People who study pipework health have been saying, listen, this is going to happen. Its only a matter of time. This is a message from the governments chief medical officer about coronavirus. You should now only go out to an absolutely necessary for food medicine, work or exercise. Always try to stay 2 meters apart to not meet others outside your household, even friends and family. I think this disease is remarkably infectious, even compared to influenza, the flu. And so, even though we were prepared, were almost overrun by the ferocity of the pandemic. Its highly transmissible, like all the crying about it, which would only cause common cold. You know, if youre in the room with someone with a cold, you allowed to get the cold. But the problem with this virus is it doesnt stop in the nose. It doesnt stop in the long. It can spread very rapidly into the rest of the body. And thats why it is such a dramatic disease portobello road in the heart of Londons Notting Hill district, normally packed with people and tourists from all over the world. Now in march 2020, its deserted streets shuttered, shops, closed schools, empty public transport queues. The deadly covered 900 fires that hit the world in the early months of 2020, not to scenes like this. And from the way we operate there, and its very difficult to completely isolate the brass of one person from another. So that it is likely the respiratory diseases that are the respiratory viruses that are going to be the real problem in terms of epidemics and pandemics. You know, for the hour and in the future, but this is just the latest in the series of content makes. That is devastated populations and societies across the world through the ages. When i was a child in the shift is there were many diseases around, you know, i got hepatitis those polio around and you see people who were crippled. And we were aware all the time of the to the dangers of infection. And the doctor would come to go home and treat it like that. But whats happened since then weve brought in unto by others weve brought in faxes and gradually weve driven many of the Infectious Diseases not necessary out of the richer countries, but into into Hidden Health care components of the richer countries. Options of need hospitals away from the community. This hasnt happened in many parts of the world, for example, in the african continent where they dealing with daily diseases like this on a daily basis. Each disease is slightly different from every other disease. And the problem with this covert 19 virus is that we, we cant quite project how this is going to turn out. We cannot predict at the moment how long immunity will last, whether it will be solid immunity. Whether everyone becomes, you know, whether you become more immune if you had a more severe illness and have less immunity. If you short of quickly, we just dont know movies are still questions, are up in the air, diseases and viruses such a smallpox people on it, plainly, tuberculosis and influenza, some of the most brutal killers in human history, outbreaks of these diseases across international borders. I defined as pandemics. How did they change the world in the past . Why do they still happen . And how would they change the world again . This will be akin to new and battle. I think we thought we were winning the battle after brown night in fiftys, and this is a reminder the covert night in outbreak, that it is a continuing battle and it will continue on into the future. Through the ages, men have searched and found cures for new diseases and they doing seo again. The idea that vaccine saw drugs or silver bullets is rather naive or it certainly needs you need to be far more nuance in your thinking there. These are extremely valuable weapons in against Infectious Diseases, but they have a software from 2 problems. Sometimes when we want to work, they dont work. And sometimes they cause problems. In addition to the problem were trying to solve. And thats true of drugs and its true of actually humans have always caught diseases from animals. In fact, most new infections in the seasons come from wild life. It really goes back full time when humans 1st became urbanized and 12 clusters themselves. Where theyve moved from being on together as if you like into more organized society. Thats probably when the 1st many pandemics occurred there. History of human human civilization has been increasing contact with animals starting with agriculture. You know, where we had on domestication of animals. We had also things like grain stocks inside which brought in other non domesticated animals like mice and rats, and wrote other rodents. Weve had expansion into wilderness areas with agriculture, with need for housing need for lumber, or need for raw materials, other or materials, which brought us in contact with animals. So theres been these tendencies to have increasing contact with animals that we have not had contact with before. But environmental changes and speeding up this process where the explosion of city living and International Travel means that when these diseases emerge, they can spread more quickly. Most animals carry a range of pathogens, bacteria, and viruses, which can cause disease. A pathogen is an organism that causes disease. The pathogens evolutionary survival depends on infecting new hosts and jumping to others is one way to do this. The new hosts, immune system tries to kill off the new pathogen, meaning that the 2 unlocked eternally in an evolutionary game of trying to find new ways to vanquish each other. We encounter a new cabinet is all the time. The vast, vast majority of the pathogens break out or are either not very successful. In fact, in humans or transmitting between humans or are dealt with very easily bar muenster, stuff. Now there is some very small fraction thats able to infect humans are directly