>> woodruff: and, the darker side of one of america's most moral characters. a look at racism in harper lee's second book "go set a watchman". >> ifill: those are some of the stories we're covering on tonight's pbs newshour. >> major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by: ♪ ♪ ♪ moving our economy for 160 years. bnsf, the engine that connects us. >> and the william and flora hewlett foundation, helping people build immeasurably better lives. >> and with the ongoing support of these institutions and... >> this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting. and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. >> woodruff: greece reached a debt deal with european creditors today after an all- night emergency summit in brussels. it agreed to a strict timetable for enacting further unpopular austerity measures in exchange for a third international bailout. now greek prime minister alexis tsipras must push the cost- cutting proposals through his parliament over the next two days. we'll take a closer look at the new accord-- and get on-the-ground reaction from greece's residents-- after the news summary. >> ifill: u.s. and world markets rallied today as investors welcomed the news of the greek bailout agreement. on wall street, the dow jones industrial average climbed more than 217 points to close above 17,977. the nasdaq rose almost 74 points and the s&p 500 added nearly 23. >> woodruff: another set of talks taking place in europe over iran's nuclear program stretched past yet another deadline today in vienna. one ongoing dispute reportedly involved iran's status under a u.n. arms embargo. there'd been hope a final deal would be announced as the 17th day of negotiations got underway this morning. but later, iran's foreign minister-- yelling to reporters from a hotel balcony-- indicated it wouldn't come today. still, in washington, state department spokesman john kirby remained cautiously optimistic. >> there's been genuine progress made. i think secretary kerry believes and said as much that we're close, but there still remains some sticking points, some issues that still need to be resolved. so we'll see where they go. but our focus is on what's going on inside the negotiating room. >> woodruff: kirby added that an interim nuclear agreement-- which has already been extended three times in two weeks-- can remain in effect for as long as necessary. we'll have more on the fate of the iranian nuclear deal, later in the program. >> ifill: iraqi troops and shiite militiamen began a long- awaited, large-scale military assault against the islamic state today. the operation targeted the western province of anbar-- two months after islamic state fighters seized its capital ramadi. a military spokesman made the announcement today on state television. >> the military operations for liberating anbar from i.s. militants started at 5:00 a.m. today dawn. our armed forces along the shiite militiamen, special task troops, federal police and anbar tribes are now waging pitched battles and advancing toward their designated targets. >> ifill: the launch of the offensive came as the islamic state claimed responsibility for a series of car bombs and suicide attacks that struck baghdad yesterday. the blasts killed at least 29 people. >> woodruff: and in yemen, a saudi-led coalition airstrike in the capital sanaa killed at least 25 civilians and injured 50 others. relatives scrambled to pull victims from the rubble early this morning. the bombing struck multiple houses in a slum area of the city-- in spite of a u.n.- brokered humanitarian truce between houthi rebels and the yemeni government. >> ifill: wisconsin governor scott walker has become the 15th republican to enter the 2016 presidential race. the second-term governor declared his candidacy this morning by tweeting: "i'm running for president because americans deserve a leader who will fight and win for them." walker built his national profile by taking on labor unions, and surviving a recall vote in 2012. he's set to make his official announcement tonight in wisconsin. we'll have more on that later in the program. >> woodruff: president obama today commuted the sentences of 46 non-violent federal prisoners. the majority of the men and women were serving time for offenses involving crack, cocaine or marijuana. the president said, "their punishments didn't fit the crime". he's now issued commutations for 89 convicts during his presidency. most were non-violent offenders sentenced for drug crimes. the pentagon is preparing to end ban on transgender individuals serving in the u.s. military. defense secretary ashton carter said in a statement that the policy was outdated. he's creating a working group to conduct a six-month study on the effects of lifting the ban. that would give the military services time to work through questions like healthcare and housing. >> ifill: the boy scouts of america took a major step closer to lifting its ban on gay adult troop leaders. an executive committee unanimously approved a resolution to allow individual troops to set their own policies. in may, its president-- former defense secretary robert gates-- declared the ban unsustainable. the new resolution still must be ratified at a national executive board meeting in two weeks.malcolm brabant has this report. >> reporter: prime minister alexi tsipras emerged after a long night of bitter negotiations. >> ( translated ): until the end we battled to get an agreement to get the country back on its feet. we were faced with a very difficult decision within hard dilemmas. we took the responsibility to decide in order to avert the most extreme plans by conservative circles in the european union. >> reporter: german chancellor angela merkel was one of those conservatives who ran a hard bargain with the greeks; they seemed ready to quit until european council president donald tusk-- who is also president of poland-- persuaded them to keep at it: >> the decision gives greece the chance to get back on track with