Mean so that was not new returning to earth from earth orbit but getting back to the command and Service Module when the lunar module which had never been used before we had to get back 100 miles to a successful rendezvous and docking as if we had come up from the moon so we were basically testing what later flights would have to do coming up off the moon and that was the 1st time that i had ever been done so that was new but also myself when i went outside that was new to i was the 1st one to use the new apollo suit had never been used before so it was a test flight of that new suit which worked beautifully and it was also a test flight of the backpack that i used which people used on the moon when youre in space testing that amazing stuff and basically. The foundation for man to go to the moon. How much depends on you or not in your skills and how much depends on the genies of the person who equipped designed the equipment and the technology that actually brought you there. Well let me say that if im performing a concert. Alist concerto in Carnegie Hall certainly a lot of the audience enjoyment will be the list composition but only if i perform it well so its both the design of the equipment and the execution of its use both or part of success i wouldnt want to be doing now as you know there are thought over that way. Is it true that youre feeling a bit sick when you are up there oh i know that i was a feeling a bit sick i barfed twice i got sick i may sound like a naive question but who and what am i going to ask about feeling sick in space what is it like when you think they can say well it feels subjectively if eales the same as if youre if you get seasick or if youre susceptible to motion sickness in a car motion sickness is motion sickness so it feels very much the same way now its quite different however because of space with no gravity things dont go things dont go down. So you end up with you know something here you have to carry things off so its not as. Physically comfortable as it is on the ground simply because gravity doesnt work with you and separating you know it will be sticky things like when you borrow from your mouth so its unpleasant now after you do it fine you feel better and of course after one day the problem. Then i had adapted entirely and there was no problem after that but it was very disruptive for the one day that it happened twice so looking back you were the one to test a technology that to them and to the moon 50 years later if you compare right now to the modern manned space flight is it any different with like minor technical adjustments or is a completely different. Well it. Its not a very good comparison. Looking back 50 years of the space craft. The technology that was used and that kind of thing from the technology thats available today i mean theyre theyre quite different its drastically different thats what im asking or is it the same with the physical principles youre dealing with in terms of maneuvering and all i mean to physics is physics and the physics hasnt changed over 50 years so the environment itself isnt changing but the technology which we have available today to to execute is quite different. Rocket technology is still fundamentally the same thing you know were a bit more efficient there are some new materials and that kind of thing programming the Software Aspects are much much more capable today you know the i mean in my i phone i have a 1000 times the capability of the of the computers that we had on board the spacecraft at that time i mean its ridiculous that in my back pocket i have much much more capability than we had in the entire apollo program. So the things have changed in that sense but the challenge the physical environment that youre dealing with with the vacuum maneuvering rendezvous techniques all of those things are basically the same challenge youre simply using a more capable tool to do the same job so after you left you actually devoted your career to the ship asteroid danger and defense against the impact you can create a foundation what is it about asteroids that made you to vote so much of your lifes work and time to. Well it you know there are very few who exercise stench all threats. To life on earth im not talking about my survival or yours im talking about the whole life experiment here on earth. There have been mass extinctions in the past and the. The impact that wiped out the dinosaurs 64000000 years ago wiped out 75 percent of all life that exists people hear about the dinosaurs but it was 75 percent of all species disappeared with that impact so the asteroid impacts at the Largest Scale which is very rare that that type of an impact occurs nevertheless there is alternately an existential threat to life on earth if you if we put it in simple words what could it be be like could destroy a city a country a continent whole plan a while im delighted to be a little bit careful because what were just what the when we talk about the potential destruction that an asteroid impact can cause were talking about the threat to life were not talking about a threat to the planet the planet will survive i mean the we dont worry about the planet per se worry about the life carrying capacity of the planet the capability to support life that can be destroyed were very fragile occupants of the surface of this planet so yes a city can be destroyed a continent can be destroyed and life on the planet can be destroyed civilization is very fragile frankly. So it doesnt take much to destroy civilization and we can protect civilization and life on the planet with the technology and the capability we have today if we do this job correctly so how do you how do you imagine asteroid Defense System because in my have like i have all this if i films and i have a king its a ring of orbiting the sun satellites like in Starship Troopers or something what does it look like quake do we have technical capabilities for such thing at this point. 