Everyone will when the plague, the sun has gotten to the lymph nodes, so under the arms legs. So, i mean, typically people who develop those words rapidly. Theres a rapidly worse of it would die very, very monks, nuns and priests were especially hard hit since they cared for victims of the black death. The plague created a number of religious social and economic up. He falls profound effects on the course of european history. It took 200 years for europes population to recover to its previous level. Land values declined by 40 percent, and there were labor shortages. But for the remaining working class food was cheaper and lands more abundant, heightening the end of feudalism. Suddenly there were a lot of farms, a rope too, because the farmers who died. So therefore, there was last was a lot of directly affected by the time i saw, the ban on holzmans could collect the other crucial factor of those farmers left suddenly found their wage Bargaining Power great times. And we know this was a big issue because there was an attempt to restrict the ability of farmers to say, well, if you want me to farm, most of them do you have to pay me more for my labor because i got a better offer from the next about how so many minority critics such as jews were blamed. This led many jews to relocate to poland where they were welcomed, needing to the Large Population that until the holocaust during the 2nd world, people blamed particular ethnic groups. The jews in particular were see blame for the plague. It was thought in parts of eastern europe, even, you know, parts of sort of Northern Europe, the jews were responsible for, it was and somehow poisoned the wells. The problem with the fear that comes with the pandemic also needs to blight on the people. They cant quiet except that theres nobody to blame here. This is an act of god if you like, you know, old pile followers. Its just one of those things they have to say, well, why do we have we have to blame someone. d seen a phobia, you have protectionism, you have had this sense of, we need to protect ourselves from those people who have this disease with all those consequences. There is some of them of a conspiracy theories. People are poor thought. This was a plot by the state of the medical profession to reduce their population. Now we have peoples thinking that its 5 gene mobile networks. Now that is responsible for the coverage 19 pandemic can be a form of fake news that can spread when its not warranted. Being cases where in india for example, where doctors have been beaten up because people are worried that the doctors are going to spread virus to them and things like that in the past as now you have a lot of misinformation. And so, you know, for instance, with malaria, the name malaria comes from this notion of bad air, you know, because malaria was seen as caused by the type. So they are quite characteristic of swabs they were, the influenza influenza was seen as a merging from the influence of everybody else. Thats how you end up with the same influenza with leprosy, leprosy, which is a very disfiguring youngness, was seen as an affliction given to you. By god, for your, for your sense, religious fervor and fanaticism erupted in the wake of the black death chick says lepers and others with skin diseases such as acne, were killed throughout europe. The black death saw the introduction of quarantine in an effort to protect coastal cities from plague, epidemics cautious, port authorities, some quiet ships arriving in venice from infected ports to sit at anchor for 40 days. Before landing the word quarantine comes from the italian court, entered your knee or 40 days while europeans who developed limited immunity against some diseases such as smallpox, hundreds of thousands were still dying from disease. The black death that never really gone away. And in the 17th century, if you want to play, came back again. In london, the great play from 665 to 666 was the last major epidemic of bubonic plague to occur in england. More london certainly sits on the bones of the dead london at that times, a city of about 448 taken surrounded by a city wall. London 6 and city 5 is a very large city by stander. Its the largest of the 2nd largest in western europe. It has a population of perhaps 40450000 its main business. Its main reason is overseas trade, but it also has a major governmental function. It is the capital of the nation state, and also of the beginnings of an empire that many london as in 665 were poor. A poverty stricken in a city with little or no sanitation and belching smoke coming from factories play could taken hold in many european cities such as amsterdam, in the ne, 16 sixties. It was in bells of cotton imported on top ships that the plague allegedly came to britain. The ships were cornered on the tents and other ports for 30 days before being allowed to travel up river. But it was too late. One of the most difficult and dreadful things about the lake was in the early part of it. You would know that it was going to happen. You could look back on the experience of the last century when they had been 4 or 5 major epidemics. And you would know in may that it was beginning to be a major epidemic, and that it would get worse and worse up until at least september if you walked over. And that literally thousands of people would die. So in a sense is that, is that for knowledge that experience that may help you to prepare for it in administrative terms. But it also means you are in no doubt about how bad its going to be in the great plague kills an estimated 100000. People almost a quarter of londons population in just 18 months. As play express, a system of quarantine was introduced whereby any house where someone had died from playing would be locked up. And no one allowed to enter or leave for 