Bit further good wonderful. Imagine you are taking part in an experiment together with an anonymous partner. Make up your masks and. You and the other person cant see each other and he will not meet. For years the box you decide how much of 100 euros youll keep and how much youll give the other person if they accept your offer you both keep the money if they refuse you both get nothing in the past majority of people split it 5050. Would you have done that 50 euros for you 50 for the unknown person. Ok so it settled all would you have kept more and risked losing everything exactly ship fish already might work 7030 has already extreme and you can forget 80 twentieths of do you accept that us. The experiment shows that an unequal distribution isnt acceptable the same applies in the real world. But one finds it today people begin to ask themselves if a manager arms 300 times the wage of someone on the production line are they then doing 300 times as much. Where do we stand on inequality and were a society heading. In c. And compared to previous societies from ancient times to today of course this is an incredibly equal society because. But income inequality is growing weve become significantly more and just in the last 20 years a bottom 10th of the population has lost 10 percent of its income in real terms the top 10 percent has gained almost 25 percent. When does a human sense of justice develop at what age does disadvantage start to both of us developmental psychologist hannah by 30 is conducting research at the likeness institute in frankfurt today shes testing the sense of justice in children. The subjects 5 year olds tita and dahlia right ok stand on the carpet and know are also 5 matilda and me are off or have a flashlight i have a task for you because i have a basket with lots of table tennis balls im about to empty it out and then id like you to collect them and sort them by the why polls here in this basket option one and the orange balls and that basket over there. Ok lets start. The children begin enthusiastically theres no time limit no sense of competition. The task is finished when theyve correctly sorted all the table tennis balls. To go out. Then theres a revote somebody dont look for you. There are questioning looks why does a teacher good morning. Doesnt do you hear these are for you. And these are for you its whats the whats wrong the cost of home why do you look so sad is something wrong or care. Theres some doubtful recounting. The kids can tell somethings not right. Up there. Once kids reach late kindergarten age or Early School Age so theyre focused on equality things should be as equal as possible whether you like it or not. Did you want more of the coins sensitive is it dumb that matilda got so many. And why. Ringback the sense of justice is a cool feature of our moral lives. Ringback and even momentary violations can destroy relationships between people groups and even nations. Nance Butler Foundation indecl doff research a social justice income is influenced by education and other factors in most countries men still earn more than women with the same qualifications in germany the difference is currently 6 percent theres even a statistical measure for an equal Income Distribution between different social classes its called the genie. The genius on the gene is an important distribution measure that goes back to the italian statistician karada genie. Tells us how income is distributed in society in the deserts of a tired was. Put simply if income which equally distributed the genie would be 0. If all income were with one person the genie would be one. So corroded genies coefficient shows the degree of inequality in Income Distribution the higher the number the less equal the distribution. Germany austria and switzerland are all at just under sera point 3 norway has the best value among european nations with 0. 26. The United States does significantly worse and worse. In the us its already 0. 39 when of doing in the balkan countries which are less developed the genie can sometimes reach 0. 4. Thats where it starts to get critical. Because the gini coefficient above 0. 4 can signal is a threat to social harmony wherever is the size he is increasingly torn apart into haves and have nots social cohesion is at risk. Of people who have been left behind economically who are living in relative poverty tend to participate less in elections for example have a bit add in society generally. In germany austria and switzerland net income inequality isnt as pronounced as in many other countries. Thats mainly due to government redistribution through taxes and social benefits but inequality is growing in the city of cas who are Michelle Hartman looks at the widening gulf between germanys elite and other social classes he says that germany had the best conditions for income equality until the turn of the millennium the socalled economic miracle of the 950 s. And 1960 s. Boosted private purchasing powerful things like furniture cars and travel there was growing prosperity for all Social Security and full employment led to a quality of life that was taken for granted for decades. And thats why many people today feel that whats happened in the last 20 years is a step backwards because people back then thought if we keep doing what were doing we could completely even out those large social differences. In a 2013 survey almost 2 thirds of germans said that social justice had decreased. Germany is one of the e. U. s 10 richest countries and one of the 20 wealthiest countries in the world but the income gap continues to widen here lets say you are in the last 20 years the bottom 10th of the population has lost 10 percent of its income in real terms and the top 10 times gained almost 25 percent in other words in 2 decades the gap has widened by more than a 3rd and people can feel that changing. The risk of poverty in germany is higher than it has been for many years. While a small group can of food almost anything the larger part of society has less and less despite decades of work and this does not just apply to germany. 