Elementary particles. If we take a person and a chair and break them down into their components, we find adams. And within them, electronic clarks include ones. Without elementary particles, there would be no stable atoms. Everything would fall apart. They literally hold the world together. Elementary particles are not only the basic components of all matter. Some can even penetrate any form of matter. The book is home to daisy, the german electron synchrotron, one of the Worlds Largest fun, the mental Physics Research centers. More than 2000 scientists from over 40 countries work here. The particle, physicists, because challenge funding. Vega takes us into the enormous tunnel system below the daisy grounds. Funding becca is one of the worlds most renowned particle physicists, a professor at the university of humble and lead scientist at daisy. As only some parts of the tunnel are still being used for experiments. Our team is allowed to film there. If im, if we going on the ground to the hair acceleration, its the largest accelerate to the, to him. And he has to have a bill im getting. If i would have anyone entering the tunnel needs an oxygen unit for safety and has to report in by telephone system from the christy and spun vega. Hello. Im entering the here a tunneling here or west, going towards here. A news or not behind the door is the heart of particle physics at daisy. The hair tunnel hair stands for head drawn electron ring accelerator. The you guys so long definitely you have found a problem with something im some and then the kara is so long. You need to bind to get from one experiment to another, its fine and you can see that it isnt actually a ring. You can get me riding through a straight section now on the electrons. And protons are accelerated through the strait sections. Then the, the tunnel slowly starts to codes in the particle beam zones. Accelerated in the section just redirected here. The proton bane travels in the launch of a vacuum tube and the electron beam goes through the lowest storage ring in the opposite direction. And if we were to travel much, much the lead, eventually come out of the cook and see how this electron too much is with the product onto the electrons. A show to the protons in the next to tech, to the port one control center for the protons burst and release, new elementary particles. What physics is aiming for with these particle collisions is the reconstruction of the beginning of space and time. The reconstruction of the big bank, our universe emerged from a huge explosion, some 13800000000 years ago. Particle physics has not yet succeeded in pinpointing the actual moment. But it can look back to a 1000000 of a 1000000000 of a 2nd after the big bang. The debate about whether indivisible particles could exist goes back to the ancient greeks. Some 2500 years ago. The greek philosopher, democritus, among others, called them adams from the ancient greek to most meaning, indivisible. The debate continued until 1911, when it was 1st experimentally proven that adams themselves are indeed divisible. Adams consist of electronic neutrons and protons. The term elementary particles 1st appeared in the 19 thirties and the 2nd half of the 20th century teams from the us and daisy and humbled among others, were finally able to demonstrate that protons and neutrons are also divisible and consist of corks and blue ones. The standard model of particle physics lists for groups of known elementary particles. The core group consists of 6 particles in total, the, to the left tons, including the electrons and new ones also comprises 6 particles. The, the group of gauge bows on the forest particles currently includes 4 types, including blue ones and photons. Finally, there are the scalar bones. So far, physics nose have only one elementary particle in this group. The higgs both on detected in 2012. It is the most recent addition to the particle family, the berlin at the noise museum, we meet the nina level, the curator of egyptian and oriental pye. Right. The she takes us to the pirates collection. Some of the oriental and ancient egyptian manuscripts on display. Here were originally rolled up or folded like these amulets. So far theyve had to be painstakingly rolled and unfolded by him. The popularity isnt the wonderful guy right. Are very fragile. When we want to open, if hes, are pirates conservator decides if its possible. Or if a package like this one, for example, will follow the parts interesting 1000 pieces. Of course you dont want us out just interest interest me. Some 60000 pi ryan. The other manuscripts are stored in excavation boxes from 19 o 7. Back then, huge quantities of such artifacts were found during excavations on the la funding island and the nile river with conservators, sophie elizabeth. But tell needs that hannah eliza is looking for a pi right, whose contents might be deciphered by means of particle physics, without unfolding or damaging them. Using a handheld x ray machine develops jointly with visits as toms eva hod mimecast. They have found pirates packet that could have been printed with iron containing ink, and have decided to scan the document with even more powerful x rays. This is done at the Heading Home Center for materials and energy in berlins funds, a district to be as specializes in tom, a graphic and material. The less radiation can penetrate. Its very dense material like bone appears, white in the x ray fluids and soft tissue like fat or muscle, are less dense, and so appear great. The organs containing large amounts of air, like the lungs allowed the majority of the rays through and appear black in the image. While x rays can be harmful to living beings, they have long been proven tool for non Destructive Testing and Materials Research can 5. And we mentioned doors, a testing done, the x rays pulse through this process and then hit the detector team. And we take a whole series of images, not just one of the 90 guns. We rotate the sample once 3360 degrees with. Im a quote, a projection of very many, very different angles. They ask you this way that we can generate a 3 d reconstruction of the volume with us. Yeah. And its ideally