Everyone when the plate was still has got into the lymph nodes, so under the arms or legs. So typically people who develop those symptoms would rapidly, most of the roughly worst of it would die very, very monks, nuns and priests were especially hard hit since they cared for victims of the black death. The play created a number of religious social and economic up. He feels profound effects on the course of european history. It took 200 years for europes population to recover to its previous level. Land values declined by 40 percent and there were labor shortages. But for the remaining working class food was cheaper and lands more abundant, heightening the end of feudalism. Suddenly there were a lot of farms, a rope too, because the farmers, the guy, the plague. So therefore, there was laughter was a view. So that directly affected the time i put the ban on horses could collect for the other crucial factor. Those farmers left suddenly found their wage Bargaining Power great times. And we know this was a big issue because there was an attempt to restrict the ability of farmers to say, well, if you want me to farm, most of them do you have to pay me more for my labor because i got a better offer from the next member, how many minority groups such as jews were blamed. This led many jews to relocate to poland where they were welcomed, heeding to the Large Population that until the holocaust, during the 2nd world, people blamed particular ethnic groups. The jews of particular were seen that will blame for the plague. It was thought in parts of Eastern Europe and even, you know, parts of sort of northern europe, the jews were responsible for it. So that somehow poisoned the wells. The problem with the fear that comes with them. A new survey also needs to blight on the people. They cant quiet except that theres nobody to blame here. This is an act of god. If you like him in the old pile columns, its just one of those things they have to say, well, why did it happen . We have to blame someone, seen a phobia protectionism. You have had this sense of, we need to protect ourselves from those people who have this disease with all those consequences. Very similar to modern conspiracy theories. The poor, the poor thought this was a plot by the states of the medical profession to reduce their population. Now we have peoples thinking that its 5 gene mobile networks. Now that is responsible for the coveted 1000. 00 pandemic can be a form of fake news that can spread when its not warranted. You know, the bean cases where in india for example, where doctors have been beaten up because people are worried that the doctors are going to spreads virus to them and things like that in the past as now you have a lot of misinformation and so you know, for instance, with malaria, the name malaria comes from this notion of bad air, you know, because the area was seen as caused by the type so that they are quite characteristic of swabs with influenza. Influenza was seen as a merging from the influence of heavenly bodies. Thats how you end up with the famous ones or with leprosy, eversley which are, is a very disfiguring young, as it was seen as an affliction given to you by god. For your, for your sense, religious fervor and fanaticism erupted in the wake of the black death gypsies, lepers, and others with skin diseases such as acne, were killed throughout europe. The black death saw the introduction of quarantine in an effort to protect coastal cities from plague, epidemics, coarseness, Port Authority is required ships arriving in venice from infected ports to sit a tanker for 40 days before landing the word quarantine comes from the italian quadrant to geo only 40 days while europeans had developed limited immunity against some diseases, such as smallpox, hundreds of thousands was still dying from disease. The black death that never really gone away. And in the 17th century, the people on it play came back again. In london, the great play from 665 to 666 was the last major epidemic of bubonic plague to occur in england. More london certainly sits on guns who did at times a city of about 448 taken surrounded by a city wall. Along with 65 is a very large city by stander. Its the largest of the 2nd largest in western europe. It has a population of perhaps 40450000 its main business. Its main reason is only seem strange, but it also has a major governmental function. It is the capital of a nation state, and also of the beginnings of an empire. The that many london has in 665 were poor a poverty stricken in a city with little or no sanitation and belching smoke coming from factories play could taken hold in many european cities, such as amsterdam, in the ne, 16 sixties. It was in belts of cotton imported on dutch ships that the plague allegedly came to britain. The ships were cornered on the tents and other ports for 30 days before being allowed to travel up river. But it was too late. One of the most difficult and dreadful things about the play was in the early part of it. You would know that it was going to happen. You could look back on the experience of the last century when they had been 4 or 5 major events. And you would know in may that it was beginning to be a major epidemic, and that it would get worse and worse up until at least september if you walked over. And that literally thousands of people would die. So in a sense is that, is that for knowledge that experience that may help you to prepare for it in admissions exams. But it also means you are in no doubt about how bad its going to be in the great plague, killed an estimated 100000. People almost a quarter of londons population in just 18 months. As plague spread a system of corn teen was introduced. Whereby any house where someone had died from playing would be locked up. And no one allowed