2011 so the occupy wall Street Movement emerged in the United States a country known for its large gap between rich and poor. I. Mean as the richest one percent against the rest of the population that image resonated in germany and in other European Countries because in the last 20 years weve experienced a watered down version of that in this country and in france even in scandinavia. Even if statistics and indicators confirm basic levels of social justice in germany a recent study has shown that one percent of the population owns 35 percent of the countrys total wealth the month. When you ask people what they think of any quality in German Society the overwhelming majority of people born of the top have absolutely no problem with that for them its a sign of achievement still those from working class families find it unfair by exactly the same large majority just what would need to change to ease the sense of injustice. Germanys constitution guarantees freedom and equality for. All citizens as well as the right to participate in society but whats the key to a just society. The most good most only go to 1st thing most people would say is the right to education is only 5 and thats not wrong because education goes a long way to determining a persons position in society and says that education is very closely related to income and wealth usually that fact is ignored or not given much weight of a money an army if you grow up in poverty your Educational Opportunities are much much worse for material reserve because its not just about the way schooling is structured i mean i would always put income in wealth as the number one factor then comes education and after that housing but housing is also strongly tied to income and wealth so then you always come back to income and when i go to work. The past 4 decades have seen a reduction in social standards and the introduction of low paid jobs as well as rent increases and a lack of housing. Many people are unwilling to simply accept this and it has led to belittle policies further to the left and right experiencing greater popularity. It could be an indication that principles of justice are an evolutionary inheritance. Back at the likeness institute in frankfurt the young test subjects are still coming to terms with the unfair system of rewards king. David has to do you have an idea how we can solve this matilda do you have an idea of what we could do than you to give her one of yours does thats a good idea. And do you think its good for me and that she gave you one does not know or can take it any longer. What are you doing now at splitting them out of hiding them up. After the attack did you split them up equally. But otherwise the other one is sad. With empathy and the willingness to part with some of their own rewards the children saw of the distribution problem. But are these qualities innate or acquired this question has long occupied the Scientific Community our youngest test participants could provide dances with the classic hole punch experiment. And im punching the pages. Here not so much you know not have you ever seen one of these clock i want to see. Clown. Act or question the 2 year olds are more interested in their toys than in the whole punch. But now we hike the whole punch. How will cosmo and you and i react. Or. Her. Not hey wheres my hole punch. Up there but i cant reach it what can i do. Cause my is quick to help. I stood a chair to climb on. So i can reach the hole punch. The chair thank you thank you. We help of is from a very early age empathy and the willingness to help are inherent in most people these traits develop into a sense of justice only my few want to help someone or be able to do so we must realize they are a need we have to imagine ourselves and their place in a sense of justice a similarly we have to recognise that they wont like having less than we did. For a long Time Research has believed as sense of justice was a matter of upbringing more recent studies suggest that its innate. Started in fear or theres a lot to suggest that we have something inside us from birth to develop through evolution a certain sense of justice a certain preference or orientation towards equal distribution studies with monkeys show it to that often a glimpse of our evolutionary past. But where the usual experiment is that 2 monkeys do tasks and then get a reward of it all and. Were in this experiment the capitan monkey is to take an object and give it back. As a reward he gets a piece of bell pepper. But logans reward is a grape the capital monkeys favorite food. After that liam refuses the bell pepper again and again he wants grapes as a report like logan. Then he usually gets really mad and it shows that