from Something Like bird flu. A very small fraction of those are able to actually transfer from one human to another, such as murders. I mean, even smaller fraction of those are able to jump for human 2 or another human with enough transmission that it could actually cause an outbreak wild animals, often harbor viruses. Bats for instance, can carry hundreds of them. And viruses jumping from species to species can ultimately infect people with human. Urbanization officious cycle develops more people bring more deforestation. Human expansion and loss of habitat ultimately kills off predators. Including those who feed off rodents with the project has gone, or at least their numbers sharply diminished. The rosen population explodes. And the studies in africa show. So does the risk of still not a disease. But the situation is only likely to get mers as it has been for centuries. A major proportion of the stations population still lives in lennons. Urbanization is expected to continue for decades. Tropical regions, rich in bio diversity, already hold a knowledge pool of packaging. Thats great. Increasing the chance that a known pathogen in the farming system throughout africa nations doesnt help them both continents. Many families depend on subsistence farming and a miniscule supply of livestock disease, control, food, and housing. For those animals is extremely limited. Cattle chickens and pigs, which can carry endemic disease, often in close contact with each other. And a variety of nondomestic can in some humans, live on the markets, common place throughout asia or in africa. Crowded conditions on the internet, the mixing of multiple species, including humans. This 2 case a key role in how much pathogen could emerge and spread between species. Another risk is bushmeat hunting and butchering, which is particularly widespread in subsaharan africa. These activities not only threaten the animal species and revoke the change ecosystems. They also bring people in the wild animals together. Push me tontines, a clear primary zoonotic disease transmission. Bushmeat why youre doing is youre going out there and youre tropic or catching wild on moles which might bite, which might scratch. And then youre butchering them, which puts you in direct contact with a lot of their bodily fluids. And so its very easy for profit gyms to jump from these wild animals for him. Im sure the mechanism of course, made an alternative to bush meat is factory farming, you know, high density farming. But then that causes the conditions that are ripe for pathogens. Jump in air from a wild population into a domestic population like domestic poultry in a way that wasnt average and to jump into human population. So is traditional chinese medicine, which purports to provide remedies for a host of conditions like arthritis, epilepsy, and erectile dysfunction. Although no Scientific Evidence exists to support most of these claims. Asia is an Enormous Consumer of traditional chinese medicine products. Tigers, bears, rhinos, pangolin, and other animals species approach. So their body parts could be mixed into these questionable medications. This too is a major contributor to increasing animal human interaction. Demand is likely to go up as Online Marketing souls along with asians, relentless economic growth. These trends have become very well established in the last 100 years that plagues them condemn except been around for as long as man himself to really affect or influence history and other ones. Have these logs, demographic impact, 30 percent or half the population is killed. With drawls, an awful lot of people from the labor force to disrupt social, Political Institutions in ways that make it very hard for them to recover. The plague of justinian was a pandemic that afflicted the byzantine eastern roman empire and especially its capital. Constantinople in the 6th century merchant ships arriving from black sea forts hovered rats that carried fiends infected play. This became one of the deadliest kind. Demick seen history resulting in the deaths of an estimated 25 to 100 1000000 people during the following 2 centuries. Its named after empress justinian the 1st who caught the disease, but survived. The outbreak begun in 542, but then there were current episodes of plague over the next 1012 years or so. And we know that by the end of this period, the visit to an empire was thrown into turmoil, said Something Like, furthermore, the population was stricken and dawoud. The losses of rome itself were huge. So it struck right at the heart of the roman empire. The usual narrative about the plague justinian is that thus was result of the breakup of the byzantine empire and the beginning of what were known as the dark ages in a similar way that were used to, you know, covert starting slowly. It starts with, you know, one or 2 people falling ill, not really realizing, but in this case, we know that infection is very, very rapid. Once people develop some sort, they would progress of our soil, severe illness, and end up dead in a matter of days. So it was shocking unfair for the deadliest plague in history was the 2nd major case of people unexplained commonly known as the black death, the dance of death, but dont smoke and, and agree on the universality of death was a common painting. Menteith during the late medieval period, to kill between the 1st to haul them population up to 75000000 people. So yes, i mean, the demographic impacts were immense. Also reaching 1000. 