the scan only takes a few minutes and delivers numerous 3 dimensional x rate images of the pirates packet. But the writing inside can still not be read. This is where scientists from the to the institute in berlin step in the mathematician, daniel about him. And his team have developed software that can virtually own a full of the pirates packets. The traces the individual layers and the 3 d model with the mouse. The computer programs in virtually assembles the many x ray images into a flat surface. The structure of the plant fibers is clearly visible. Finally, the image data from the x ray image is transferred to the, virtually unfolded piracy and distinct characters appear on the screen. You can see the tires fibers really well up to the left is versed in 15 oriental scripts and languages from different heroes, including higher radek or coptic aromatic and arabic. Because somebody else model negotiated of fuels falls on gets and an appeal was the 1st time in the history of tyras research. And we can read up a pirates virtually vicky without having to physically open it up. This is really sensational. This piece here is a complex texas. Here is a p which is the mass to an article, and then this symbol now not freak as a cop there. I called this as im not 5 and joe, a joy on project cells put joy into me. Wait. Oh lord, jesus christ as the quotes from this is the short form for Lord Jesus Christ and early christianity, out of my hand. A wonderful example of the fact that early christianity and personal piety existed on elephant teams. Perhaps as early as the 4th century. When the game had been remembered, this is a folded emulate that someone would have carried with them honestly, like 5 digits are thanks to physics and i t, some aspects of christianitys early history can now be rewritten. The geneva, the European Organization for Nuclear Research for cern is the Worlds LargestResearch Center in the field of particles that 6 here at the swiss border with france almost 20000 scientists from all over the world have been researching the properties of elementary particles since 1954, we made german particle businesses because challenge funding back again. Its r and p is regularly in switzerland to monitor experiments. Yes, this is an overview of the launch hadron collider. We here on the sun sonic and then at the certain score is the large hadron collider. The Worlds Largest particle accelerator. The ring shaped tunnel is almost 100 meters below ground. Alice think i can just enough flash advice. I stuff im by, so i stuff for steve as a to really starts with the both of the hydrogen. When thats hydrogen consists of one pro tillman, one electrons on the 1st, the electron is extracted, and then the proton goes into a linear acceleration where its energy is increased. So half the speed of life finally got in. And in spite and for the signing of the e mail, and theyre like an approach on this then said 33. 00 more. Pre exhilarates is for simple finally being directed into the large hadron collider. And thats where its accelerated to near light, to be done. Alphabetically caught in that the bush line is found a fast. Please, just bring this type in the collider. Protons are accelerated in opposite directions and shot at each other at 4 points in the ring. At almost the speed of light. With 4 huge detectors measured the collisions i know these are the ductwork and one of the school, the c m. S detector is located directly opposite this the inside and so on the other side of the ring i did as i think thats where we going. Now back in may of c, m. S stands for compact and one solenoid, and it is one of the most exciting physics experiments of our time. Here in the c, a mass control room, the experiments collisions are coordinated and monitored other physicists from all over the world are connected in real time, including a Scientific Team from daisy and home board. I dont have blog at all. Some 4000 researchers from 55 Countries Worldwide are involved in the c, a mass experiment. Seamless experiment is at the large hadron collider. And its an experiment to look at the fundamental Building Blocks of matter and understanding the fundamental forces in the universe and to learn more about how the universe was created. Its taking place at certain because so it has the most powerful accelerator in the world right now. And its also a community that brings together institutions from all around the world and the expertise for them to, to really advance the field of particles in 2012 researchers that sir and achieve their greatest success to date, experimental proof of the long sought higgs bows on it was named after british physicist peter higgs, who concurrently with his french colleague false, why on last described of the properties of the as yet unknown particle. The 2 or jointly awarded the nobel prize in physics in 2013 today is unusual through the proton. Collisions of the underground tunnel have been stopped in order to do Maintenance Work on the l h. C 4. Its detectors. Just kind of relax caught in my tying. So this is a diagram as the see a method can take detector and can see that in the pull. Normally the protons would be colliding in the center of the detector. Right now. Time kind of put, but there arent any protons in the collider at the moment that will buttons in these attach. And heres what we see instead of these particles here, which a cold calls make new ones even though who are under producing cosmic rays at, at tech, to expedite possibly nearly through the detector. And so it does, it take to reconstructed something non linear one, and then we would know that it was out of alignment and needed to be corrected to one. So we use these calls, make new ones to calibrate down to take 2 and very precisely fiction on 10 or push dependencies. This difference a customer come the because there are no particle collisions today, were allowed into the 100 meter deep detector room. This would otherwise not be possible as harmful radiation could be released during operation if its 15, if it takes to that as a tester, they asked if it takes them into. Who can i give you . The c m s to take the here is the