hes satisfied as long as no one else is getting Something Better for the same task. Even tries to snatch logans reward. Thats just a very rudimentary sense of a preference for equal treatment and the ability to recognize it but the more developed a more complex and healthy sense of justice is a small includes other aspects like performance and an individuals needs so does everyone get the same or does the person who worked harder get more or the person who needs it more or maybe the one who profit most if they get it out awful hot or not is a have account these considerations are formed later through education and interaction with others in talks on and on and on. For children the matter is simple justice means the same for everyone. The american philosopher john rules developed a famous theory in the 1971. When he said that we can retain the childlike idea of equal distribution so long as we dont know our position within society. Rules is thought experiment went like this a group of people are asked to agree on a Fair Distribution of income in a newly formed society none of them knows which income group theyre belong to. They discuss under what he called a veil of ignorance. His hypothesis no one would accept less in the latest social order in. For others to have more so the result must be equal distribution. Such those experiments are difficult to implement in reality in terms of social theory communism so far remains a utopian ideal economists death and birth things theres a very specific reason for that. I think absolute equality would go hand in hand with an absolute lack of reader. If you look at past models of creating very equal societies that is communist systems of theyve always come with a lack of political and other freedoms or and if you look at all the political systems and even the philosophical systems that lean towards equal distribution you see they all suffer from the fact that in principle the state has to take on a strong regulating role. Stephan voice has designed an experiment from turnbulls this idea has tested it again and again on volunteers to find out when People Choose the equality principle and when they choose the principle of performance. Welcome to this economic experiment im going to show you some different distribution methods youll then have time to discuss them as a group with. 7 participants to choose from 4 methods of distributing income within they create with method incomes are extremely equally distributed depending on performance in b. And c. The unequal distribution is more sit down while miss a d. Distributes the same amount to all. Tests of arithmetic and general education will determine who all the top the form is but for now general says they will of ignorance is in place the d. S. P. If we choose d. I wouldnt make an effort to do anything because ill get the same amount anyway but id go get a coffee instead of doing arithmetic or the crossword puzzle if they realized id consider that bad but here i think its ok. That a for it would benefit all of us and wed all get the same. You wouldnt put anyone at a disadvantage. In your monkey engine never know whether youd really do better at the task than everyone else about if you assume that everyone is better than you then of course from a selfish point of view youd argue for method day or the or question. As an event doesnt it i wouldnt care how much i got i just want the one who contributes most to get the highest reward from village to if we go with method b. Or c. And i come 7th that would be fine with me as. President 30000. 00 gross a year. Yup just that it be pretty bad sure but thats the way it is if im not good i get less all related. A lot of other sorts of. Things but what if you werent good simply because he didnt have the right opportunities but i dont know just because he werent prepared for didnt have the right education to master these tasks. After a nearly 40 minute debate theyre ready to vote. Italys cast your vote without letting the other see. This vote and the following performance test will determine 90 percent of each participant payment for taking part. And its a pretty clear result. By voted for d. One for c. One for b. John rules this theory holds up the majority votes for equality. Under one for variant c. Because i think what happens in the real world should also be represented as much as possible in experiments like this. Now stefan violets lifts the veil of ignorance crossword puzzles and arithmetic tests determine who gets what. The participants have no reason to worry by choosing distribution method d. The majority voted for everyone to get the same regardless of their performance. Then they find out how they did in comparison with the other. Without disclosing their results they move on to the 2nd discussion this will determine the remaining 10 percent of each participants pay. All right lets go out and buy them but as far as i could stay with d. For example me and or if a bunch of us suddenly said i dont want to go with. My hands its not just the other i wasnt the biggest fan of di before either of us but id argue in favor of c. Like i did before your absolute and hidden against quest i just want to quickly point out that your argument was that with method deal nobody would have an incentive for the task and youd rather go drink coffee. Not so much not about you finish the fastest latham at the end i think you still