1st of all asteroids occasionally hit the earth in fact asteroids hit the earth every day we call them shooting stars these are very very small asteroids ok but 100 tons of material comes into the earth from shooting stars every night so were always hit by these things the issue is not are we going to be hit were always hit the issue is how big are they going to be and the larger you get the less frequent they are and so what were protecting against is the occasional asteroid impact perhaps only once every 100 years or once every 4 or nearly every house in the let me express time i felt like a huge warning china right insistence century that killed 10000 people and there was one inch of lab that was detected but what ill show you the most recent one was a want to show you evidence which did not kill anybody but had it come in just a little bit steeper than it did it came in a fairly shallow angle had it been a little bit steeper we probably would have seen a few deaths with. But thats only about once every 75 years that one of those will hit more to the point is the one that hit in 1008. 00 in. Again in siberia but that one would have to head back come in over a city today. You know that there are not that many cities you know on the surface of the earth but had it come in over a city it would have wiped out an entire city so what does this defiance looks like or what is it like no you dont build a defense in space to translate it to our language what is it like yes you predict by by knowing what these asteroids these asteroids are out there finding them. Determining their orbit i can then predict theyre there they go around the sun the same way that the earth does but theyre pez cross the orbit of the the earth and if they do cross the orbit of the earth you have a 3 dimensional intersection and sooner or later the earth and the asteroid will be in the intersection at the same time its just like 2 cars you know if there are only 2 cars in the whole d on the whole planet not often have an intersection but on rare occasion you will and if you can predict that then you can take action to prevent that asteroid from arriving at that intersection at the same time that the earth goes through there so commerce is our chance thats what im doing as im changing the arrival time of the if i know its going to be in the intersection at the same time as earth 5 years ahead of time i need to slow it down or speed it up a little bit using Space Technology so that it arrives slightly ahead of the earth or behind the earth but not at the same time as the earth thats a deflection so do i understand correctly that you do that by costly observing. Where is coming from how do you detect it like i dont have yours i have yes i dont have to constantly observe if i use telescopes on the earth to find an asteroid whose orbit does cross the earth then by having this in my database i know i can predict it in the same way that i can rendezvous with mars or the moon or another spacecraft if i know the orbit somethings in i can go to meet that to rendezvous so if i know that there is an asteroid that isnt in orbit this is going to hit the earth i can go up ahead of time and slightly change its orbit so that it doesnt arrive at the same time as the earth thats thats a deflection we dont have to blow it up we dont have to change its orbit we just changes arrival time at that intersect so youre not changing to jack terry right well you have to be careful i dont read direct it i simply make it go faster or slower thats also changing its orbit but its not by turning to direction its going is by making it go faster or slower you know im asking right because you know as humans everything good that was start often turns into evil i mean can this possibly be used i dont know by governments against our enemies like take trajectory change it direct it towards your enemy or Something Like that you know what i mean yes this is this is a question thats existed for a long time theres even a phrase for which i forgotten but it is not a serious issue. Let me put it this way. It is much easier for me to destroy you or vice versa using other means than to find an asteroid in exactly the right orbit i can change it just a little bit so the hits you mean that will i would have that opportunity maybe once every 10000000 years well if i want to get rid of you i get rid of you tomorrow i dont want to have to wait for the right asteroid a 1000000 years from now to get rid of so this is not a this is not a serious issue in a sort of hypothetical way yes. Theres a possibility but its easier to destroy much much much less expensive. To take a short break right now when were back. Time after time corporations repeat the same mantra sustainability very important. Transition board sustainability. More equitable and sustainable. They claim their production is complete. The. Companies want us to feel good about the products while the damage is being done far away this. So when. You know world of big. Logs and conspiracy its time to wake up to dig deeper to hit the stories that made stream media refuses to tell more than ever we need to be smart we need to stop slamming the door. And shouting past each other its time for Critical Thinking its time to fight for the middle for the truth the time is now for washing clothes for watching the hawks. Thousands of american men and women choose to serve in the countrys military and the decision a little sheltered lives every song came to a complete. The day that i was raised to be instructed here you know told to shut up or theyd kill me and i see how it destroyed my life any screamed at me and he made me come in and he grabbed my arm and he raped me this berthing area if you take into account that women dont report because of the extreme retaliation and its probably somewhere near about half a 1000000 women have now been sexually assaulted in the us military rape is a very very traumatizing thing tat happen but ive never seen trauma like ive seen from women who are veterans who have suffered military sexual trauma reporting rape is more likely to get the victim punished in the offender and almost 10 year career which i was very invested in and i gave that up to report a sex offender who was not even put to justice or put on the registry this is simply an issue of tower and violence male sexual predators for the large part of target whoever is there to prey upon whether thats a man or woman. And were back with rusty shrike hart former nasa apollo 9 austin not rusty aster it its a planetary threat right there so it does require a planetary effort to do yes and that is the biggest challenge it is because when i look at Global Warming i mean how much more proof do you need that its here and we needed to take care of it not to say and tomorrow but yesterday and police are still doubtful this is also this is also a very big question but there are good answers to this that the 2 issues Planetary Defense in the sense of being an ex essential issue and Climate Change also an existential issue are both big and existential issues. So they have some similarity on the other hand with Climate Change all of us have to change our behavior to be more responsible for the way we act in terms of our relationship with the earth and this living system when it comes to asteroid defense none of us have to change our behavior all we have to do is spend about a 1000000000. 