the support of european partners. it also avoids the social, economic and political consequences that a negative outcome would have brought. >> reporter: meanwhile, in athens, pensioners saw no reason to celebrate, as they queued up to withdraw money outside closed banks. >> ( translated ): they're acting thoughtlessly. our current politicians are experimenting on us. >> ( translated ): tsipras was put in a corner and he had to make this deal. we will have to swallow this and see how it goes. >> reporter: the near-bankrupt country will receive a $95- billion bailout over three years but the deal mandates tough conditions on greece, ones its voters rejected just one week ago. the deal calls for: streamlined pensions, raised taxes and reform to the labor market. two hours boat ride from athens, dawn broke on the island of agistri, with its 1,000 residents unsure of their future. life in the islands moves to a different rhythm to the greek mainland, and there is a sense that there is little the people can do to influence the outcome. at the small clifftop hotel run by nondas agianozoglou and his family, there's none of the tension that exists in athens. but this tourist industry veteran shares his countrymen's fury at the perceived harshness of the measures imposed on greece. >> you can't force a people that doesn't make money to cut down his salaries, his pensions, pay high taxes and pay out his debt. >> reporter: but a pensioner from holland-- enjoying the greek seaside-- said his hosts had long been living beyond their means: >> a policeman of 45 years after 25 years of work can go on pension with 100% of his salary. it's crazy. there's no country that can pay that. >> reporter: the tourist industry, which is one of greece's most important foreign currency earners, will have to bear some of the burden of financing the new bail out package. hotels and restaurants will have to pay more in sales tax. and there are fears that this could drive away vacationers in what is a highly competitive mediterranean market. >> the other touristic places in the mediterranean are already cheaper than us. and if we try to increase it, we will minimize the tourists who possibly want to come to greece for holidays. >> reporter: but holidays are perhaps the last thing on the minds of many on the streets of athens. left wing groups are encouraging workers to strike in protest against the bail out deal and are organizing demonstrations over the next few days. their aim is to persuade the country's law makers to reject the e.u. proposal and to trigger greece's departure from the eurozone. greece's continued membership of the euro depends on prime minister tsipras convincing parliament to enact emergency legislation by wednesday. he will face a rebellion from within his governing coalition but he should secure enough votes to make sure greece stays afloat financially. for the pbs newshour, i'm malcolm brabant in athens. >> woodruff: let's zero in on what greece and the rest of europe have agreed to and the power dynamics around this. eshwar prasad watches all of this as a professor at cornell university and a senior fellow at the brookings institution. he's also worked for the i.m.f. >> welcome back to the program. we just heard some conditions the greek people will have to live up to to make the agreement work. what do they really mean for the greek people? is is total capitulation to one extent to what germans and theth or demanded. greece agreed to whatever the germans and others in the yiewnders feel is necessary to help the greek economic and make it competent again. the greek labor markets are frozen, the product markets aren't competent which means entry into certain professions is not easy. the tax burden is still very low. the tax administration is not good. the public administration costs too much. so they've basically agreed to reform all of these in the hope their economy can become more competitive and in the interim, get money to get them through the next three years. >> woodruff: so you're suggesting adjustments in pensions, higher taxes, labor market reforms. what does that mean? >> it means it would be easier to fire workers. now it's difficult to shut down firms to fire workers and the collective bargaining agreements are not making the labor market viable so that that they're reluctant to hire work because it's hard to hire them. the problem is not enough to make the economy competitive and they have a crushing debt burden. >> woodruff: they believe this will make a difference and bring down the greek debt? they're not getting actual debt relief with this deal, as i understand it. >> that's the crucial deal. the deal on the table about three weeks ago was a slightly better one and then the prime minister said he would have a referendum to place on july 5 and that slattered the trust eurozone countries had in greece so now they said you have to implement some of the measures and some of the measures have to be in place by this wednesday, and then the greeks will get some debt relief not a markdown of the debt but a longer period over which they could pay it back. >> woodruff: why did prime minister tsipras and the rest of the leadership agree to this? >> at this point they had no choice. germany and other hardline countries in the europe made it clear there was no other deal on the table and in fact this deal came together only at the very last minute. so the alternative would have been to exit the euro and the germans made it clear they were willing to consider this possibility. so tsipras had no options and had to accept the deal which is not great for greece because it may help getting the economy back on track but doesn't ensure the economic viability of greece. >> woodruff: what happens if greece is not able to carry through on everything? >> it will be difficult to do by wednesday what they need to do. if they can do that they've passed one hurdle. but i think it's still going to be very difficult because it will be enormous and wrenching