had an incentive. Who thought since were all going to be ok lets just pick a. Position but i dont understand putting such emphasis on all having the same life and pataki and now basically picking the opposite sold they vote distribution method c. Last year of almost as expected actually its been proven that as a rule people vote 1st pretty and then 4 am the 2nd round so 1st absolute equality and then switched to absolute inequality this time it was absolute equality and then relatively moderate any quality. Once a participant knows what position they have reached those in the high rankings want to secure a better income so equality only works under john rules this veil of ignorance. The experiment was conducted with 23 groups the result people clearly want inequality based on performance as long as enough basic security is provided that sounds utopian. In fact in some places money is literally being given away since 2014 the berlin nonprofit mind uncommon my basic income has been randomly selecting people and giving them 1000 euros a month for a year mission a bomb is the man behind the initiative. That i have a kind of basic income myself and no Strings Attached wage from an Internet Company i cofounded 6 years ago i left the company but still get money as a coa and even though its not all that much that unconditional money has transformed my life since then ive been interested in whether thats the effect of an unconditional basically encounter comes as the theory is that Financial Security allows everyone to live a more relaxed life with fewer worries a universal unconditional basic income has been a hot topic in the west for a long time but some say it would make recipients feel secure and no longer want to work and i know. Its not really shown discouraged at some point that sense of justice will be called upon especially with people who are granted a universal basic income get rid of them and decide to let society sustain them and not to have a job that contributes to society as a whole. You can think of things like volunteer or neighborhood in gauge went on more even taking responsibility and the family. Name says. Responsibility means helping the weaker among us this applies to individuals but also to the state. The social justice index determines how well the 41 e. U. And o. E. C. D. Countries are doing. The cassa greece are poverty prevention equitable education labor Market Access social cohesion and nondiscrimination health and intergenerational justice. In the last survey and 29000 germany came in 10. Iceland is currently 1st followed by norway. Denmark. And finland. In 2016 finlands Government Commission the social Insurance Institute killer to launch a universal basic income Pilot Project instead of Unemployment Benefits 2000 out of work finance would get 560 euros basic income whats the point in this experiment the point is not made that millionaires in this experiment when you get to these experiments but the clue is that you get to keep the 560 euros whether your words take on a Part Time Job of full time job or jobs or whatever work every get. There could sing was one of the 2000 and employed people who received a basic income for 2 years her husband worked at the struggling Nokia Company once she starts working and then get this extra then these kinds of things we can buy for the house and the funding which has happened there definitely has booster that we have a very kind of leverage on that mom like yeah like a brace of rating or so far Something Like kind of things you have. You know very well may be travelling adventure me saving some money. For months after the payments began rosa had a job again. He loved one that was good but it was really only an attractive prospect because rosa knew her modest salary would be topped up with an extra 560. 00 euros tax free. In fact the governments experiment wasnt intended to find out whether basic income would make finland more socially just always the recipients would be most satisfied with their lives. This experiment is a way to see what should we do what are the actions that we should take and how should we plan our future Social Security system so. The needs in future life and creature work life and so on but we havent been you know talking about the freedom and the equality. Kayleigh a guaranteed basic income would encourage unemployed friends to take low wage jobs in the event the 2017 a year after the Program Began we spoke to was a. Kind of a feeling you gary is that this just going to get like wipe under the rug like it should be. So. Yeah which is a bit sad i was hoping that in finland theyd be more like following. The path theres no now it feels like its just like. Someone in fact filing the papers somewhere and maybe at the end of the 2 years. In 2018 the project was terminated prematurely according to the finnish government and employed people showed too Little Initiative to return to the labor market. Sociologist year can show says the projects biggest problem was that it was commissioned and financed by the government. In finland there was a change of government in finland and the project was reduced to being only for the unemployed which original plan was to try it out for employed people as well just. Looking at finlands data ship sees positive effects of a universal basic income on the recipients dimension. The sort of people slept better they said that their