00 in the east in china. The disease spread west along the silk road, sic ane reaching the black sea in mediterranean trade ships, then spread the disease to the rest of europe. Italy 1st in sicily, in venice, in 1347, and the rest of europe over the next 3 years. This remains the deadliest plague outbreak in history. The bacteria yesenia pesticides derived from the rat flea, which results in several forms of cake is believed to have been the cool once again. Technically, you would very quickly develop a fever headache start to feel very ill. But the distinctive marks that terrified everyone when the plague, the sun has gotten to the lymph nodes, so under the arms legs. So i mean, typically people who develop those symptoms would rapidly, most of the roughly worsen and i would die very, very monks, nuns and priests were especially hard hit since they cared for victims of the black to the playing, created a number of religious social and economic up he feels pressure found effects on the course of european history. It took 200 years for europes population to recover to its previous level. Land values declined by 40 percent and there were labor shortages. But for the remaining working class field was cheaper and lands more abundant, heightening the end of feudalism. Suddenly there were a lot of farms the red sea because the farmers, the guy, the plague. So therefore, there was laughter was a view. So that directly affected by the tide of the ban on horses could be the other crucial factor in those farmers left suddenly found their wage bargain to our grain. And we know this was a big issue because there was an attempt to restrict the ability of farmers to say, watch if you want me to farm is that you have to pay me more for my labor. Because i got a better offer from the next about how so many minority groups such as jews were blamed. This led many jews to relocate to poland where they were welcomed, leading to the Large Population there until the holocaust. During the 2nd world, people blame particular ethnic groups, the jews in particular see for the plague. It was thoughts in parts of eastern europe, even, you know, parts of sort of northern europe, the jews were responsible for exerted somehow poison the wells. The problem with the fear that comes with the pandemic you serving also needs to blind people. They cant quite except that theres nobody to blame here. This is an act of god if you like in the old pile. Ready its just one of those things they have to say, well, why did it happen . We have to blame someone, seen a phobia. You have protectionism, you have had this sense of, we need to protect ourselves from those people who have this disease with all those consequences. Very similar to more of a conspiracy theories. Thought this was a plot by the state to the medical profession to reduce their population. Now we have peoples thinking that its 5 gene mobile networks. Now that is responsible for the cover of 19 pandemic can be a form of fake news that can spread when its not warranted. You know, been cases where in india for example, where doctors have been beaten up because the doctors are going to spread its virus to them and things like in the past as now you have a lot of misinformation and so youre in, for instance, with malaria. The name malaria comes from this notion of that there, you know, because malaria was seen as caused by the type so that they are kind of artistic of, of swaps. You know, with influenza. Again, influence that was seen as a merging from the influence of heavenly bodies. Thats how you end up with the name, influenza with leprosy leprosy, which was a very disfiguring the illness was seen as an affliction given to you by god. For your, for your sense, religious fervor, internationalism, and repetition. The wake of the black death chip says lapis and others with skin diseases such as acne, were killed throughout europe. The black death saw the introduction of quarantine in an effort to protect coastal cities from plague, epidemics cautious, port authorities required ships arriving in venice from infected ports to sit at anchor for 40 days. Before landing the word quarantine comes from the italian quadrant to gianni or 40 days while europeans had developed limited immunity against some diseases such as smallpox, hundreds of thousands were still dying from disease. The black death that never really gone away. And in the 17th century, if you want to play came back again. In london, the great play lasting from 6652666 was the last major epidemic of bubonic plague to occur in england. More than london certainly sits on the bones of the dead. London at that time was a city of about 448. 00 acres surrounded by a city war. Longer than 65. 00 is a very large city by stander. Its the largest or the 2nd largest in western europe. It has a population of perhaps 40450000 its main business. Its main reason is overseas trade, but it also has a major governmental function. It is the capital of the nation state. And also all beginnings of an empire that many london has in 665 were poor poverty stricken in a city with little or no sanitation and belching smoke coming from factories play could taken hold in many european cities, such as amsterdam, in the ne, 16 sixties. It was in bells of cotton imported on dutch ships that the plague allegedly came to britain. The ships were cornered on the thames and other ports for 30 days before being allowed to travel up river. But it was too late. And one of the most difficult and dreadful things about the lake was in the early part of it. You would know that it was going to happen. You could look back on the experience of the last century when the had been 4 or 5 major events. And you would know in may that it was beginning to be a major epidemic, and that it would get worse and worse up until at least september if you have october. And that literally thousands of people will die. So in a sense is that, is that for knowledge that experience that may help you to prepare for it in admissions or terms. But it also means you are in no doubt about how bad its going to be in the great plague, killed an estimated 100000 people almost a quarter of londons population in just 18 months. As plagues spread a system