People who study pipework health have been saying listen, this is going to happen. Its only a matter of time. This is a message from the governments chief medical officer coronavirus. You should now only go out to an absolutely necessary for food medicine, work or exercise. Always try to stay 2 meters apart, to not meet others outside your household, even friends and family. I think this disease is remarkably infectious, even compared to influenza in the flu. And so even though we were prepared, were almost overrun by the ferocity of the pandemic. Is highly transmissible, like all the crying about it, which would only cause a common cold. You know, if youre in the room with someone with a cold, youre likely to get the cold. But the problem with this virus is it doesnt stop in the nose. It doesnt stop in the long. It can spread very rapidly into the rest of the body. And thats why it is such a dramatic disease portobello road in the heart of Londons Notting Hill district, normally packed with people and tourists from all over the world. Now in march 2020, its deserted streets shuttered, shops, closed schools, empty public transport, queues. The deadly covered 19 virus that hit the world in the early months of 2020, neck to scenes like this, everywhere. We all brave. And its very difficult to completely isolate the brass of one person from another. So that it is likely the respiratory diseases that are the respiratory viruses that are going to be the real problem in terms of epidemics and pandemics, you know, for the, for now at, and in the future. But this is just the latest in the series of pandemics that is devastated populations and societies across the world through the eightys. When i was a child in the fiftys, there were many diseases around. You know, i got, have otitis those polio or do you see people who were crippled and we were aware all the time of the to the dangers of infection and the doctor would come to go home and treated for that. But whats happened since then weve brought in antibiotics. We brought in factories and gradually weve driven many of the Infectious Diseases not necessary out of the rich countries, but into into Hidden Health care components of the richer countries often of need hospitals away from the community. This hasnt happened in, in many parts of the world, for example, on the african continent where they dealing with daily diseases like this on a daily basis, each to see slightly different from every other disease. And the problem with this 19 virus is that we, we cant quite projectile. This is going to turn out. We cannot predict at the moment how long immunity will last, whether well be solid immunity, whether everyone becomes, you know, whether you become more immune if you had a more severe illness and have less immunity. If you tried to of quickly, we just dont know movies are still questions, are up in the air, diseases and viruses such a small cocks people on a plane. You bet she learned since an influenza a, some of the most brutal killers in human history, outbreaks of these diseases across international borders. I defined as pandemics. How did they change the world in the past . Why do they still happen . And how will they change the world again . This will be a can to new and battle. I think we thought we were winning the battle after brown night in fiftys, and this is a reminder of the covert night in our brain that it is a continuing battle and it will continue on into the future. Through the ages, men have searched and found cures for new diseases and they doing the same. Again, the idea that vaccine saw drugs or silver bullets is rather naive or it certainly needs you need to be far more nuance in your thinking there. These are extremely valuable weapons in the armor against Infectious Diseases, but they, they suffer from 2 problems. Sometimes when we want them to work, they dont work. And sometimes they cause problems in addition to the problem solved. And thats true of drugs and its true of actually humans have always caught diseases from animals. In fact, most new infections and diseases come from wild life. It really goes back full time when humans 1st became urbanized and told clusters themselves where theyve moved from being on together as if you like into more organized society. Thats probably where the 1st many pandemics occur. Very history of human human civilization has been increasing contact with animals starting with agriculture, you know, where we had on domestication of animals. We had also things like grain stocks and such which brought in other non domesticated animals like mice and rats, and wrote other rodents. Weve had expansion into wilderness areas with agriculture, with need for housing need for lumber, or need for raw materials, other or materials, which brought us in contact with animals. So theres been these tendencies to have increasing contact with animals that we have not had contact with before. Which environmental change is a speeding up this process. While the explosion of city living in International Travel means that when these diseases emerge, they can spread more quickly. Most animals carry a range of cottage inspect, and viruses which can cause disease. A pathogen is an organism that causes disease. The pathogens evolutionary survival depends on infecting new hosts and jumping to others is one way to do this. The new hosts, immune system tries to kill off the new pathogen, meaning that the 2 unlocked eternally in an evolutionary game of trying to find new ways to vanquish each other. We encounter new calendars all the time. The vast, vast majority of the pathogens being counter are either not very successful at infecting humans or transmitting between humans or are dealt with very easily. Barmy ancestor, no, there is some very small fraction thats able to infect humans directly from Something Like bird flu. A very small