to enter or leave for 40 days. As soon as somebody in a household is perceived to have play or dies, or they, then quarantine is imposed on that house for the house. So is, is meant to be locked up with a water door with a mark on the door so that people cant go out. Another kind of quarantine is to take sick people to the pest house, which is not so much a hospital for curing. People go to a place where sick people can be taken so they will not infect any other. So thats part of the overall quarantine getting moving the sick leave in the plague sick out of the city. And so samuel peaks provided a contemporary account of the play in his diary writing how empty the streets are and how melancholy, so many pull sick people in the streets, full of souls. One eyewitness said that london became so quiet that every day life was like sunday and grass started to grow in the streets. Peaks wrote in his diary that the plague is making its cruellest dogs to one another. Daniel defoe in his journal of the plague, year 60 years later wrote, nothing was to be seen, but wagons and carts with goods, women, servants, children, coaching is filled with people of the better sort and horsemen attending them and all hurrying away. Londoners knew about play because it had been around in london for centuries, but they were, they knew enough to be very afraid of it. If you possibly could. You would get out of london. Thats the best advice. But of course, many hundreds of thousands of people cant do that. They have to stay because theyre too poor to move because they need the work or because they havent got anywhere to go. So for those who stay in london, anxiety about infection is very strong. Indeed. The rich ran away, including king charles the 2nd of england, his family and his court, who left the city for sole spree. Moving on to oxford. Once the plague was over, the population of london recovered surprisingly quickly. People returned to the capital, and new people came to take over jobs left vacant by those who were down. There was a sudden rise in the number of marriages and births of the 19th century would become an age of great advancement in the fight against disease. The 19th century, where you had was the beginning. You know what i recall globalization. You know, you have the rise of steam shirts, you had the development of our roads. And it was in the 19th century that you 1st started to have worldwide pandemic. Theres no cholera had existed for a long time in india, and theyre going to pretty much confined to india. All of a sudden you have it transmitted all around the world so that every continent has and how to come to contact with it with cholera. It was an english physician, john snow, who became known as the father of epidemiology, here in broadway exchange. In the heart of london, soho stands apart in his name on the spot where snow discovered that a contaminated water pump was the cause of a cholera outbreak that had killed 500. But europe was soon to witness one of the greatest breakthroughs in disease medicine. Pastor, known as the father of microbiology, is credited with the discovery of the germ theory of disease. Does work involved magnification of pathogens or germs and the identification of antibodies that could attack them. Leading to the discovery of vaccines for diseases such as rabies and anthrax be actually i understood for the 1st time what infection was that. It was caused by jumps that are transmitted from one individual to another who are called from environmental sources. And that this is whats causing lisas easys. And its very hard to think that to try and think, well, what was it like to not know that there were such things as far as he was in bacteria and washing your hands was important. Thats a tremendous leap forward in Human Understanding that has cascaded throughout the world. And in every part of the world, people understand that. Now, thats a trial that calls for a sensational time. You can imagine, you know, members, the royal family, wealthy people flock to paris to be treated by pastor pastor was in an incredible experimental scientist as well. He was also a chemist. And so he was able to drive home through scientific evidence. It was actually quite controversial. The vaccination wasnt immediately popular. Let me take a soft cast as discoveries. Europe was plunged into world war one. Although a vaccine had been discovered typhoid, which saved many troops, lines. The war became a trigger for the next global pandemic. This coverage of the growing influenza and its limitations except a neutral state. Hence the name, spanish flu. We dont know where this virus of lorenza virus among the 1st sort of sick people were in large army camps, both in the united states, but also in northern europe. When suddenly, a large number of young soldiers developed, you know, this short list of the rapid onset which was recognized as a form of flu. The severe races developed pneumonia, but the signature was large numbers of people had to be hospital. She says to make anywhere from 20 to 100000000, people were killed worldwide equivalent to one 3rd of europes population of the time. And more than double the number killed in world war one. Scientists to retrieve viral genetic material from the spanish influenza virus. From all over the world, reconstructed the whole genome. We know exactly what the genes of h one n one spanish have for the look like, but we still dont understand why it is that it disproportionately affected young adults of the prime of life. That is people through the ages of 20 to 40, you know, the breadwinners, the heads of households, the most productive segments of the population. They were the ones with all the problems of the mortality. Elderly people, age 705, didnt judge these people develop such