of coron 1000 was introduced. Whereby any house where someone had died from plane would be locked up and no one allowed to enter or leave for 40 days. But soon a, somebody in a household is perceived to have play or dies, and they then quarantine is imposed on that house for the house. So is, is meant to be locked up with a border door with a mark on the door so that people can go out. Another kind of quarantine is to take sick people to the pest house, which is not so much a hospital for curing. People go to a place where sick people can be taken so they will not infect any other. So thats part of the overall quarantine getting moving the sick leave in the plague sick out of the city. And so samuel peaks provided a contemporary account of the plague in his diary writing how empty the streets are and how melancholy, so many poor sick people in the streets full of souls. One eyewitness said that london became so quiet that every day life was like sunday and grass started to grow in the streets. Peaks wrote in his diary that the plague is making his cruellest dogs to one another. Daniel defoe in his journal of the plague, year 60 years later wrote, nothing was to be seen, but wagons and carts with goods, women, servants, children, coaching is filled with people of the better sort and horsemen attending them and all hurrying away. Londoners knew about place because it had been around in london for centuries, but they were, they knew enough to be very afraid of it. If you possibly could. You would get out of london. Thats the best advice. But of course, many hundreds of thousands of people cant do that. They have to stay because theyre too poor to move because they need to work or because they havent got anywhere to go. So for those who stay in london, anxiety about infection is very strong. Indeed. The rich ran away, including king charles the 2nd of england, his family and his court, who left the city for sole spring. Moving on to oxford. Once the plague was over, the population of london recovered surprisingly quickly. People returned to the capital, and new people came to take every jobs left vacant by those who were down. There was the sudden rise in the number of marriages and births. Financial century would become an age of great advancement in the fight against disease. The 19th century, while you had was the beginning of what i would call globalization. And there you have the rise of steamships you out of the development of our roads. And it was in the 19th century when you 1st started have worldwide pandemic use. Of cholera existed for a long time in india and met there and pretty much confined to india. All of a sudden you have it transmitted all around the world so that every continent as inhabited comes in contact with cholera. It was an english physician, john snow, who became known as the father of epidemiology, here in broaddrick street in the heart of london. Soho stands apart in his name on the spot where snow discovered that a contaminated water pump was the cause of a cholera outbreak that killed 500. But europe was soon to witness one of the greatest breakthroughs in disease medicine. Pastor, known as the father of microbiology, is credited with the discovery of the germ theory of disease. Pastors work involved magnification of pathogens of germs and the identification of antibodies that could attack them. Leading to the discovery of fact scenes for diseases such as rabies and anthrax. We actually understood for the 1st time what infection was that it was caused by john harms that are transmitted from one individual to another. All are caught from environmental sources. And look, this is whats causing lisas easys. And its, its, its very hard to unthink that to try and think, well, what was it like to not know that there were such things as far as whos in bacteria and washing your hands is important. Thats a tremendous leap forward in Human Understanding that has cascaded throughout the world. And in every part of the world, people understand that. Now, thats a trial that calls for a sensational time. You can imagine, you know, members, the royal family, wealthy people flock to paris to be treated by pastor pastor was in an incredible experimental scientist as well. He was also a chemist. So he was able to drive home through Scientific Evidence. He was actually quite controversial. The vaccination wasnt immediately popular. Many decades are past us discoveries. Europe was plunged into world war one. Although a vaccine had been discovered for typhoid, which saved many troops lives. The war became a trigger for the next global pandemic. This coverage of the growing influenza limitation except in neutral state. Hence the name, spanish flu. We dont know where this one is. A blue runs a virus or murders. The 1st sort of sick people were in large army camps, both in the united states. But also in northern europe, when suddenly a large number of young soldiers developed, you know, this short but rapid illness with a rapid onset which was recognized as a form of flu because severe cases developed pneumonia. But the signature was large numbers of people had to be hospital. He says to make anywhere from 20 to 100000000, people were killed worldwide equivalent to one 3rd of europes population of the time. And more than double the number killed in world war one. Scientists to retrieve viral genetic material from spanish influenza virus. From all over the world, reconstructed the whole genome. We know exactly what the genes of h one, n one, spanish influenza look like, but we still dont understand why it is that it disproportionately affected young adults of the prime of life. But as people through the ages of 20 to 40, you know, the breadwinners, the heads of households, the most productive segments of the population. They were the ones with all the problems of all talents, of