40 days. As soon as somebody in a household is perceived to have play or dies and they then quarantine is imposed on that household. The house, though is, is meant to be locked up with a border door with a mark on the door so that people cant go out. Another kind of quarantine is to take sick people to the pest house, which is not so much a hospital to cure and get a place where sick people commute taken so they will not infect any other. So thats part of the overall quarantine getting moving the sick in the plague sick out of the city. And so samuel peaks provided a contemporary account of the plague in his diary writing how empty the streets are and how melancholy, so many pull sick people in the streets, full of souls. One eyewitness said that london became so quiet that every day life was like sunday and grass started to grow in the streets. Peaks wrote in his diary that the plague is making his cruelest dogs to one another. Daniel defoe in his journal of the plague, year 60 years later wrote, nothing was to be seen, but wagons and carts with goods, women, servants, children, coaching is filled with people of the better sort and horsemen attending them and all hurrying away. Londoners knew about place because it had been around in london for centuries, but they were, they knew enough to be very afraid of it if you possibly could. You get out of london. Thats the best advice. But of course, many hundreds of thousands of people cant do that. They have to stay because theyre too poor to move because they need the work or because they havent got anywhere to go. So for those who stay in london, anxiety about infection is very strong. Indeed. The rich ran away, including king charles the 2nd of england, his family and his court, who left the city for a sold spree. Moving on to oxford. Once the plague was over, the population of london recovered surprisingly quickly. People returned to the capital, and new people came to take even jobs left vacant by those who were down. And there was a sudden rise in the number of marriages and births. Dimension century would become an age of great advancement in the fight against disease. The late 19th century, where you had was the beginning of what i recall globalization. You know, you have the rise of steamships. You had our development of a railroad and it was in the 19th century when you 1st started to have worldwide pandemic. Theres no cholera had existed for a long time in india and make them pretty much confined to india. All of a sudden, you have a transmitted all around the world so that every continent as inhabited comes in contact with cholera. It was an english physician, john snow, who became known as the father of epidemiology, here in broaddrick street in the heart of london. Soho stands a pub in his name on the spot where snow discovered that a contaminated water pump was the cause of a cholera outbreak that had killed 500. But europe was soon to witness one of the greatest breakthroughs in disease medicine. A pastor, known as the father of microbiology, is credited with the discovery of the germ theory of disease. Pesters work involved magnification of pathogens or germs, and the identification of antibodies that could attack them. Leading to the discovery of vaccines for diseases such as rabies and anthrax. We actually understood for the 1st time, what infection was that it was caused by germs that are transmitted from one individual to another. All are caught from environmental sources. I look, this is whats causing lisas easys and its, its, its very hard to unthink that to try and think, well, what was it like to not know that there were such things as far as he was in bacteria and washing your hands was important. Thats a tremendous leap forward in Human Understanding that has cascaded throughout the world. And in every part of the world, people understand that now, thats a trial that calls for a sensational time, can imagine. You know, members, the royal family, wealthy people flock to paris, to be treated by pastor pastor was in an incredible experimental scientist as well. He was also a chemist. And so he was able to drive home through scientific evidence. It was actually quite controversial. The vaccination wasnt immediately popular. Let me take a soft, pastels discoveries. Europe was plunged into world war one, although of vaccine had been discovered he typhoid, which saved many troops lives. The war became a trigger for the next global pandemic. This coverage of the growing influenza of its limitations except in neutral state. Hence the name, spanish flu. We dont know where the supposedly runs a virus emerged. The 1st sort of sick people were in large army camps, both in the united states, but also in Northern Europe when suddenly a large number of young soldiers developed, you know, this short but rapid illness with a rapid onset which was recognized as a form of flu with severe cases developed pneumonia, but the signature was large numbers of people had to be hospital. She says to make sure that anywhere from 20 to 100000000, people were killed worldwide equivalent to one 3rd of europes population at the time. And more than double the number killed in world war one, scientists of retrieve viral genetic material from the spanish influenza virus. From all over the world, reconstructed the whole genome. We know exactly what the genes of h one n one spanish have for the look like. But we still dont understand why it is that it disproportionately affected young adults of the prime of life. But as people through the ages of 20 to 40, you know, the breadwinners, the heads of households, the most productive segments of the population. They were the ones that bore the brunt of all talents of elderly people, age 70 or over didnt join these people develop such severe illness. Why