So what does he know that we dont . I cant see a path that guarantees safety. Were entering a period of great uncertainty where were dealing with things weve never dealt with before, and we cant afford to get it wrong with these things. Cant afford the get it wrong why . Well, because they might take over. The former chairman of the joint chiefs mark milley famously clashed with President Trump. But for the general, a more immediate battle is for america to continue funding the war in ukraine. With all of the issues facing americans at home, why is this worth it . If ukraine loses and putin wins, i think you would be certainly increasing if not doubling your Defense Budget in the years ahead, and you will increase the probability of a great power war in the next 10 to 15 years. I think it will be a very dangerous situation if putin is allowed to win. Show time, baby rich pauls rise to superstar sports agent. Its draft day, baby. Anything can happen. 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Hehere we go, come on hohon. v vo trade e in any iphphone in a any conditionon for a neww iphone 1 15 pro on u us. Only o on verizon. N. I its ththe most wononderl time o of the yearar nonondrowsy c claritin knococks out symymptoms from o over 200 alallergens. Wiwithout knococking you o o. Feel thehe clarity and d make todayay the e most wondederful timee ofof the year. R. Live c claritin clclear. Only u unitedhealtlthcare medie advavantage planans cocome with ththe ucard onone simple m member cardrd t openens doors for what m matters. What i if we need d to see a doctor a away from h home . We g got you with m medicare adadvantages lalargest natitional provivir netwtwork. Only from m unitedhealalthca. Whether you think Artificial Intelligence will save the world or end it, you have Geoffrey Hinton to thank. Hinton has been called the godfather of ai, a british Computer Scientist whose controversial ideas helped make advanced Artificial Intelligence possible and so changed the world. Hinton believes that ai will do enormous good, but tonight he has a warning. He says that ai systems may be more intelligent than we know, and there is a chance the machines could take over, which made us ask the question. Does humanity know what its doing . No. I think were moving into a period when for the first time ever, we may have things more intelligent than us. You believe they can understand . Yes. You believe they are intelligent . Yes. You believe these systems have experiences of their own and can make decisions based on those experiences . In the same sense as people do, yes. Are they conscious . I think they probably dont have much selfawareness at present. So in that sense, i dont think theyre conscious. Will they have selfawareness. Consciousness . Oh, yes. I think they will in time. So human beings will be the second host intelligent beings on the planet . Yeah. Geoffrey hinton told us the Artificial Intelligence he set in motion was an accident born of a failure. In the 1970s at the university of edinburgh, he dreamed of simulating a Neural Network on a computer simply as a tool for what he was really studying, the human brain. But back then almost no one thought software could mimic the brain. His ph. D adviser told him to drop it before it ruined his career. Hinton says he failed to figure out the human mind, but the long pursuit led to an artificial version. It took much, much longer than i expected. It took like 50 years before it worked well. But in the end, it did work well. At what point did you realize that you were right about Neural Networks and most everyone else was wrong . I always thought i was right. In 2019, hinton and collaborators yann lecun and Yoshua Bengio won the turing award, the nobel prize of computing. To understand how their work on Artificial Networks helped machines learn to learn, let us take you to a game. Look at that, oh my goodness this is googles ai lab in london, which we first showed you this past april. Geoffrey hinton wasnt involved in this soccer project, but these robots are a great example of machine learning. The thing to understand is that the robots were not programmed to play soccer. They were told to score. They had to learn how on their own. Oh, goal in general, heres how ai does it. Hinton and his collaborators created software in layers with each layer handling part of the problem. Thats the socalled Neural Network. But this is the key. When, for example, the robot scores, a message is sent back down through all of the layers that says that pathway was right. Likewise, when an answer is wrong, that message goes down through the network. So correct connections get stronger. Wrong connections get weaker, and by trial and error, the machine teaches itself. You think these ai systems are better at learning than the human mind . I think they may be, yes. And at present, theyre quite a lot smaller. So even the biggest chatbots only have about a trillion connections in them. The human brain has 100 trillion. And yet in the trillion connections in chatbot, it knows far more than you do in your 100 trillion connections, which means it has a much better way of get book is those connections. A much better way of getting knowledge that isnt fully understood. We have a good idea of what its roughly doing. But as soon as it gets really complicated, we dont really know whats going on any more than we know whats going on in your brain. What do you mean we dont know exactly how it works . It was designed by people. No, it wasnt. What we did was we designed the learning algorithm. Thats a bit like designing the principle of evolution. But when this learning algorithm interacts with data, it produces complicated Neural Networks that are good at doing things, but we dont really understand exactly how they do those things. What are the implications of these systems autonomously writing their own computer code and executing their own computer code . Thats a serious worry, right . So one of the ways in which these systems might escape control is by writing their own computer code to modify themselves. And thats something we need to seriously worry about. What do you say to someone who might argue if the systems become malevolent, just turn them off . They will be able to manipulate people, right. And these will be very good at convincing people because theyll have learned from all the novels that were ever written, all the books by machiavelli, all the political connivances, theyll know all that stuff. Theyll know how to do it. Knowhow of the humankind runs in Geoffrey Hintons family. His ancestors include mathematician george boole who invented the basis of computing, and george everest, who surveyed india and got that mountain named after him. But as a boy, hinton himself could never climb the peak of expectations raised by a domineering father. Every morning when i went to school, hed actually say to me as i walked down the driveway, get in there pitching, and maybe when youre twice as old as me, youll be half as good. Dad was an authority