pain in the greek economy,ed three social and political instability. if all that happens, a clear line has been drawn that if the reforms are not implemented, greece will have to exit the eurozone and it may well come to that. >> woodruff: what does the bigger picture say about the political relationship between greece and the rest of europe the internal political dynamics on the continent? >> almost a statement that it's important to keep the eurozone together no matter what the cost, that if the eurozone is to be preserved the rules have to be preserved and maintained and giving greece a free pass will not do. greece has a degree of sovereignty, it's given permission to the european central bank and the i.m.f. to come back and supervisor what the greeks are doing, so that's what greece basically said, we are willing to take you in and you can discipline us and we'll commit to do what you are doing. but greece has given away a lot of political and economic leaders to remain in the eurozone. >> woodruff: this is a divide in the european union itself. >> no matter what happens to greece that's going to be difficult to put together right now because it's clear there is going to have to be a reconsideration of the political government structure. a lot of the countries feel greece got a difficult deal. i'm not going to expect germany taking the lead on these issues anymore. so it will be a fight in in the yiewnders ahead. >> woodruff: we have been watching it for days and know the result. it will continue. eshwar prasad we thank you. >> thank you. >> ifill: the efforts to reach an iran nuclear deal appeared so close today that iran's president even tweeted about it, calling it a "good beginning." but in no time at all, that tweet was deleted and reports of new negotiating snags surfaced. so, the sun set again in vienna today with no agreement. indira lakshmanan is covering the talks for bloomberg news, and joins us now. indira, late this afternoon, we heard there was the announcement overnight, then there wouldn't be an announcement overnight. this keeps going on. i wonder what the that you know about why. >> yeah, it's deja vu all over again gwen and it's been a rollercoaster 17 days. we're going into day 18, and this has been the most extreme rollercoaster in the last 24 hours. we thought we would have a deal, then foreign minister zarif came out and made a motion with his head indicating there will be no deal. we're now after midnight in vienna so the negotiators have blown past through the fourth deadline in the last 18 days, but the latest reports we're getting, our sources are telling us from four different delegations that it's very, very likely there will be an afoment of the -- an announcement of a final deal in the early hours of the morning, so possibly as early as pre-dawn vienna time which might be as early as before midnight washington time. >> ifill: boy, that's the latest possible thing. what is it they're trying to smooth out? what are these last-minute hangups people keep referring to? >> right. well, i reported 24 hours ago that that arms embargo issue actually had been mostly smoothed out, and the issue is that, on the u.n. side, the iranians wanted the arms embargo lifted right away. now it looks like it will be a phased process over the next two to eight years for lifting the embargo. what they have been arguing about all day today is language because language matters and we have lawyers from seven different countries and the building going over literally every comma and every t that's crossed and i dotted in 100 pages of documents. so again we're talking about a 100-page-long document with five technical annexes that is meant to last a long time. some elements will last ten years others 15, others 25. so the u.s. and iran in particular, are concerned they want to get this exactly right. no one wants to have to go back. you can't reopen and renegotiate it, so it's really about getting the language right the first time. one thing i want to remind you when we were here a couple of months ago from lausanne having a similar conversation after midnight, you will remember that when they actually released the deal last time, the framework agreement, united states had one set of talking points and iran had a different setters and that caused problems in the past couple of months when they were trying to negotiate. so what we understand from both the united states and the iranians is there's going to be one comprehensive statement that speaks for both sides. imagine how hard that is, gwen, to do that, because both the americans and the iranians are trying to show home audiences that they won. so how do you come up with language that says you won in tehran and also says you won in washington when they're both facing hard line audiences at home. signing a lot man and words. >> ifill: you mentioned they've blown through four deadlines. do deadlines matter at all anymore? >> well, you know the deadlines mattered insofar as the obama administration has said deadlines are a forcing mechanism. they force people to sit down and actually make a decision. apparently, in this case, they didn't force them to do that that much. but as john kerry said, this can't go on forever. they can't stay at the negotiating table forever. iran has cleverly taken that and turned it on its head by saying hearings we face no deadlines we'll stay here as long as it takes, and if anyone leaves the negotiations, it's their fault, not ours. that puts the united states on the spot because if negotiations were to collapse iran could say that's america's fault, they walked out, we didn't. so we've had all parties trying to keep both united states and iran at the table. a funny moment earlier today is when sur guy lavrov the russian foreign minister walked into a meeting with the foreign minister and said how are you and he said angry. the russians and yoons and chinese are frustrated. they want the deal to be done. they wish they would sign off and wish the