fraction of those are able to actually transfer from one human to another, such as murders. I mean, even smaller fraction of those are able to jump from one human to or another human with enough transmission that it could actually cause an outbreak wild animals, often harbor viruses. Bats for instance, can carry hundreds of them. And viruses jumping from species to species can ultimately infect people with human. Urbanization officious cycle develops more people bring more deforestation. Human expansion and loss of habitat ultimately kills off predators, including those who feed off regiments with the project has gone, or at least their numbers sharply diminished. The rodent population explodes and the studies in africa show. So does the risk of soon not it does seems that the situation is only likely to get worse as it has been for centuries, a major proportion of east asia population still lives in one. Larry and other nice asian is expected to continue for decades. Tropical regions rich in bio diversity, already hold a knowledge pool of credit unions, great increasing the chance that a noble pathogen, the farming system throughout african nations doesnt help on both continents. Many families depend on 6 systems farming on a miniscule supply of livestock disease, control, food and housing for those animals is extremely minute and cattle chickens and pigs, which can carry endemic disease up, often in close contact with each other and a variety of non Domestic Animals and humans live on the markets, common place throughout a journal, africa teacher, crowded conditions on the internet, mixing of multiple species, including humans. This team plays a key role in how a killer pathogen could emerge and spread between species. Another risk is bushmeat hunting and butchering, which is particularly widespread in subsaharan africa. These activities not only threaten the animal species and can revoke the change ecosystems, they also bring people and wild animals together. Bushmeat hunting is a clear primary cause zoonotic disease transmission with bush made while youre doing is youre going out there and youre traveling or catching wild on moles which might by which might scratch and then your butchering them, which puts you in direct contact with a lot of their bodily fluids and so its very easy for pathogens to jump from these wild on both through human sort of the mechanism of push me an alternative to bush meat is factory farming, you know, high density farming. But then that can do you causes the conditions that are right for pathogens jumping it from a while population into a domestic population like domestic poultry in a way that allows the power gen to jump into human population. So is traditional chinese medicine, which purports to provide remedies for a host of conditions like arthritis, epilepsy, and erectile dysfunction. Although no Scientific Evidence exists to support. Most of these claims. Asia is an Enormous Consumer of traditional chinese medicine products, chai, against their rhinos, pangolins and other animal species approach. So their body parts could be mixed into these questionable medication. This too is a major contributor to increasing animal human interaction. Demand is likely to go up as an Online Marketing source along with asias relentless economic growth. These trends have become very well established in the last 100 years that plagues and condemn ics have been around for as long as man himself, the ones that really affect all influences. Other ones have these large demographic impact. 30 percent of the population is killed. That with drawls, an awful lot of people from the labor force to just drop social, Political Institutions and ways that make it very popular to recover. The plague of justinian was a pandemic that afflicted the byzantine eastern roman empire and especially its capital. Constantinople in the 6th century merchant ships arriving from black sea ports, harbored rats that carried fiends infected with plague. This became one of the deadliest pandemics in history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 252100 100000000 people during the following 2 centuries. It was named after empress justinian the 1st to call the disease, but survived the outbreak begun of 542. But then there were current episodes of plague over the next 1012 years or so. And we know that by the end of this period, the byzantine empire was thrown into turmoil, said Something Like more the population was stricken and dawoud, the losses of rome itself, where huge. So it struck right at the heart of the roman empire. The usual narrative about the plague justinian is that the us was result of the breakup of the byzantine empire and the beginning of what were known as the dark ages. In the same way that we used to, you know, covert starting slowly. It starts with, you know, one or 2 people falling ill, not really realizing, but in this case, we know that infection is a very, very rapid. Once people develop some sort, they would progress of our soil, severe illness, and end up dead in a matter of days. So it was shocking unfair for the deadliest plague in history was the 2nd major case of people on a plane commonly known as the black death. The dance of death, it down from a car up and agree on the universality of death was a common painting motif during the late medieval period to kill between the 1st to haul them population up to 75000000 people. So yes, i mean the demographic impacts were immense. Also reaching 18 in the east in china. The disease spread west along the silk road, sic ane reaching the black sea in mediterranean trade ships, then spread the disease to the rest of europe. Italy 1st in sicily, in venice, in 1347, and the rest of europe over the next 3 years. This remains the deadliest plague outbreak in history. The bacteria yesenia pest is derived from the rat flea, which results