elderly people, age 70 or over didnt judge these people develop such severe illness. Why was that . We dont know. Its an immunological puzzle for the purposes of his 3rd world war one lasted for 5 long years and its naming monuments attest to its legacy. More people died in the spanish flu pandemic, but this is largely forgotten. The virus also mutated resulting in a more virulent strain. The zing to an even more least food 2nd wave, the same disease came back, but it probably never really got the way it was probably already, always, already in all these communities and circulating a visibly worldwide. Whether theyre produced, a new, a dramatic wave of severe illness where the death rate was much, much more elevated. So this is a typical pandemics come in waves. And depending on the occupation period of the virus, i, whether people develop evidence symptoms or whether theyre 8th of the matter. So when someones a set, right, you dont know if theyre infected or what, and thats the big danger. Today, the virus is thousands of them continue to evolve. Many of these diseases continue to originating asia and africa is just a matter of time before another major outbreak occurs in this region of the world. In 2018, unknown, there were outbreaks of typhoid in pakistan. Cholera in yemen, plague in madagascar monkeypox in nigeria mers in saudi arabia during the harsh and had both in the democratic republic of congo. The outbreaks of the aids virus in the early 19 eighties were perceived as a western disease afflicting the gay community. But its origins were in africa where it devastated the population. Treatment centers like this one in mozambique was still active 20 years later, they tried for years a problem, because again, its been impossible to come up with a vaccine despite lots of attempts. But the good news today chivied is that we have come up with and she retroviral drugs quite quickly after the virus was discovered, we came up with drugs that worked and quite quickly after that we came up with a highly effective, highly effective antiretroviral treatment that meant that you basically could treat hiv very in the same way. You could treat diabetes. Ok, you couldnt cure a person of it. But just like a, someone with diabetes, they take insulin, they can live a normal life. Patients with hiv infection from the normal life. If they take their therapy, all the coronaviruses, that cost recent epidemics, including cave 19, jumped from fats to another animal before infecting humans, please. Its difficult to predict precisely what chain of events cause a pandemic. But one thing is certain. These risks can be mitigated by developing strategies to minimize ecological disturbances. Climate change is going to be increasing challenge in this world for our long in terms of resulting in the possible future pandemics. You could argue in a way that the growth of ours has taught us valuable recalls. Its forcing us to we, we can no longer ignore the way that we disrupt already a bar out front. Quite frankly, even though weve had, weve known for 10 years, almost wall that we are causing Climate Change and global warming. We really didnt do anything about it. You know, there was no real political will to follow through. And the reason that is, weve already got a long term thing through the political cycle of a new cycle, means that the cultural, i mean users builds into all day long. But we have to get better at it. You know, this is been a huge wake up there isnt measured, need to prevent deforestation, and reduce animal human interactions and a comprehensive global Surveillance System to monitor the emergence of these diseases will help us fight these deadly terrifying it. Potentiates. A lot of these vectors do better in harder weather, which means that as the world heats up, viz, vectors will have increased range. Which means that you have agendas that used to be confined to rather localized regions because thats where the vectors all of a sudden are able to transmit more while more widely. So, for instance, mosquitoes tend to breed much better and faster in warmer temperatures. Climate change removes and alters animals, habitats changing how they live, where they live, and who gets to the way she has also changed 55 percent of the global population now live in cities up from 35 percent 50 years ago. And these bigger cities provide new homes for wildlife rats, riku needs, foxes, birds, jackals, monkeys, which can live in the green spaces such as parks and gardens off the waste. Schumanns leave behind often wildlife species are more successful in cities than in the wild because of the cant afford food supply, making urban spaces a melting pot for evolving diseases. An unprecedented shift in human population is one reason why more diseases originating asia and africa. The most rapid urbanization is happening here, where the majority of the worlds population now lives. If we get an movement of refugees from a base refugees, not only do you have a conduit of populations where the all the pathogens that they are carrying, moving from one part of the world to the other. But when you have refugee his often, they cannot have access to out of grad water supply is safe water or adequate Public Health measures. And that may not be where their biggest priorities are. And so all of those conditions are very conducive to the future. Alfreds and in the age of global air travel, human interconnectivity can aggravate the transmission of diseases. As kovi of 900 showed and Infectious Disease that starts in one part of the world can spread global virtually no time whatsoever. In 2019, there were almost over 4000000000 flights that people took. And so when you have people flying quickly, long distances, many people flying quickly over long distances that service to connect, connect the world. People travel fast relative to the