americans and iranians would get the wording straight so everyone can move on after 18 days of this and really two and a half years. >> ifill: i know you will be up late waiting on the last shoe to drop. thanks so much for joining us. >> woodruff: video conferencing has become so commonplace that we've grown comfortable communicating with one another through pixels on a screen. that comfort, combined with rapid advances in health monitoring technology, is fueling a new boom in "telemedicine." teledoc, a big player in providing video and telephone medical consults, had an extremely successful launch when it went public on the stock market earlier this month: it raised more than $270 million on the first day. as hari sreenivasan explains telemedicine is beginning to transform the way we experience the medical system. it's the latest in our "breakthroughs" series on invention and innovation. >> sreenivasan: a simple ritual like gardening on a hot summer day, is something tom & trisha uhrhammer don't take for granted anymore. >> can you use some basil? >> sreenivasan: just a year ago, tom had a massive stroke. >> i was sitting right next door here in this room watching tv, it was time to go to bed, so i got up and walked up the stairs and i didn't make it. i collapsed short of the bed. >> sreenivasan: the paramedics took tom, who was paralyzed on his left side, to nearby mercy general hospital in sacramento. with blood seeping into his skull, creating enormous pressure on his brain, time was of the essence. that's when a "telestroke" robot was deployed to the e.r. >> pretty soon this machine came toward me, and in the screen appeared a doctor. he said, "good evening. my name is dr. nee, i'm a neurologist and i'm here to examine your husband." and lo and behold that robot turned around, went around the bed to the other side and started examining tom. it was remarkable. >> sreenivasan: dr. nee was also able to remotely access c.t. scans and other vital data needed to quickly determine tom's surgical needs. mercy is one of 43 dignity health hospitals in the west using the "telestroke" robot, and there are others in use all over the u.s. we got a demonstration from dr. asad chaudhary-- he's the one on the screen-- and nurse eleanor vigilante. >> it's faster for us to always use tele-neurology because our physicians are not 24 hours a day in the building. we can actually get a physician to the bedside of a patient within three to six minutes. >> sreenivasan: three to six minutes is the difference between what? >> every minute that we waste is potentially more brain function that's lost. >> sreenivasan: stroke is the leading cause of serious, long- term disability in the united states. but widespread use of telemedicine for stroke care is improving patient outcomes. hoping to build on its success in hospitals, the telehealth industry is now focused on bringing more basic healthcare services directly to patients wherever they may be. from the comfort of her san francisco home, dr. raveena rihal is diagnosing and treating patients for primary care ailments like sinusitis, pink eye and bladder infections. >> a patient can download the app on their mobile device either laptop, iphone or tablet. and if they want to see a doctor they just press a button and they will connect to a doctor that is licensed in their state and can see them over video. >> sreenivasan: rihal works for doctor on demand, one of a handful of companies connecting patients with physicians almost instantaneously. >> hi there. i'm dr. rihal. >> sreenivasan: on the day we visited, rihal took a call from carmen crandell and her 11-year- old daughter, alyksandra mckaymick from naples, florida. >> do you feel any lumps or bumps? >> it feels a little swollen in here. >> now i'm going to have you bring the camera real close to your mouth and say ah. >> ahh. >> can you see? >> yup. i got a good look there. it looks red, but i don't see any white patches. you can point the camera in the back of your throat and get a really good look at tonsils. it's surpassed my expectations the technology piece of it, and i think the future holds even more with all of the wearable devices and all the information we're going to be able to transmit soon. >> sreenivasan: by the end of a 13 minute exam, which cost $40, alyksandra was diagnosed with viral sinusitis and her prescriptions were sent to a nearby pharmacy electronically. why did you choose this service? why not just go to a doctor that's in naples? >> you can't get an appointment. if your child is sick and you call them, they say they can't see them till the next week. it's pointless. then you end up at the emergency care clinic and that costs $100, so why not pay $40 and do it right then? >> sreenivasan: beyond the convenience factor, doctor on demand's chief medical officer, dr. pat basu, says the cost savings on a large scale add up. >> roughly in the united states there's a total of about 1.3 billion total cases where people walk in to see a doctor. of the type that doctor on demand is ideal for, you're talking about 300 to 400 hundred million that we can treat. >> sreenivasan: at a rate of $40 per telemedicine visit versus an average of $1,000 for a trip to the emergency room-- or about $300 for urgent care-- basu says the potential savings are enormous. >> right off the bat, that would save $25 billion to the u.s. healthcare system. >> sreenivasan: such figures have caught the attention of insurance companies. in april, united healthcare, the largest private insurer in the u.s., launched a partnership with three telemedicine companies: nowclinic, american well and doctor on demand to cover video-based physician visits just as it covers in- person visits. health industry observers say it's the strongest sign yet that telemedicine is entering the mainstream. >> now we have over 20 million patients who have access to doctor on demand through insurance. on the government side, medicaid and medicare, that progression has still not fully occurred but we