subjective wellbeing was better and that they had less stress there are. Also their trust in state institutions have increased. As it does thats certainly a finding that will remain part of the Research Despite a small sample group as. In 2021 a german studies beginning with 127 and unlike in finland with a control group surveys of previous basic income recipients reveal surprising findings. Its by no means the case that anyone becomes lazy only in fact its the opposite people get a new sense of productivity they live healthier lives they become more social we want to find out whether this can really happen so we need in parable study i want to know if its worth investing more time in basic income or if we need another idea to solve the big challenges of our time and. Within 5 days more than 1000000 people apply. To mine clint uncommon to take part in the study. In addition to those in the study the nonprofit continues to wrestle of several basic incomes each year. Under person 11 of them she works as a carer in a home for the disabled and is also studying education. She applied in august 1900 and was randomly selected. A 1000 euros a month for 12 months no Strings Attached. Is she here at least give i truly cried with joy and i wanted to travel. But i also wanted to treat myself to a few things for example barefoot shoes which i couldnt buy otherwise because theyre a bit expensive but oh good now and lots of other things more training attending seminars workshops i wanted to attend. On without the money it would be difficult with the money i could afford it and made him go to quantas a small ice. And there are no longer receives payments per year is over it gave her some security but her basic attitude didnt change because of it yeah operating having fun id always work but the question would be what would i do where would i work and how would i wear it. Since the start of the coronavirus pandemic discussions about basic income have also intensified in germany more than 4000000. 00 people depend on socalled many jobs which are the 1st to be cut in times of economic crisis only salaried employees get compensation for shorter working hours or Unemployment Benefits selfemployed Service Workers go empty handed and unconditional Monthly Payment would protect everyone but of course there are also disadvantages. In a Democratic Society it has to be legitimate it has to be supported by a majority it has to be affordable and it has to be compatible with a capitalist society minimal the undesirable jobs have to get done too and if you apply these criteria to Something Like a universal basic income then it often seems difficult. Above all discussions focused on how it would be financed. It wouldnt work without redistribution. And when asked whether they would give up money to make others better off the majority of germanys high earners said no. At the Max Planck Institute for research on collective goods and bone researchers are investigating which injustices divide a society most. Norwegian economist run very thought set up an experiment to find out how much inequality germans will accept. Shes recruited a test subjects they have to solve computer tasks for 5 minutes in return they get a participation feel of 20 euros plus a bonus if they do well thats all the information the participants have. What they dont know is its going to be really unfair. So today we are trying to study which inequalities do people find fair how much inequality do they find fair and how does it vary with the source of inequality. The test begins participants have 5 minutes to complete as many tasks as possible the tells us are assigned randomly either mental arithmetic book classifying pictures into categories. For the whole thing takes 5 minutes that doesnt sound like long but its quite a lot when you have to concentrate for that long and. Especially for the mental arithmetic tasks. Border of id expect to only get the participation for the movie because i dont think i was particularly good at the math tasks atlanta and with others and lot of go. Run by phone once to find out how adults respond to certain types of pay inequality. One way of doing that would be for you and i to. You know do some work and thered be an earnings difference and then i had to decide to reduce that inequality or not but i also have some selfinterest and we economists know about it so i would also think about what i want for myself now that makes it a bit difficult to figure out what people consider fair so thats why we bring in this impartial observer the 3rd party who can make a decision for 2 other people those 3rd parties are now introduced theyve had nothing to do with the experiments so far to test participants are to be paid according to their performance the base a worker gets 60 euros while the other gets nothing but before the payment is made a 3rd person is able to change that decision season to do all of the 3rd party please decide whether to redistribute the earnings between the 2 might work less time for. These Decision Makers can allocate between 10 and 60 years to the less productive worker or leave the entire weight with a better work at. Present i wouldnt say that better worker gets everything and the other gets nothing under the nations its unfair that the person whos also worked gets nothing at all. Minus they all in it also be unfair if i were to sit there and work but the