severe illness. Why was that . We dont know its an immunological puzzle. The persist to this day. World war one lasted for 5 long years and its 90 monuments attest to its legacy. More people died in the spanish flu pandemic, but this is largely forgotten. The virus also mutated resounding in the movie and strain the zing to an even more least from 2nd wave the same disease came back, but it probably never really got the way it was probably already, always already in all these communities and circulating a visibly worldwide whether theyre produced a new, a dramatic wave, a severe illness where the death rate was much, much more elevated. So this is a typical pandemics come in waves. And depending on the acute patient period of the virus, i, whether people develop evidence symptoms or whether theyre a symptom matter. So when someones a center, right, you dont know if theyre infected or but thats the big danger. Today, the virus is thousands of them continue to evolve. Many of these diseases continue to a region 980 and africa is just a matter of time before another major outbreak occurs in this region of the world. In 2018, unknown, there were outbreaks of typhoid in pakistan. Cholera in yemen, plague in madagascar monkeypox in nigeria mers in saudi arabia during the harsh, and it both in the democratic republic of congo. The outbreaks of the aids virus in the early ninetys eightys were perceived as a western disease afflicting the gay community. But its origins were in africa where it devastated the population. Treatment centers like this one in mozambique was still active 20 years later. A child really is a problem because again, its been impossible to come up with a vaccine despite lots of attempts. But the good news is they try very is that we have come up with and she retroviral drugs quite quickly after the virus is discovered, we came up with drugs that worked and quite quickly after that we came up with a highly effective, highly effective antiretroviral treatment that made you basically could treat hiv very in the same way. You could treat diabetes. Ok, you could cure a person of it. But just like a, someone with diabetes. If they take insulin, they can live a normal life. Patients with hiv infection can live a normal life if they take their therapy. Oh, mckernan pharmacies, that cost recent epidemics, including cave 19. 00, jump from facts to another animal before infecting humans. To sleep. Its difficult to predict precisely what chain of events schools a pandemic. But one thing is certain, these risks can be mitigated by developing strategies to minimize ecological disturbances. Climate change is going to be increasing challenge in this world or in terms of resulting in the possibility of future pandemics. You could argue in a way the growth of ours has doubled recalls. Its forcing us, we can no longer ignore all the way that weve destroyed already. A bar. Im quite frankly, you know, even though weve had, weve known for 10 years on we are causing Climate Change and global warming. We really didnt do anything about it. You know, there was no real political will to put it through. The reason that is, were very bad at long term thinking the political cycle of a new cycle means that cultural, i mean, users built into or they were low, but we have to get better at it. You know, this has been a huge wakeup call. There is an urgent need to prevent deforestation and reduce animal human interactions and a comprehensive global Surveillance System to monitor the emergence of these diseases will help us fight these deadly terrifying. Its a lot of these directors do better and harder weather, which means that as the world heats up, viz, vectors will have increased range, which means that pathogens that used to be confined to rather localized regions because thats where the vectors all of a sudden are able to transmit more wild, more widely. So for instance, mosquitoes tend to breed much better and faster in warmer temperatures. Dealing with Climate Change removes and alters animals, habitats changing how they live, where they live, and who eats whom the way humans live has also changed. 55 percent of the global population now live in cities up from 35 percent 50 years ago. And these biggest cities provide new homes for wildlife rats. Riku means foxes birds, jackals, monkeys, which can live in the green spaces, such as parks and gardens, off the waste. Humans leave behind, often, wildlife species are more successful in cities than in the wild because of the plentiful food supply, making urban spaces a melting pot for evolving diseases. An unprecedented shift in human population is one reason why more diseases originating asia and africa. The most racket urbanization is happening here, where the majority of the worlds population now lives. If we get an movement of refugees, climate based refugees. Not only do you have a conduit of populations with all the pathogens that they are carrying, moving from one part of the world to the other. But when you have refuge or use often they did not have access to adequate water supply of safe water or adequate Public Health measures. And that may not be where their biggest priorities are. And so all of those conditions are very conducive to the future alfreds and in the age of global air travel, human interconnectivity can aggravate the transmission of diseases. As cozied 900 showed, and Infectious Disease that starts in one part of the world can spread global. Actually no time whatsoever in 2019 there were only over 4000000000 flights that people took as so when you have people flying quickly, long distances, many people flying quickly over long distances that serves to connect, connect the world. People travel fast relative to the Recovery Time for a pathogen now, so it means that someone can