in several forms of cake is believed to have been the cool once again. Technically, you would very quickly develop a fever headache start to feel very ill. But the distinctive marks that terrified everyone were when the plague was still has got into the lymph nodes. So under the arms back of the legs. So i mean, typically people who develop those symptoms would rapidly, most of the rapidly worsen and they would die very, very, very quickly. Monks, nuns and priests were especially hard hit since they cared for victims of the black to the plague created a number of religious social and economic up. He feels pressure found effects on the course of european history. It took 200 years for europes population to recover to its previous level. Land values declined by 40 percent, and there were neighbors shortages. But for the remaining working class food was cheaper and lands more abundant, heightening the end of feudalism. Suddenly there were a lot of farms the red sea because the farmer supplied the plague. So therefore, there was laughter was of the so that directly affected by the tide of the ban on olsons away. The other crucial factor of those farmers left suddenly found their wage bargaining power. Great, and we know this was a big issue because there was an attempt to restrict the ability of farmers to say, watch if you want me to farmers that you have to pay me more for my labor. Because i got a better offer from the next about how so many minority groups such as jews were blamed. This led many jews to relocate to poland where they were welcomed, leading to the Large Population there until the holocaust. During the 2nd world, people blamed particular ethnic groups, the jews in particular. Were seeing the plague. It was thoughts of parts of Eastern Europe even, you know, parts of sort of Northern Europe, the jews were responsible for. It somehow poisoned the wells. The problem with the fear that comes with them, it also means to blind people. They cant quiet except that theres nobody to blame here. This is an act of god if you like in the old pile. Its. d just one of those things they have to say, well, why do we have, we have to blame someone, seen a phobia. You have protectionism, you have had this sense of, we need to protect ourselves from those people who have this disease with all those consequences. Very similar to more of a conspiracy theories, people are poor thought. This was a plot by the state to the medical profession to reduce their population. Now we have peoples thinking that its 5 gene mobile networks. Now that is responsible for the cover of 19 pandemic can be a form of fake news that can spread when its not warranted. You know, being cases where in india, for example, where doctors have been beaten up because doctors are going to spread virus to them and things like in the past as now you have a lot of misinformation. And so, you know, for instance, with malaria, the name malaria comes from this notion of bad air, you know, because malaria was seen as caused by the type so characteristic of swamps and with influenza. Again, influence, it was seen as a merging from the influence of heavenly bodies. Thats how you end up with the payments. When so with leprosy, leprosy which are, is a very disfiguring yellowness, was seen as an affliction given to you by god. For your, for your sense, religious fervor and fanaticism and repetition, the wake of the black death chip says lapis and others with skin diseases such as acne, were killed throughout europe. The black death saw the introduction of quarantine in an effort to protect coastal cities from plague, epidemics cautious, port authorities required ships arriving in venice from infected ports to sit at anchor for 40 days. Before landing the word quarantine comes from the italian quadrant to gianni or 40 days while europeans had developed limited immunity against some diseases such as smallpox, hundreds of thousands were still dying from disease. The black death that never really gone away. And in the 17th century, if you want to play came back again. In london, the great play lasting from 6652666 was the last major epidemic of bubonic plague to occur in england. More than london certainly sits on the bones of the dead. London at that time is a city of about 448. 00 taken surrounded by a city wall. London 6 and city 5 is a very large city by stander. Its the largest of the 2nd largest in western europe. It has a population of perhaps 40450000 its main business. Its main reason is overseas trade, but it also has a major governmental function. It is the capital of the nation state and also of the beginnings of an empire. But many london as in 665, were poor a poverty stricken in a city with little or no sanitation and belching smoke coming from factories play. They could taken hold in many european cities such as amsterdam, in the ne, 16 sixties. It was in bells of cotton imported on top ships that the plague allegedly came to britain. The ships require 900 on the tents and other ports for 30 days before being allowed to travel up river. But it was too late. And one of the most difficult and dreadful things about the place was in the early part of it. You would know that it was going to happen. You could look back on the experience of the last century when they had been 4 or 5 major events. And you would know in may that it was beginning to be a major epidemic, and that it would get worse and worse up until at least september if you have walked over. And that literally thousands of people will die. So in a sense is that, is that for knowledge that experience that may help you to prepare for it in administrative terms. But it also means you are in no doubt about how bad its going to be in the great plague, killed an estimated 100000. People almost a quarter of londons population in just 18 months. As plague spread, a system of quarantine was introduced