predators for the large part of target whoever is there to prey upon whether thats men or women. Nobody wants to look at the wildfires and say the obvious number one the taxes are being misused theyre not being adequately distributed to where they are needed on the infrastructure side because theres a government failure number 2 Climate Change regardless of whether you believe its happening or not the damage that is going to be applied to your pocketbook that you will pay for Climate Change whether you believe it or not you know its still the price is still there. You mentioned the c 35 if you have a career and career involves using your arm flew in your computer it seems that that would be in the north as. Perhaps you sort of getting going its circular. Youre going to have to stop doing all of this i mean this is kind of you lou the new its. My world became smaller and smaller and smaller until i ended up living it in a box. Very strong magnetic field. You know to my head. Its like a real hard pressure on my skin burns and that Wireless Access Point here just continues on saying with our students in the school its. Just can. When you really are citizens in this microwave radiation it is certainly electro small and its getting worse. Seems wrong. To me. Yet to see. This day. And in. The trailer. When so many find themselves worlds apart. Just to look for common ground. And were back with resting heart former nasa apollo 9 austin not resting after it its a planetary threat right now so it does require a planetary effort to do yes and that is the biggest challenge it is because when i look at Global Warming i mean how much more proof do you need that its here and we needed to take care of it not today and tomorrow but yesterday and places are still doubtful this is also this is also a very big question but there are good answers to this that the 2 issues Planetary Defense in the sense of being an x. Essential issue and Climate Change also in existential issue are both big and existential issues. So they have some similarity on the other hand with Climate Change all of us have to change our behavior to be more responsible for the way we act in terms of our relationship with the earth and this living system when it comes to asteroid defense none of us have to change our behavior all we have to do is spend about a 1000000000. 00 or 500000000. 00 on the rare occasion when there is a threat to deflect it but you and i dont have to change our behavior so the 2 issues are much the Planetary Defense issue is much easier to deal with in the sense of who has to act and how much its going to cost on rare occasion to use you know to save life on earth who is it private business is it government whats your take on it. That in my opinion is in the long run an open question the assumption right now is that governments will have to act but thats not a mandate i mean its clear that private industry is developing greater and greater capability in terms of. Private interests being able to act in space and this will simply increase over time so in the long run when we have to defend. You know a city or something you know protect life on earth from an asteroid impact it may be that private industry can be contracted to to do this to change the orbit of this asteroid the assumption is its government. The important thing however is that. This is not a simple thing and this statement is simple but its a complex issue. In a deflection. In order to avoid the risk to everyone in order to prevent a threat to everyone on earth. We need to deflect an asteroid in that process people who are not at threat will be a threat temporarily as youre deflecting something so you cannot avoid other people being threatened in the process of deflection in order to eliminate the threat to everyone and therefore this is a geo political challenge because various nations have to accept this increase temporary threat in the process of eliminating the threat to everyone thats why this is a planetary decision and therefore a geo political challenge the technical challenge plate he says the right word geopolitical and you know that when and its ploughed into a challenge that when you know countries get together and try to figure out something the bargaining starts they are they are the idea in the bio debate are right so what do you think what could special interests or a government bargains be when it comes to asteroids asteroid dangers well as i said in some sense. What youre doing is youre taking an impact point somewhere on earth and youre dragging the impact point off the earth but in the process of dragging it off the earth you drag it through other places other countries other people on the way to getting it off earth all of those other countries should have something to say about it and i did rather as no i did it 1st oh id rather see drag it that way you know drag it that way you see thats the thats the issue so to eliminate the threat to everyone. Other people have to accept a temporary increase in risk in order to eliminate the threat to everyone we have to act responsibly for all of life on earth and this is going to be this is the geo political challenge do we understand it we are all one family to the point where were people can accept a slight increase in risk to my to me or to my country to my people in order to eliminate the risk to everyone so we have to act as a planet in deciding to deflect an asteroid and that is the geo political challenge the technical challenge of deflecting it or being able to predict an impact is simple in comparison with the joe political challenge so when you flew up all 9 it was the cold war and. Now. Like theres like nothing really going on do you feel like there could be any other race into space but not between the russians and the americans because now we have china so black America China russia or. Do you think that nobody really cares much about the space and more of the space stream im no better at forecasting the future than anybody else but let me say that while in the days of apollo 50 years ago the cold war was at its height and you had the soviet union and the United States competing for. Technical dominance in the world. There will always be competition between nations any if you if you can identify a difference the 2 sides of that difference will always be competing for something they are land whatever. So there is always going to be competition at the same time i think we have an International Space station i form the association of space explorers because whether it is a russian cosmonaut an american astronaut a chinese astronaut whoever we have people who have flown from 37 countries we come together in the association of space explorers as a group of people from around the planet who have seen this beautiful planet that that provides the source of all life for all of us were all the same were all one family and thats far more important than the political differences between us or whatever. The International Space station i think is indicative of the trend that when we go out from planet earth in the future into deep space whether thats mars or beyond we will go as people from earth not as russians or americans or chinese we will still be russians chinese and americans but it wont be or it will be and we will go together internationally what do you think are humanitys perspective on space right now because theres a lot of talk about marr sexploitation and even rendering resources from asteroids but it all comes down to its to expensive you know getting there and doing let me tell you it was expensive if we do not capitalize on all of the energy thats available in space and the materials in the form of asteroid materials or whatever then we will have to continue digging up the earth it will have to continue creating waste on the planet that in the long run is to the long term future of wife is far more expensive. Resources in space are going to be available to allow humanity and life to expand out of planet earth we have been born into the causeway the apollo was the moment of cosmic birth when humanity from planet earth has 1st begun to move out this is like birth and the future of expansion the long im talking not you and i or our children or grandchildren talking about long term future of life is going to emerge out of earth only if we are available to make use of the available resources in space but it would just keep digging out of the earth so how do we get to those resources thats how to make it cheaper i dont like a lift that would take you from earth to the technology will be improving and once you access resources off the planet to expand youre no longer having to dig up the earth thats the long term expense is continuing to demand more and more from mother earth in order to continue and