are in conversations with state medicaid agencies and national medicare to cover this. >> sreenivasan: dr. abraham verghese, vice chair of stanford's school of medicine, applauds the efficiencies and cost-saving telemedicine will bring, but he's concerned about preserving the doctor-patient relationship. >> a very important, i would say, ministerial, function of being a physician is to be attentive, to be present, is to listen to that story, is to locate the symptoms on that person of that patient, not on some screen, not some laparoscope, but on them. >> sreenivasan: do you ever feel like you're missing something by not being able to touch the patient? >> no. if i was taking care of heart failure and diabetes and things like that i think i would feel really uncomfortable doing that over video. the more common things that i'm taking care of, i feel good about what i'm doing, and i feel like i actually connect with the patients really well. >> sreenivasan: even though doctor on demand chooses not to allow its home-based doctors to treat serious illnesses, outdated regulations don't necessarily prevent them from doing that. verghese says the industry needs some clear national guidelines. >> i have no doubt that we're going to learn a lot more about the blessings and pitfalls of telemedicine as more and more people start to do it. and i suspect we're going to realize it's very good for some things. and there will be a fairly hazardous tiny little live wire area that perhaps we develop guidelines that you don't go near. >> sreenivasan: national regulation won't be easy, as all 50 states have their own unique laws governing the practice of telemedicine. something christa natoli, associate director of the center for telehealth & e-health law, spends her time studying. >> states really focus a lot on the physician patient relationship and physical examination, but states which are clear will define what an appropriate examination looks like. states that are vague do not define what appropriate means in any context. it's in the grey area where states are silent on these issues that could potentially lead to patient harm. >> sreenivasan: as policy makers determine how to define and regulate the industry, there are a growing number of patients who've experienced virtual medicine first hand. in the year since his stroke tom uhrhammer has fully recovered. he and his wife tricia are grateful to be back to their normal routine. for the pbs newshour, i'm hari sreenivasan in northern california. >> ifill: and then there were 15. republican candidates for president, that is. so as the 2016 campaign begins to take final shape, we look at the personalities, the policy and of course, the purse strings this politics monday with tamara keith of n.p.r. and amy walter of the cook political report. let's start by looking at the money the most important part of this right, in some respects. >> yes. >> ifill: the top four candidates in terms of money super pac as well as non-profits in one case and just regular money over the transom jeb bush with $114 million. this is just since they announced for president. hillary clinton with $60.6 million. ted cruz $47 million. marco rubio $43.8 million. there are 11 others in the race. as these four line up, where is the money coming from for the race? >> in almost every case the super pac is more than most candidates raise. hillary clinton is the only candidate cay who raised more than her super pac. a couple of issues. the first there used to be the thing in politics where you dropped out of the race when your money ran out and it would run out because you weren't winning enough didn't have enough momentum. now there are super pacs flush with cash to keep candidates going long after the expiration date. >> ted cruz has three super pacs that can keep him going, and, you know, it used to be that there was the dollar primary and you could look at, well whose fundraising dollars were the highest. it's hard to know what to make of these numbers because some rich person could come out of nowhere, create a nonprofit, we wouldn't know where the money came from and blow everybody else out of the water. >> there is an interesting component to this, the amount of money that jeb bush has coming from the super pac is about $103 million. the bulk of that is coming from super pac. they cannot coordinate with jeb bush. they are going to be making decisions that normally a campaign will be making. now, super pacs have been good at doing one thing they're a destroying machine. they're there to eat up their opponents. can they be a pro pro-bush entity and do the things a campaign can do? we don't know. >> ifill: let's talk to someone not in the top four but could be because of a couple of rich people keeping an eye on him, we reported earlier scott walker announced he's running for president. let's listen in walk his hometown. >> we need new, fresh leadership, leadership with big, bold ideas from outside of washington, the kind of leadership that knows how to get things done like we've done here in wisconsin (cheers and applause) since i have been governor, we took on the unions and we won! (cheers and applause) >> ifill: scott walker king of the midwest. another governor getting into the race. how does he fit into this field, tamara? >> he's definitely here pointing to his executive experience. he won three elections in four years in what he likes to remind everyone is a blue state. although, right now, he is gunning for iowa and all about winning iowa. he also likes to paint himself as someone who could bring people together at some point though right now, his message in the speech is very conservative, red meat kind of speech. >> ifill: his wife and sons sound more moderate at least on one key social issue we have been talking a lot about which is gay marriage. >> gay marriage. his sons gave an interview where they said we talked to our father about we're in different places on this issue. >> ifill: as is many american families. >> younger