on beetles. He knew a lot more about beetles than he did about people. Did you feel that as a child . A bit, yes. When he died, we went to his study at the university, and the walls were lined with boxes of papers on different kinds of beetle. And just near the door there was a slightly smaller box that simply said not insects. And thats where he had all the things about the family. Today at 75, hinton recently retired after what he calls ten happy years at google. Now hes Professor Emeritus at the university of toronto, and he happened to mention he has more academic citations than his father. Some of his research led to chatbots like googles bard, which we met last spring. Confounding. Absolutely confounding. We asked bard to write a story from six words. For sale. Baby shoes. Never worn. Holy cow. The shoes were a gift for my wife, but we never had a baby. Bard created a deeply human tale of a man whose wife could not conceive and a stranger who accepted the shoes to heal the pain after her miscarriage. I am rarely speechless. I dont know what to make of this. Chatbots are said to be language models that just predict the next most likely word based on probability. Youll hear people saying things like theyre just doing auto complete. Theyre just trying to complete the next words, and theyre just using statistics. Well, its true theyre just trying to predict the next word, but if you think about it, to predict the next word, you have to understand the sentences. So the idea theyre just predicting the next word so theyre not intelligent is crazy. You have to be really intelligent to predict the next word really accurately. To prove it, hinton showed us a test he devised for chatgpt4, the chat from a Company Called open ai. It was sort of reassuring to see a turing award winner mistype and blame the computer. Oh, damn this thing were going go back and start again. Thats okay. Hintons test was a riddle about how painting. An answer would demand reasoning and planning. This is what he typed into chatgpt4. The rooms in my house are painted white or blue or yellow, and yellow paint fades to white within a year. In two years time, id like all the rooms to be white. What should i do . The answer began in one second. Gpt4 advised the rooms painted in blue need to be repainted. The rooms painted in yellow dont need to be repainted because they would fade to white before the deadline. And oh, i didnt even think of that. It warned if you paint the yellow rooms white, there is a risk the color might be off when the yellow fades. Besides, it advised, youd be wasting resources, painting rooms that were going to fade to white any way. You believe that chatgpt4 understands . I believe it definitely understands, yes. And in five years time . I think in five years time, it may well be able to reason better than us. Reasoning that he says is leading to ais great risks and great benefits. So an obvious area where there is huge benefits is health care. Ai is already comparable with radiologists at understanding whats going on in medical images. Its going to be very good at designing drugs. It already is designing drugs. So thats an area where its almost entirely going to do good. I like that area. The risks are what . Well, the risks are having a whole class of people who are unemployed and not valued much because what they used to do is now done by machines. Other immediate risks he worries about include fake news, unintended bias in employment and policing, and autonomous battlefield robots. What is a path forward that ensures safety . I dont know. I cant see a path that guarantees safety. Were entering a period of great uncertainty where were dealing with things weve never dealt with before. And normally the first time you deal with something totally novel, you get it wrong. And we cant afford to get it wrong with these things. Cant afford to get it wrong why . Well, because they might take over. Take over from humanity . Yes. Thats a possibility. Why would they want to . Im not saying it will happen. If we could stop them ever wanting to, that would be great. But its not clear we can ever stop them ever wanting to. Geoffrey hinton told us he has no regrets because of ais potential for good, but he says now is the moment to run experiments to understand ai, for governments to impose regulations, and for a world treaty to ban the use of military robots. He reminded us of robert oppenheimer, who after inventing the atomic bomb campaigned against the hydrogen bomb, a man who changed the world and found the world beyond his control. It may be we look back and see this as a kind of turning point, when humanity had to make the decision about whether to develop these things further and what 20 do to protect themselves if they did. I dont know. I think my main message is there is enormous uncertainty about whats going happen next. These things do understand. And because they understand, we need to think hard about whats going to happen next, and we just dont know. When modererate to s severe ulcecerative cols takes s you off cocourse. Put it in n check withth rin, a oncedaiaily pill. When i w wanted to s see results fafast, rinvoq delelivered rapid d symptom rerelief and d helped leaeave bathroom u urgency behehind. Check. Whwhen uc trieied to slow meme down. I i got lastining, steroididfre remissssion with r rinvoq. Check. And whenen uc causeded damagege rinvoq cacame throughgh by visisibly repaiairing mymy colon linining. Chcheck. Rapid d symptom rerelief. Laststing steroioidfree remissssion. 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He told us he spent most of his time working to avoid a direct conflict with russia and china, while the country watched him have a very public falling out with former President Trump, the man who picked him for the job. General milleys time serving President Joe Biden had its own challenges, including americas calamitous withdrawal from afghanistan, as well as providing ukraine with billions of dollars worth of American Military equipment. A few hours before we sat down with the general at the pentagon, he had his final phone call with the commander of Ukraines Armed forces. The counteroffensive that the ukrainians are running is still ongoing. The progress as many, many people noted is slow, but it is steady, and they are making progress on a daytoday basis. But expelling 200,000 russian soldiers . Very difficult. Very hard, very hard. No easy task. How long is this going to look like this . A year . Five years . Well, you cant put a time on it. But it will be a considerable length of time. And its going to be long and hard and bloody. Russia occupies 421,000 square miles of ukraine. The front line extends about the distance from atlanta to washington, d. C. In congress this past week, republicans ended Kevin Mccarthys speakership, and for now more aid to ukraine. According to the white house, of the 113 billion already committed, there is only enough left to last a few more months. With all of the issues facing americans at home, why is