whereby any house where someone had died from play would be locked up. And no one allowed to enter or leave for 40 days. As soon as somebody in a household that used seems to have play or dies of they, then quarantine is imposed on that house. So the house, so is, is meant to be locked up with a border door with a mark on the door so that people cant go out. Another kind of quarantine is to take sick people to the pest house, which is not so much a hospital for curing people, but a place where sick people can be taken so they will not infect any other people. So thats part of the overall quarantine getting moving the sick in the plague sick out of the city. And so samuel peaks provided a contemporary account of the plague in his diary writing how empty the streets are and how melancholy, so many poor sick people in the streets full of saws. One eyewitness said that london became so quiet that every day life was like sunday and grass started to grow in the streets. Peaks right in his diary that the plague is making its cruellest dogs to one another. Daniel defoe in his journal of the plague, us 60 years later wrote, nothing was to be seen, but wagons and carts with goods, women, servants, children, coaches, filled with people of the better sort and horsemen attending them and all hurrying away. None of us knew about play because it had been around in london for centuries, but they were very near enough to be very afraid of it if you possibly could get out of london. Thats the best advice. But of course, many hundreds of thousands of people cant do that. They have to stay because theyre too poor to move because they need the work or because they havent got anywhere to go. So for those who stay in london, anxiety about infection is very strong. Indeed. The rich ran away, including king charles the 2nd of england, his family and his court, who left the city for sole spring. Moving on to oxford. Once the plague was over, the population of london recovered surprisingly quickly. People returned to the capital, and new people came to take every jobs left vacant by those who went down. And there was a sudden rise in the number of marriages and births. The 19th century would become an age of great advancement in the fight against disease, the 19th century, where you had bread for beginning your while, i recall globalization. And there you have the rise of steamships your ad to our development of our roads. And the reason the 19th century, when you 1st, started to have worldwide pandemic, theres no cholera heard existed for a long time in india and pretty much confined to india. All of a sudden you have it transmitted all around the world so that every continent as inhabited comes in contact with it with cholera. It was an english physician, john snow, who became known as the father of epidemiology, here in broadway exchange. In the heart of londons soho stands apart in his name on the spot where snow discovered that a contaminated water pump was the cause of a cholera outbreak that had killed 500. But europe was soon to witness one of the greatest breakthroughs in disease medicine. Castor, known as the father of microbiology is credited with the discovery of the germ theory of disease. Pastors work involved magnification of pathogens or germs, and the identification of antibodies that could attack them. Leading to the discovery of vaccines for diseases such as rabies and anthrax. We actually understood for the 1st time what infection was that it was caused by charms that are transmitted from one individual to another. All are caught from environmental sources and look, this is whats causing lisas easys. And its, its, its very hard to unthink that to try and think, well, what was it like to not know that there were such things as far as he was in bacteria and washing your hands was important. Thats a tremendous leap forward in Human Understanding that has cascading throughout the world. And he never part of the world. People understand that now, thats a trial that calls for a sensational time, can imagine. You know, members, the royal family, wealthy people flock to paris, to be treated by pastor pastor was in an incredible experimental scientist as well. He was also a chemist. So he was able to drive home through Scientific Evidence. It was actually quite controversial. The vaccination wasnt immediately popular many decades after justice discoveries, europe was plunged into world war one. Although a vaccine had been discovered typhoid, which saved many troops lives. The war became a trigger for the next Global Pandemic coverage of the growing influenza of its limitations. Except in neutral spain, hence the name, spanish flu. We dont know where this virus simply runs a virus emerged. The 1st sort of sick people were in large army camps, both in the united states, but also in Northern Europe when suddenly a large number of young soldiers developed. You know, this short for rapid illness with a rapid onset which was recognized as a form of flu. The severe cases developed pneumonia, but the signature was large numbers of people had to be hospital. She says to me, she anywhere from 20 to 100000000, people were killed worldwide, equivalent to one 3rd of europes population at the time. And more than double the number killed in world war one. Scientists of retrieve viral genetic material from the spanish influenza virus, from all over the world, reconstructed the whole genome. We know exactly what the genes of h one, n one, spanish influenza look like, but we still dont understand why it is that it disproportionately affected young adults. Of the prime of life, that is people through the ages of 20 to 40, you know, the breadwinners, the heads of households, the most productive segments of the population. They were the ones with all the problems of all talents, of elderly people. Age 705 didnt generally speaking, develop