generations say this is no big deal, the older generations are not comfortable with it. it mirrors where america is on this issue even though scott walker personally is to the right of the majority of americans on this issue. >> ifill: another big issue which completely consumed the race in the last week or so is immigration but immigration as seen through eyes of one donald trump. hillary clinton gave a big speech today about the economy spoke this afternoon to the national cowfnls of activist hispanic group and this is what she had to say about donald trump's words on immigration. >> i have just one word for mr. trump -- basta! enough! (cheers and applause) and to all the other republicans running for president... why did it take weeks for most of you to speak out? you're normally such a talkative bunch. >> okay. she's loving it. that's the point, right? >> right. her campaign said early on part of the reason they were holding out on announcing is we want the republicans to fight amongst themselves, the attention won't be on us, it will be on them, and that didn't happen till now. donald trump is a powder keg and the closer you get to him the more likely he'll explode and she's hoping he explodes and does collateral damage. >> ifill: powder keg. lindsey graham called him a wrecking ball. many terms are being used. >> ifill: but what does that say for republicans? i mean, we know the democrats love this, but are the republicans loving it? >> well, i think the people who showed up for donald trump's event in arizona, 4,000 people packed into an arena he said it was 10,000, but, you know, they support him. he is speaking to, certainly, an undercurrent that is very concerned about illegal immigration, and he is saying exactly what they want to hear. i don't know what it means for the republican field. i think this identity crisis that they're dealing with where they want to win latino voters there are some that want immigration reform, there are some that absolutely don't want it and he is just, like putting that family feud right out into the open. >> ifill: does that affect the behavior or actions of new candidates like john kasich or scott walker like we saw get in the race today. do they have to calibrate their introduction to the american voter based on this piece? >> doesn't seem like scott walker did. he came out making the case he's been making and wants to make for the campaign which is i'm an executive, i won in the blue state and taking a conservative position on almost every social, cultural and economic issue. so they're hoping to ignore him because the problem with donald trump is, if you engage him, it will only make things worse. it's like a little bit what you were taught as a kid to not engage the bully because they will continue to pick on you. >> ifill: immigration, however, is going to continue to be an issue of how the party deals with it. >> yes, and democrats feel this is an issue where they have strength. hillary clinton early came out strongly in favor of the president's executive actions because she was trying to set a trap and get this republicans to talk about thing they don't agree on, whereas on the democratic side it's pretty well agreed there is a democratic orthodoxy and move ahead. >> ifill: scott walker in the case that will crystallize that issue. we'll talk about that next week. amy walter, tamera keith, thank you very much. >> you're welcome. >> woodruff: mexican officials have launched a nationwide manhunt, after that country's most-infamous drug lord escaped from a maximum security prison on saturday. the escape triggered a wave of criticism that authorities had let public enemy number one in mexico's drug war get away. william brangham has the latest. >> reporter: this abandoned house is where mexican authorities say drug kingpin joaquin guzman-- known as "el chapo"-- escaped to freedom. guzman was being held in this maximum security prison, but on saturday night, he reportedly walked into a shower stall, and never came out. officials discovered a long, narrow, tunnel had been dug under the prison that ran nearly a mile away to the empty house. guzman is the most notorious drug lord in mexico, and possibly the world. he runs the sinaloa cartel -- a global network that trafficks marijuana, heroin, cocaine, and methamphetamines. they're also responsible for thousands of killings in mexico's brutal, near-decade-old drug war. this was guzman's second escape from a mexican prison-- he escaped in 2001, but was re-captured in 2014. that arrest was held up as proof by mexican president enrique pena nieto that his nation was finally cracking down on the cartels and reining in the violence. but this second escape was seen as particularly damaging for the president, who was on a state visit to france when the news broke: >> ( translated ): i am deeply shocked by what happened. this is undoubtedly an affront to the mexican government, but i am also confident that mexican institutions, will rise to the challenge, with the strength and determination to re-capture this criminal. >> reporter: u.s. officials had long wanted to extradite guzman to the united states to stand trial, but mexican authorities resisted the transfer. today, white house spokesman josh earnest said the u.s. is helping in the search. >> he faces very serious crimes not just in mexico, but he's also charged with very serious crimes in the united states as well and the united states will support the efforts of the mexican government to bring him to justice. >> reporter: back in mexico officials are still investigating the details of el chapo's escape and questioning dozens of prison employees. in the meantime, a massive manhunt continues. for more on the manhunt and the importance of guzman to the drug trade, i'm joined now by alredo corchado, mexico bureau chief for the dallas morning news. alfredo, drug pins don't get any bigger than el chapo. mexico celebrated when they caught him, the u.s. wanted to extradite him. now he is free, on the loose. how big a deal is this? >> it's a huge deal. i mean, this is the worst night mayor for enrique pena nieto, the mexican president, the worst nightmare for u.s.