be, can be infected at the beginning of their journey and still be infected at the end of their journey with very little change in health conditions. So thats new. I think the other thing thats different is that when you had these pathogens travelling by, by steam, boat spied by trains, the routes of they could take were somewhat limited, which gave the possibility of greater control. You know, they could establish quarantines. You could establish a Public Health measures to restrict the flow of these pathogens in controlled ways. Now there are so many routes from one country to another. So many ways that things can progress from one country to another, or one region to another. That its much harder to control in the same way because we do need to keep the economy moving. We still need to keep foodstuffs, you know, flying between countries. So, you know, theres a balance, but these were not problems. People had the 980 when we had much shorter supply chains. In europe, at least in britain and france, the belligerent nations ruled a wartime footing. So they depended all their resources for the food supplies. We live in a different world, and that was a new opportunities. The covert 19 pandemic in early 2020, turned airports around the world into giant ghost towns, as aircraft, with billions remained parked on runways, massive Testing Centers for remaining key remittance. While the Economic Impact of this latest pandemic will be felt for many years, thanks to you, mr. Brace and do the right. So we consume time. Colossal efforts are being made to understand contain and find cures to Infectious Diseases. At cambridge university, this containment facility has been built to do just this run by professor golden doogan, which is a state of the art facility outside of the solar to theres a cage that cage is what we call the nod to terrorism, mounted threat cage. That prevents people getting into this facility. We dont want in the facility we have to cope with not taking the south to virus growing here, you have to hate to have a virus a capability in this facility. On the bacterial side, we have the ability to grow the typhoid organism, the organism because of typhoid, which is actually a bacteria. We have a roof of that. The natures kind to make, like others before has had massive lifestyle implications. So i am an Infectious Disease expert and when i travel into real areas where i know diseases, im very careful about the way i manage myself in the environment social distancing, natural handling, touching old object natural. I think that will become much more as a natural instinct, i think, is a natural instinct that weve lost. I think that become more instinctive in people who look though, asked a question. Am i likely to be infected by this kind of interaction . And sometimes it become not only as part of the plan to help london real safely unsustainably to your friends, making it easier on the safer to get the concern for the asking the minister do this wherever possible saving space from public transport for those who misuse or cycling would also help improve the quality of this great seal, monsoon, physical, all aspects of daily life have been affected from Office Workers working from home. Each unhappy are huge challenges for life, the meat packing industry, which weve now discovered, like, you know, incubate since high sort of code of ours, right . That puts all the table if i could put it that way. The whole question of Meat Consumption as the Economy Speed up and more, more people come to cities, you need more and more out of all protein to feed those labor forces. So this is a huge question for the world going forward. And now weve seen the power of the pandemics have to disrupt, not just social life, but Economic Life and political life. The huge stress tests. What a pandemic does is a stressed as it is shoes. Well, all the fishes and cracks all in your economy. And in your political systems of governments, and also also very tough questions of politicians who is up to the joel who is actually capable of sorts of helplessness. So as long as we have a society based upon constant disruption, there will be continued in increasing opportunities for pathogens to take advantage of the resulting opportunities that arise. The key point is that we use our faculty of reason to understand whats going on here. And to work out while the interventions that we need to apply and put those in place. And thats where weve made tremendous advances in the last 150 years and understand the obviously every death in the is a tragedy. But this is a struggle. We all balance winning and we will win this battle in the end untruths from certain of the columned pax informed the top nato defeats hatchability. Classically singlehandedly change the banks dream getting mindset. Step up the 1st win of the season to 30 minutes on d. W. The current forecast and so now the germans have a lot of cash because accounting is fundamentally changing that. How was it in other European Countries . And what are the consequences of those developments . Current kovac 19 cash to soft money minutes on d w. Whats the secret behind this classic visit to sell . As soon as you hear beethoven lose your mind or the story behind the music for nature is greatest. Up beethovens 9th symphony or the world starts to simmer down. Oh and b. T. W. Do you know this is g. W. News and these are our top stories. Federal authorities in the us have told joe biden, the president ial transition can begin after President Donald Trump directed his team to cooperate in the handover process. The move comes as bidens cabinet nominees begin to take shape with Foreign Policy veteran Anthony Blinken as secretary of state and former secretary of state john kerry as his special Climate Change. And boy