such severe illness. Why was that . We dont know, its an immunological puzzle that persists to this day. World war one lasted for 5 long years, and its many monuments attest to its legacy. More people died in the spanish flu pandemic, but this is largely forgotten. The virus also mutated resulting in a move in and strain the zing to an even more lethal 2nd wave. The same disease came back, but it probably never really got the way it was probably already, always, already in all these communities and circulating a visibly worldwide, whether they produced a new, a dramatic wave of severe illness where the death rate was much, much more elevated. So this is a typical pandemics come in waves and depending on the occupation period of the virus, i, where the people develop evidence symptoms or whether theyre a symptom matter. So when someones ace in the right, you dont know if theyre infected or, but thats the big danger. Today, the virus is thousands of them continue to evolve. Many of these diseases continue to a region 980 here in africa. Its just a matter of time before another major outbreak occurs in this region of the world. In 2018, unknown, there were outbreaks of typhoid in pakistan, cholera in yemen. Plague in madagascar monkeypox in nigeria mers in saudi arabia during the harsh. And it both in the democratic republic of congo the outbreaks of the aids virus in the early 1980 s. Were perceived as a western disease afflicting the gay community. But its origins were in africa where it devastated the population. Treatment centers like this one in mozambique was still active 20 years later. A child very is a problem because again, its being impossible to come up with a vaccine despite lots of attempts. But the good news are they charging is that we have come up with and she retroviral drugs quite quickly after the virus is discovered. Because up the drugs worked. And quite quickly after that we came up with a highly effective filey effect. Eventually retroviral treatment, that maybe you basically could treat hiv very in the same way. You could treat diabetes. Ok, you could cure a person of it. But just like someone with diabetes, if they take insulin, they can live in normal life. Patients with hiv infection can live a normal life if they take their therapy only occur in pharmacies that cost recent epidemics, including cave 19. 00, jumped from fats to another animal before infecting humans. Its difficult to predict precisely what chain of events cause a pandemic. But one thing is certain, these risks can be mitigated by developing strategies to minimize ecological disturbances. Climate change is going to be increasing challenge alec and most were all or in terms of resulting in the possibility of future pandemics. You could argue in a way that the crowbars favor because its forcing us we, we can no longer ignore the way that we disrupt already. Bar a part. Quite frankly, even though weve had, we know for 10 years or more wall that we are causing Climate Change and global warming. We really didnt do anything about it. You know, there was no real political will to follow through reason, but were very bad at long time. Going through the political cycle of a new cycle means that you know, cultural, i mean, users built into our data well, but we have to get better at it. You know, this is being a huge wake up there is an urgent need to prevent deforestation, and we choose animal human interactions and a comprehensive global Surveillance System to monitor the emergence of these diseases will help us fight these deadly and terrifying at any. Its a lot of these vectors that are in hotter weather, which means that as the world heats up, viz, vectors will have increased range, which means that pathogens that used to be confined to rather localized regions because thats where the vectors all of a sudden are able to transmit more while more widely. So for instance, mosquitoes tend to breed much better, faster in warmer temperatures, with Climate Change removes and alters animals, habitats changing how they live, where they live, and who eats the way. She has also changed 55 percent of the global population now live in cities up from 35 percent 50 years ago. And these bigger cities provide new homes for wildlife rats recoup foxes, birds jackals, monkeys, which can live in the green spaces, such as parks and gardens of the waste. Humans leave behind, often wildlife species and most successful in cities than in the wild because of the plentiful food supply, making urban spaces a melting pot for evolving diseases. An unprecedented shift in human population is one reason why more diseases originating asia and africa. The most rapid urbanization is happening here with the majority of the worlds population now lives. If we get a movement of refugees, climate based refugees. Normally, if you have a conduit of population as with all the pathogens that they are carrying, moving from one part of the world to the other. But when you have refugees, often they do not have access to out of bread. Water supply is safe water or Public Health measures, and that may not be where their biggest priorities are. And so all of those conditions are very conducive to the future, our friends. And in the age of global air travel, human interconnectivity can aggravate the transmission of diseases. As coheed 19 showed and Infectious Disease that starts in one part of the world can spread globe no time whatsoever. In 2019, there were almost over 4000000000 flights that people took. And so when you have people flying quickly, long distances, many people flying quickly over long distances that serves to connect, connect the world. People travel fast relative to the Recovery Time for the pathogen now, so it means that someone can be, can be infected at the beginning of their journey and still be infected at the end of their journey with very little