-mexico cooperation. i have been talking to officials for the last couple of days and this they're still in shock. even though when he was arrested, when he was taken to a mexican prison, they kept warning of this very possibility. so i think people on both sides, it's like the air has been sucked out of them. >> brangham: i wonder if you could tell us about the elaborateness of the breakout, how he got out. >> there are two stories, but the reports we're hearing is the plan started almost immediately after he was arrested. there was an escape tunnel much like the ones he's built throughout the mexico-sonoran border elaborate, air digsed even a motorcycle rail. you talk to officials and they say there is no way to explain that this was a sole act. how do you dig that much dirt out and not make any noise? >> brangham: and also how did authorities not know this? as you say, building tunnels was aa trademark of the cartel that he used to run. how could they not know a mile-long tunnel was being built into a maximum security prison? >> at this point, 30 people have been arrested and are being questioned. the real question is how high does the corruption go. i mean who knew -- not just the prison level but the state government, the federal government, who were the people involved? it's too early to answer the questions, but there is plenty of suspicion and names going back and forth. i think we're in for a really tough time for the next few months. >> brangham: let's talk more about the ripple effects between mexico and the u.s. we have a long relationship of trying to fight the drug war between our two countries. what does this do to that relationship? >> in talking to people today and yesterday, they said this sets back the relationship five, ten years. i mean, mexico is not canada. you don't have that natural sense of cooperation, the level of trust. they have been working very hard at it, especially the initiative where is the u.s.'s way of helping mexico attack the car tells but also a way for both sides to build more intelligent sharing, and that's one of the big questions today is how much did the u.s. government, how much did the mexican government share with the guzman side as they were preparing to judge them or expedite them to the united states? how much more does he know? who's at risk at this point? >> brangham: the president of mexico made a big show of his actions of being tough on the car tells. now that el chapo is out, what does this do to his administration and ability to govern? >> at this time this worked nicely for the mexican narrative, that things were looking up for mexico, that there were all these economic reforms and he was turf on car tells. who better to make that point than going after the biggest drug lord in the world, el chapo guzman? that was a big hit. this is an incredible blow, a humiliation to the mexican president and an embarrassment to the mexican president. >> brangham: is there any queens now that el chapo is on the outside how quick he could be back in control and calling shots with the cartel? >> that's unknown. there's been a big, internal fight been the sinaloa cartel. it will be interesting to see how that the mexican government has been saying that the car tells are now down -- the cartels are down to two. it will be interesting to see whether el chapo can just come in and take over. i think it will still be a big fight. his goal is to try to control the sinaloa cartels burks more than a year has gone by. >> brangham: alredo corchado thank you for joining us. >> thank you. >> ifill: it has been treated as one of the major literary events of the year: the publication of harper lee's second novel. jeffrey brown has the story. >> brown: the first surprise was the existence of the book itself. that brought huge national interest. bookstores across the country have fielded record pre-orders and many are planning release parties. it also raised questions along the way about whether long-time reclusive author, harper lee now 89, had the mental acuity to approve publication. in a film airing on pbs' "american masters", her publisher michael morrison described the moment he was first given the manuscript. >> i didn't tell anybody about it. i locked it in my drawer. at the end of the day, i put it in an interoffice envelope and carried it home and kept thinking, "please god, don't let this be the day i get hit by a bus or mugged." went home that night, fell in love with it from the first sentence. >> brown: now, with its release comes a new surprise: the portrayal of atticus finch, beloved in "to kill a mockingbird" and indelibly played by gregory peck in the film. as a lawyer defending a black man from false rape allegations in a deeply segregated alabama town in the 1930s. in "go set a watchman", the character atticus, now 72 years old, is a man who's attended klan meetings and says to his daughter: "watchman", while set 20 years after "mockingbird," was actually written first. lee's editors encouraged her to transform the story about the adult jean louise finch into one narrated by the character's younger self, known as "scout". and we're joined now by wayne flint, professor emeritus at auburn university and a close personal friend of harper lee and natasha trethewey, who read and reviewed the new book for "the washington post." newshour viewers will of course remember natasha for the stories she did with us during her tenure as poet laureate. so welcome back, natasha, and let me start with you and ask before we get into larger meanings and readings, were you surprised by what you found? well, i was surprised, jeff. i was surprised by the way that we were getting a different kind of depth of character of atticus than we'd seen before in mockingbird and surprised about what kind of character that was. >> brown: and what did you see? >> well, we