Recovery Time for a pathogen now, so it means that someone can be, can be infected at the beginning of their journey and still be infected at the end of their journey with very little change in, in, in health conditions. So thats new. I think the other thing thats different is that when you had these pathogens travelling by, by steam, boat spied by trains, the routes of they could take were somewhat limited, which gave the possibility of greater control. You know, they could establish quarantines. You could establish Public Health measures to restrict the flow of these pathogens in controlled ways. Now there are so many routes from one country to another. So many ways that things can progress from one country to another or one region to another. That its much harder to control in the same way. But of course we do need to keep the economy moving. We still need to keep foodstuffs, you know, flying between countries. So, you know, theres a balance, but these were not problems. People had the 980 when they had much shorter supply chains. In europe, at least, the brits of the belligerent nations rule of a wartime footing. So they depended all their resources for the food supplies. We live in a different world and that presents profit with new opportunities because it 19 pandemic in early 2020, turned airports around the world into giant ghost towns, as aircraft, with billions, remained parked on runways. Massive Testing Centers for remaining key workers were established on airport perimeters. While the Economic Impact of this latest pandemic will be felt for many years to bring to the person you missed so harshly for 14 days. Play no part and do the right thing. So we consume time, colossal efforts are being made to understand, contain and find cures to Infectious Diseases. At cambridge university, this containment facility has been built to do just this run by professor gordon doogan. It is a state of the art facility outside of the facility. As a cage, cage is what we call the nod to terrorism, mounted threat cage, or prevents people getting into this facility. We dont want in the facility we have to cope with not taking the south to virus. Growing here, you have to hate to have a virus or capability in this facility. On the bacterial side, we have the ability to grow the typhoid organism, the organism because of typhoid, which is actually a bacteria. And we have a root of that. The latest pandemic, like others before, has had massive lifestyle implications. So i am an Infectious Disease expert and when i travel into real areas where i know diseases, im very careful about the way i manage myself in the environment, social distancing, natural handling and touching all object natural. I think that will become much more as a natural instinct, i think, is a natural instinct that weve lost. I think that will become more instinctive in people who look though, asked a question. Am i likely to be infected by this kind of interruption . And sometimes it become not just part of the plant the memory or safely the answer state. Your claim to your friend is making it easier on the safeguards one can sign up for asking the minister do this wherever possible. Saving space from conflict, transport person, a series of books and cycling little some help improve londons air quality is great feel, man, someone physically broke all aspects of our daily life should be in effect from Office Workers working from home to each unhappy or huge challenges like the meat packing industry, which weve now discovered, like, you know, incubate us high sort of code of ours, right . That puts all the table if i can put about where the whole question of Meat Consumption as the Economy Speed up and more, more people come to cities, you need more and more out of all protein to feed those labor for. So this is a huge question for the world going forward. And now weve seen the power of the pandemics have to disrupt, not just social life, but Economic Life and political life. The huge stress test. What a pandemic is the stresses it shows where all the fishes and cracks all in your economy and in your political systems of governments. And also also very tough questions of politicians who is up to the job who is actually capable of sorts of helplessness. So as long as we have a society based upon constant disruption, there will be continued and increasing opportunities for pathogens to take advantage of the resulting opportunities that arise. The key point is that we use our faculty of reason to understand whats going on here. And to work out while the interventions that we need to apply and put those in place. And thats where weve made tremendous advances in the last 150, it was an understanding the, obviously every death of it was a tragedy. But this is a struggle we all on balance winning and we will win this battle in the un for the sponsor of the law. Good model space. Endless fronting infinity music business models. Good companies, high sensing gold rush, dejan, fuchsia markets with massive Financial Institutions to science fiction. It seems to me in germany on d. W. The fight against the coronavirus pandemic. How has the rate of infection been developing measures are being taken . What does the latest research say . Information and context. The coronavirus up to the code of special monday to friday on g. W. Once the secret service classic is in the senate or the story behind the music was passed before the changes british law. As beethovens 9th symphony for the world starts to simmer night on, t. W. 50 w. News live from bergland. Germany reports of record daily death toll amid the 2nd wave of the coronavirus pandemic, a grim milestone coming just as another potential super spreader of vent looms. Christmas. German leaders agree to extend the Current Limited lockdown, but will it make a special allowance for holiday gatherings