other person did a bit more sometimes and then hed be the more productive one so i think it should be distributed but i dont think they should both get the same and i dont put if one of them is more productive then i think they deserve a bit. Mystified i would say the more productive worker gets 40 euros and the less productive worker gets 20 euro cents or. The next 2 Decision Makers have to assess a different situation they too have to decide who gets paid what however. After just after completing the task they were told that the earnings would be determined by a mockery of both person and. He was lucky in doing 60 euros for the task person b. Was unlucky and earns nothing in the name. Of the independent 3rd parties we distribute this isnt bad for us but we couldnt help it and nobody deserves bad luck its always better to be fair. Theres a just in charge so i would say give both of them the same divide the 60 euros into 30. 30 at the city or all of places prices for. The Decision Makers agree on this week distribution for the researchers it confirms that an equal doesnt necessarily mean im just one of the things we see in this experiment that maps quite well into society is that people vary in then Quality Acceptance depending on the source of inequality so when its luck for instance when theres something thats beyond individual control people who would like to reduce those inequalities more so than they would when the source of inequality is rather differences in merit but we can also see that these. Preferences we measure in the us of correlate with important policy preferences such shows how much redistribution do i want society how broad of a welfare state do i want. The subject so should to get 20. But they curious to see how the Decision Makers have to strip their remaining pay. Your share had to do the mental arithmetic is this mess of art or its more than i expected from this amount but it might judge that i was still better than the person i was paired with best of i also wondered how i would decide in a situation like that id probably do something similar things with the immediate aftermath of. My but it also had to do the mertz and gets 40 years for it. Better because i dont know now whether i was better than the other person or not but it looks like it at 60 euros id say so so im also happy that i did so well. Well it from the last free category is also happy then you got it given it was a question of luck nobody had a particular influence on it i think this is a very fair result. And they felt crippled its todays results to colleagues in norway. For the ok yeah. Yeah they made exactly the experiment is the brainchild of Alexander Kapan and better to guardian of the Research Institute fair in bed and. This is good people really well. Know anger for that fact i think i have a future not the case makes the experiments been carried out in over 60 countries with nearly 70000 test subjects the results are almost the same everywhere this in poor households in that youre. Presenting these choices to people and its just striking when youre ask people to make a decision for 2 other people even if theyre never going to meet them. They take it so seriously and they really think carefully about what they think its a fair thing to do. The research is not convinced that this experiment reveals important approaches to solving social inequality. People in general make these fundamentalist things in between fair and unfair inequalities and unfair inequalities that we have to fight and i think i mean if you want to succeed i mean therefore dishes want to succeed as societies want to succeed in infighting in equal inequality be have to really make that distinction really for focus on the unfair inequalities because if we just you have this like approaching that we just have to fight inequality a lot of people resist it because they dont take all illegal jesus as their. Appearance of the essence. Geminis reputation in the Global Classroom always telling the shots. As a reality check reveals some foundation aligning that high. In environmental sustainability on social justice. And little teetering wouldnt go in the. Made in germany. In 90 minutes on d. W. How does the virus spread. Why do we panic and when will all this treasure just 3 of the topics covered in a weekly radio program. If you would like any information on the crown of virus or any other science topic you should really check out our podcast if you get it wherever you get your podcast you can also find us at Predictive Value dot com look for it slash science fiction. Theyve been robbed of their soul thats what a people experiences when their heritage is taken from them. Countless cultural artifacts were brutally stolen from africa by colonialists and carted off to europe. These deficit lift wounds that have yet to heal what should be done with the stone north from africa. Stolen soul starts april 13th on t. W. This is the news live from berlin germanys chancellor Angela Merkel calls a surprise coronavirus meeting she summoned the countrys state leaders to discuss pandemic measures just a day after extending the lockdown as infection numbers are rising also coming up deadlock and israels fulfil action in just 2 years serving Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu claims victory but exit polls suggest he will fall short of a majority will have to open tricky coalition talks