00 or 500000000. 00 on the rare occasion when there is a threat to deflect it but you and i dont have to change our behavior so the 2 issues are much the Planetary Defense issue is much easier to deal with in the sense of who has to act and how much its going to cost on rare occasion to use you know to save life on earth who is it private business is it government whats your take on it. That in my opinion is in the long run an open question the assumption right now is that governments will have to act but thats not a mandate i mean its clear that private industry is developing greater and greater capability in terms of. Private interests being able to act in space and this will simply increase over time so in the long run when we have to defend. You know a city or something you know protect life on earth from an asteroid impact it may be that private industry can be contracted to to do this to change the orbit of this asteroid the assumption is its government. The the important thing however is that. This is not a simple thing of the statement is simple but its a complex issue. In a deflection. In order to avoid the risk to everyone in order to prevent a threat to everyone on earth we need to deflect an asteroid in that process people who are not at threat will be a threat temporarily as youre deflecting something so you cannot avoid other people being threatened in the process of deflection in order to eliminate the threat to everyone and therefore this is a geo political challenge because various nations have to accept this increase temporary threat in the process of eliminating the threat to everyone thats why this is a planetary decision and therefore a geo political challenge the technical challenge plate he says theyre right word geopolitical and you know that when and if its ploughed terry a challenge that when you know countries get together and try to figure out something the bargaining starts they are they are the idea in the buying debate are right so what do you think what could special interests or a government bargains be when it comes to asteroids asteroid dangers well as i said in some sense. What youre doing is youre taking an impact point somewhere on earth and youre dragging the impact point off the earth but in the process of dragging it off the earth you drag it through other places other countries other people on the way to getting it off earth all of those other countries should have something to say about it and i did rather as no i did it 1st oh id rather see drag it that way you know drag it that way you see thats the thats the issue so to eliminate the threat to everyones other people have to accept a temporary increase in risk in order to eliminate the threat to everyone we have to act. Responsibility for all of life on earth and this is going to be this is the geo political challenge do we understand that we are all one family to the point where were people can accept a slight increase in risk to my to me or to my country to my people in order to eliminate the risk to everyone so we have to act as a planet in deciding to deflect an asteroid and that is the geo political challenge the technical challenge of deflecting it or being able to predict an impact is simple in comparison with the joe political challenge so when you flew up all 9 it was the cold war and. Now like theres like nothing really going on do you feel like there could be any other race into space but not between the russians and the americans because now we have china so black America China russia or do you think that nobody really cares much about the space and more of the space stream im no better at forecasting the future than anybody else but let me say that while in the days of apollo 50 years ago the cold war was at its height and you had the soviet union and the United States competing for. Technical dominance in the world. There will always be competition between nations and if you if you can identify a difference the 2 sides of that difference will always be competing for something they are land whatever. So there is always going to be competition at the same time i think we have an International Space station i form the association of space explorers because whether its a russian cosmonaut an american astronaut a chinese astronaut whoever we have people who have flown from 37 countries we come together in the association of space explorers as a group of people from around the planet who have seen this beautiful planet that that provides the source of all life for all of us were all the same were all one family and thats far more important than the political differences between us or whatever. The International Space station i think is indicative of the trend that when we go out from planet earth in the future into deep space whether thats mars or beyond we will go as people from earth not as russians or americans or chinese we will still be russians chinese and americans but it wont be or it will be and we will go together internationally what do you think are humanitys perspective on space right now because theres a lot of talk about marr sexploitation and even rendering resources from asteroids but it all comes down to its to expensive you know getting there and doing let me tell you what expensive if we do not capitalize on all of the energy thats available in space and the materials in the form of asteroid materials or whatever then we will have to contin