was that . We dont know, its an immunological puzzle for the persistent is that world war one lasted for 5 long years and its many monuments attest to its legacy. More people died in the spanish flu pandemic, but this is largely forgotten. The virus also mutated resulting in a move in strain leading to an even more leak from 2nd wave. The same disease came back, but it probably never really gone the way it was probably already, always, already in all these communities and circulating a visibly worldwide, whether theyre produced, a new dramatic wave of severe illness where the death rate was much, much more elevated. So this is a typical pandemics come in waves and depending on the if youre patient period of the virus, i, whether people develop evidence symptoms or whether theyre a symptom matter. So when someones a center, right, you dont know if theyre infected or but thats the big danger. Today, the virus is thousands of them continue to evolve. Many of these diseases continue to originate in asia and africa is just a matter of time before another major outbreak occurs in this region of the world. In 2018 unknown, there were outbreaks of typhoid in pakistan, cholera in yemen. Plague in madagascar monkeypox in nigeria mers in saudi arabia during the harsh and it, in the democratic republic of congo. The outbreaks of the aids virus in the early 980 s. Were perceived as a western disease afflicting the gay community. But its origins were in africa where it devastated the population. Treatment centers like this one in mozambique was still active 20 years later. A child very is a problem because again, its really impossible to come up with a vaccine, despite lots of attempts. But the good news you take hiv is that we have come up with and she retroviral drugs quite quickly after the virus is discovered, we came up with drugs that worked and quite quickly, after that we came up with a highly effective filey effective anti retroviral treatment that meant that you basically could treat a child very in the same way. You could treat diabetes. Ok, you could cure a person of it. But just like someone with diabetes, they take intially make a living normal life. Patients with hiv infection can live a normal life if they take their therapy. All the current pharmacies could cause recent epidemics, including 19, jumped from fats to another animal before infecting humans. To sleep. It is difficult to predict precisely what chain of events cause a pandemic. But one thing is certain, these risks can be mitigated by developing strategies to minimize ecological disturbances. Climate change is going to be increasing. Challenge out in those were all for in terms of resulting in the possibility of future pandemics. You could argue in a way that the crowbars favor recalls, its forcing us we can no longer ignore the way that we disrupt already a bar front. Quite frankly. You know, even though weve had, weve know for 10 years alone, although we are causing Climate Change, global warming, we really didnt do anything about it. You know, there was no real political will to follow through. The reason that is, were very bad, a long term thing to the political cycle for the new cycle means that there are cultural armies are built into all day long. But we have to get better at it. You know, this is being made huge wake up. There is an urgent need to prevent deforestation, and we choose animal human interactions and a comprehensive global Surveillance System to monitor the emergence of these diseases will help us fight these deadly terrifying it again makes a lot of these vectors do better and harder weather which means that as the world heats up, viz, vectors will have increased range, which means that pathogens that used to be confined to rather localized regions because thats where the vectors all of a sudden are able to transmit more wild, more widely. So for instance, mosquitoes tend to breed much better, faster in warmer temperatures. And Climate Change removes and alters animals, habitats changing how they live, where they live, and who eats whom. The way humans live has also changed. 55 percent of the global population now live in cities up from 35 percent 50 years ago. And these biggest cities provide new homes for wildlife rats. Riku means folks whose birds jackals monkeys, which can live in the green spaces, such as parks and gardens, off the waste. Humans leave behind. Often, wildlife species are more successful in cities than in the wild because of the plentiful food supply. Making urban spaces, a melting pot for evolving diseases. An unprecedented shift in human population is one reason why more diseases originating asia and africa. The most rapid urbanization is happening here, where the majority of the worlds population now lives. If we get an movement of refugees, climate based refugees, not only do you have a conduit of populations where the all the average is that they are carrying, moving from one part of the world to the other. But when you have refugee his often they did not have access to adequate water supply is safe water or adequate Public Health measures. And that may not be where their biggest priorities are. And so all of those conditions are very conducive to the future alfreds and in the age of global air travel, the human interconnectivity can aggravate the transmission of diseases as coheed 900 showed and Infectious Disease that starts in one part of world can spread global search me no time whatsoever in 2019, there were almost over 4000000000 flights that people took. And so when you have people flying quickly, long distances, many people flying quickly over long distances that serves to connect to connect the world. People travel fast relative to the Recovery Time for a pathogen now, so it means that someone can be, can be