get to know him, i think, with more contradictions and complexities which, of course, i think makes him more human to us. we get to see that, even as he is the person that we know from mockingbird who believes in justice for all and making sure that people get a fair trial, but he also can maintain some deeply engrained and unexamined notions of racial difference. >> brown: so wayne flint, the novel is a woman who comes back to visit her small town after living in new york. it's been suspected atticus finch is based on her father. what light can you shed on this? >> i think all fiction is at its center autobiographical, and i think lee is the prototype and i think in some ways the prototype in what we have of "go set the watchman." fathers are perfect between 6 and 9. at 26, for most of us, they're not so perfect anymore. >> brown: did the portrayal ring true to your own experience or the experience you knew with harper lee? >> absolutely. i was 17 in 1956 when she wrote this book and i was having the same kind of problems with my father. i, like her, split the bonds in terms of culture with my race. also she'd read the bible too much and felt a southern church was terribly flawed in its understanding of race. so processing all that racial change between 49 and 56 in new york city, i think she had real problems with her father who wasn't moving on race nearly as quickly as harper and her sister alice and monrova were. >> brown: natasha trethewey, you wrote in your review, we have a far more complicated of a beloved american figure, character in culture. you saw residences up to today right? >> that's right. you know i agree very much with wayne, too. i know experiencing that disillusionment of my own father over the years, so reading mockingbird and "go set the watchman" made that personal experience vivid for me all over again. but i saw, also, in it because she was writing the book in the aftermath of the brown decision, aa lot of conversation about the courts making the brown decision and the south feeling dominated yet again, being told what to do. the issue of states rights the way we're talking about the issue of the confederate flag because, of course, in states like georgia and south carolina, the flag was raised or incorporated into the state flag in order to protest the brown decision, and the courts and the federal government's enforcement of the new law. >> brown: and wayne flint what about there in alabama, how are the residents thinking today? >> i think there are vestiges of racism. there are difference between those who voted for barack obama and those who voted for his opponent. alabama had the sharpest racial divide of any state in the union so i think the vees vestiges are still there. we process this through family and community. we need to know if we'll make our separate peace and go someplace else and not bother with tissues or will we fight and make alabama better. that's the issue for her. her sister alice stayed and fought and tried to integrate the methodist church and change, her sister decided to leave. >> brown: the question when all this came out, how much she agreed to and understood about what was going on. what can you tell us? >> one of her wonderful lines was same damn town same damned people as i wrote about in mockingbird. >> brown: meaning what? meaning there is a lot of provincialism, a lot of small-mindedness. they don't much like nell's lawyer who is the ultimate outsider. she's catholic. her grandfather fought in the union army against the confederacy. she didn't belong. i'm afraid, jeff, the greatest concentration of neurologists in the united states are in monrovo and they can all diagnose dementia without having met nell or talked her in the last five years. >> brown: nell is the name harper lee goes by. >> correct. >> brown: natasha, what does the new book tell us about her as a writer? what can readers take from it? >> well, i mean, the first thing that we can take from it is getting to see something about the process that a writer goes through, creating a first draft and then working toward changing that first draft into the book it later becomes and, in this case, a pulitzer prize winner novel. so getting to see the draft, something that began it is exciting, because you know that it didn't begin perfectly the way it ended up. i think it also lets us see the way that she was timely in her concerns, that she was trying to write a book in the moment that was contending with what was happening all across south. >> brown: a new take on an american classic. natasha trethewey, wayne flint thank you both so much. >> ifill: and that's the newshour for tonight. on tuesday: miles o'brien reports on nasa's three billion mile journey to get a whole new look at pluto. i'm gwen ifill. >> woodruff: and i'm judy woodruff. join us online and again here tomorrow evening. for all of us at the pbs newshour, thank you and good night. >> major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by: >> and by the alfred p. sloan foundation. supporting science, technology, and improved economic performance and financial literacy in the 21st century. >> and with the ongoing support of these institutions and... >> this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting. and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. captioning sponsored by newshour productions, llc captioned by media access group at wgbh access.wgbh.org >> this is "bbc world news america." >> funding of this presentation is made possible by the freeman foundation newman's own foundation, giving all profits from newman's own to charity and pursuing the common good, kovler foundation, pursuing solutions for america's neglected needs, and mufg. >> build a solid foundation and you can connect communities and commerce for centuries. that is the strength behind good banking relationships, too. which is why, at mufg, we believe financial partnerships should endure the test of time

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