change in, in, in health conditions. So thats new. I think the other thing thats different is that when you had these pathogens traveling by, by steam, boat spied by trains the routes of they could take risks and what limited, which gave the possibility of greater control. You know, they could establish quarantines. You could establish Public Health measures to restrict the flow of these pathogens in controlled ways. Now there are so many routes from one country to another. So many ways that things can progress from one country to another or one region to another. That its much harder to control in the same way. But of course we do need to keep the economy moving. We still need to keep foodstuffs, you know, flying between countries. So you know, theres a balance, but these were not problems. People had a 1000980 when we had much shorter supply chains. In europe, at least the brits and the belligerent nations ruled a wartime footing. So they depended all their resources for the food supply. We live in a different world that resides with new opportunities because it 19 pandemic in early 2020, turned airports around the world into giant ghost towns, as aircraft, with billions remained parked on runways. Massive Testing Centers for remaining key workers were stablished on airport perimeters. While the Economic Impact of this latest pandemic will be felt for many years, for a good person, you must show her insulin for 40 days, play no part and do the right thing. So we consume time. Colossal efforts are being made to understand, contain and find cures to Infectious Diseases. At cambridge university, this containment facility has been built to do just this run by professor golden doogan, which is a state of the art facility outside the facility as a cage. Cage is what we call the nod to terrorism, not a threat cage, or prevents people getting into this facility. We dont want in the facility, we have a call with no take this out to virus growing here, we have behaved very virus. The capability in this facility on the bacterial side, we have the ability to grow, the typhoid augurs and the organism because of typhoid, which is up to about here. And we have a roof of that. The latest pandemic, like others before, has had massive lifestyle implications. So i am an Infectious Disease expert and when i travel into real areas where i know diseases, im very careful about the way i manage myself in the environment social distancing, natural handling and touching old object natural. I think that will become much more as a natural instinct, i think, is a natural instinct that weve lost. I think that will become more instinctive in people who look though, ask the question, am i likely to be infected by this kind of interaction . And sometimes it becomes just part of the plan. How come the real say for the answer stranger came 2 years for this, making it easier on the safer to go concern for us to minister to this wherever possible saving space from conflict, transport concerns to misuse or cuts in cycling would also help improve londons air quality this great feel mens one physical aspects of our daily life have been affected from Office Workers working from home to each unhappy or huge challenges for life. The meat packing industry, which weve now discovered like, you know, incubate since high sort of code of ours. Right . That puts all the table if i can put about where the whole question of Meat Consumption as the Economy Speed up and more, more people come to cities, you need more war out of all protein to feed those labor forces. So this is a huge question of the world going forward. And now weve seen the power of the pandemics have to disrupt, not just social life, but Economic Life and political life. The huge stress tests. What a pandemic is a stressed as it is, shows well, all the fishes and cracks all in your economy and in your political systems of government. And also as a very tough questions of politicians who is up to the job who is actually capable of sorting helplessness. So as long as we have a society based upon constant disruption, there will be continued in increasing opportunities for pathogens to take advantage of the resulting opportunities that arise. The key point is that we use our faculty of reason to understand whats going on here. And to work out while the interventions that we need to apply and put those in place. And thats where weve made tremendous advances use in the last 150. Yes, im understanding the obviously every death in it is a tragedy. But this is a struggle. We are all on balance winning and we will win this battle in the end, the inference from some of the law because of the fastest dead in the world drives 110 kilometers an hour and one needs it. But its a lot of fun, says its inventor and builder and shock. Tremendous grit gets things moving that ship and actually moving all the tools various instruments with his bundle of sticks to the body. Give us your country. People on the well make you rich people, oil will provide you with jobs. The oil will take good care of you lazy days to a big oil. Silver took hold on the west coast of going up in 2007. The investors made big promises, but years later, reality looks fairly different. Scriptures, pinchers, good Drinking Water shortage on insurance. And going to happen just gonna stream of water go into oil. Promises starts december 4th, w. This is indeed a new news live from berlin. Irans president blames israel for the assassination of a top nuclear scientist. And he said his countrys Peaceful Nuclear ambitions would not be slowed down by the killing of mosques and factories had it in an ambush. Western intelligence officials call them the mastermind behind a cloud based on bomb making programs, something to read at 9. Its also on the program outrage in france after police beat up a black music producer as he tries to enter his own studio