infected at the beginning of their journey and still be infected at the end of their journey with very little change in and health conditions. So thats new. I think the other thing thats different is that when you had these pathogens travelling by, by steam, boat spied by trains the routes of they could take what limited, which gave the possibility of greater control. You know, they could establish quarantines. You could establish Public Health measures to restrict the flow of these pathogens in controlled ways. Now there are so many routes from one country to another. So many ways that things can progress from one country to another or one region to another. That its much harder to control in the same way. But of course we do need to keep the economy moving. We still need to keep foodstuffs, you know, flying between countries. So you know, theres a balance, but these were not problems. People had a 1000980 when they had much shorter supply chains. In europe, at least the brits of the belligerent nations rule of a wartime footing. So they depended all their resources for the food supplies. We live in a different world that resides with new opportunities because it 19 pandemic in early 2020, turned airports around the world into giant ghost towns, as aircraft, with billions remained parked on runways, massive Testing Centers for remaining key workers or stablished on airport perimeters. While the Economic Impact of this latest pandemic will be felt for many years to produce and you must show hustling for 14 days, play no part and do the right thing. So we consuming time. Colossal efforts being made to understand, contain and find cures to Infectious Diseases. A Cambridge University containment facility has been built to do just this, run by professor gordon doogan. It is a state of the art facility outside of the facility as a cage. That cage is what we call the nod to terrorism and to threat of prevents people getting into this facility. We dont want in the facility, we have a call here tonight to the south to the virus a growing here. We have behaved i. V. Virus. The capability in this facility. On the bacterial side, we have a road to grow. The typhoid organism, the organism because of typhoid, which is actually a bacteria. And we have a room for that. The natures pandemic, like others before, has had massive lifestyle implications. So i am an Infectious Disease expert and when i travel into real areas where i know diseases, im very careful about the way i myself in the environment social distancing, natural handling, touching old object natural. I think that will become much more as a natural instinct. I think its a natural instinct that weve lost, but i think that because instinctively and people will go ask the question, am i likely to be infected by this kind of interaction . And sometimes it become not only to discover the trans how come im real safe in the arms stranger click here for this makes it easier on the safer to consign or for us to minister to this wherever possible saving space from conflict, transport consumers use of books and cycling michaelson help improve londons quality. This great feel monsoon physical hoping for less specs and daily life should be in effect from Office Workers working from home to eating habits are huge challenges like the meat packing industry, which weve now discovered like, you know, incubators, high sort of growth of ours. Right . That puts all the table if i could put about way the whole question of Meat Consumption as the Economy Speed up and more, more people come to cities, you need more war out of all protein to feed those labor for. So this is a huge question of the world going forward. And now weve seen the power of the pandemics have just rocked, not just social, but Economic Life and political life. The huge stress tests. What a pandemic is the stresses it shows where all the fishes and cracks all in your economy and in your political systems are governments and also are also very tough questions of politicians who is up to the job who is actually capable of sorts of helplessness and so as long as we have a society based upon constant disruption, there will be continued in increasing opportunities for pathogens to take advantage of the resulting opportunities that arise. The key point is that we use our faculty of reason to understand whats going on here. And to work out while the interventions that we need to apply and put those in place. And thats where weve made tremendous advances in the last 150. Yes. And understand the obviously every death in the book is a tragedy. But this is a struggle. We are all on balance winning, and we will win this battle in the end of unfitness from certain of a good move is monitoring some comments on the move between joint star tenor. Jonas kaufmann, even in coronavirus times, it is not easy to catch me, taught him, reach the artist who knows karma armstrong. The da da da da da da da, give us your country the will make you rich people oil will provide you with jobs. The oil will take good care of you message and a big oil silver took hold on the west coast of going out in 2007, the investors made big promises, but years later, reality looks fairly different screens or inches or Drinking Water shortage commitments. Going to happen just gonna stream of black coal oil. Thomas starts december 4th. This is news, one from berlin protests across france over a new security bill violence flares in paris, protesters shape plans to restrict the publication of images showing Police Officers on duty to go unpunished. Well hear from our correspondent in the french capital, also coming up as he claims victory in its conflict with the northern tikrit region. Reports of the rocket strikes in neighboring eritrea, suggesting forces may be down, but not alph