heaviest to take during high energy physics. Investigate 65 percent heavy of the meal hotel on what we can see in place that the protons come from here and also from behind. And then they collide in the middle of the detect uh tech. When they collide, they practically explode on and then we analyze the fragments and see another z. And then the polk stick a proton collisions release, new elementary particles like both arms, left tons and clarks, which can then be measured in the c a mess detector. By identifying the particles produced in each collision, measuring their momentum trajectories and energies and then piecing together all the information the scientists can recreate and describe what actually happens during the collision, the things that allow them. And then lets see. And this is an equal coordinating e, and this allows me to visit study the micro causing the policy cool effects. And you have the give me a might, if its fascinating that and if its a more you learned about its micro cause a man because the more you understand about the big picture with name, the origin of the universe, this when youve as on by monday, monday, put told when to, protons collide for a fraction of a 2nd time the collision recreate the conditions of the big bang. The house had some of the defect box and the we can simulate these clocks and glue owns and swimming around. Do me cycles. Mix sued by shooting price homes that each of them with incredibly high energy and 51 for spanish tides of a n, a d off, and then the c as its mike traveling back in time to the origin. Devalue universe steals. This is the sleeve as when the protons collide, the elementary particles that shoot off in all directions, leave their traces in the individual segments of the detector. And these traces are translated into a huge phone use of digital data. It all happens in this underground computer room where all the data from the c a mess detector is received as far standard and seem as to take the key to imagine packets made off of 100000000000 protocol. And so she also to each other in the c, m. S. To take them uh, was it like a month to then . Does that mean you know, once but 40000000. 00 packing. The 2nd kate that interfere with each collision of these packets. Some 60 protons collide with all the protons and the impact release hundreds and thousands of particles from titanium. Psychiatric then letting them to take to an else can. Im at least different particles are recorded by the detector. Then that is if its accommodations and in this room picked up a lease, a physical signal from the collisions in the detect. So we have in digitize settings that color on and off when that is, if that these a lot of data. So huge files that we have to pre select in the field around the information we can use and expires. Otherwise we can store. So this one is a dock and falls alex yet one on that is the im missing christie, and them direct of all the pyramids of visa on the outskirts of the egyptian capital cairo, were built to stand for a turn, a deep and are indeed the only remaining wonder of the ancient world. How many chambers are hidden inside the 3 pyramids is still a mystery. The 3 main chambers among others have already been discovered. But researchers are certain, there must be more, perhaps even the body and the burial artifacts of the pharaoh key ups will be found the since 2015 teams of researchers from japan and france have been using particle physics to study the 3 pyramids of visa using move on imaging, they are reconstructing their inner structure without damaging a single stone. The in the standard model of particle physics milan belong to the group of left on the lawns are formed in the upper layers of the atmosphere. When particles of cosmic radiation collide with air molecules. The particles which travel at almost the speed of light even penetrate large masses of stone around 10000. 00 new ones, hit every square meter of the earth every minute at sea level, the scanners detect the ones that constantly race through the structure. Those that pass through many stone blocks lose a lot of energy and leave a relatively weak trace on the scanners. But if the new ones flow through hollow space, they lose less energy forming a stronger image on the scanners. In this way, they reveal the internal structure of the pyramids and helped to discover previously Hidden Treasure chambers and other rooms without having to move a single stone. In 2017, the Research Team is made a spectacular discovery using move on imaging. A previously unknown 30 meter long chamber in the great pyramid. The milan scanning has also proven its worth and inspecting the contaminated food go seem a Nuclear Reactor in japan. Engineers can examine the condition and integrity of the power plants, outer shell, from a greater distance. Without having to physically enter the immediate highly radioactive zone, the blue on imaging is also used in bulk knology, where the flow of elementary particles reveals the underground structure of volcanoes. This enables a kind of Early Warning system for potential volcanic eruptions. But the flow of elementary particles can not only illuminate matter, but also transmit information. Cellular phones are based on the discovery from the 19th century. Ready they send and receive electromagnetic waves, which thanks to particle physics, we know are also elementary particles, namely, photons, cell phones operate using the electromagnetic force, describing the standard model of particle physics. The silicon based sensors and cell phones are based on the same principle as the detectors had to turn the symbol of the band odd enough to institute for tropical medicine. Just north of the piers is a Research Center where more than 400 Scientists Research dangerous pathogens they study, for example, the exact blueprint a virus is using extremely high intensity x ray technology. Body and holes in the Hall Research has the structure of sonya viruses. A group of dangerous pathogens introduced to Central Europe long ago by exotic insects of fun. Yet, infection like the last a virus can be fatal. And there are currently no vaccines or effective drugs.