The final stages of the war. Searching for incriminating documents among the ruins of the 3rd reichs capital required initiative. I was assigned the prosecution of arabs call them for that was my individual defender error scholar. It was the head of what is known as the r s. A chair, the right set, right. How that agency, unclothed to stoppel, for example, and the yes day id visit the medical staff or offices and i found documents lying around on the floor saying this man should be executed by an scholar and i picked them up, dropped the floor. But it is true that there were many, many documents that were not destroyed that we obtained and were incriminating jury in his visit to hitlers chancellery. Even jackson himself found useful Material Files or correspondence that soviet forces had thoughtlessly left lying around during the capture of berlin. In london, before victorious powers struggled to decide on a statute for the trials, the soviet delegation rejected a fundamental criminalise ation of wars of aggression, demanding the courts jurisdiction, be limited to german crimes. The involvement of stalins lawyers was becoming a handicap to the proceedings. The soviets themselves were clearly guilty of crimes against humanity and criminal military aggression. One aspect that was completely ignored in nuremberg was bombing campaigns. The british and americans knew all too well what they had done to german cities, including nuremberg, 90 percent of the city had been destroyed. Nevertheless, Robert Jackson was determined to hold the spectacular trials there. It was located in the American Occupation zone. It had been known around the world as the site of hitlers party rallies, came and during had proclaimed the anti jewish nuremberg race laws there. In early july, 945, a delegation traveled to the city was devastated. Totally devastated. The rubble was everywhere. Buildings were down. Those that were standing, were gutted. The stench of bodies was in the air buried under the rubble. However, the palace of justice, i think of the land of franconia, was standing and was relatively undamaged and was chosen. Even though it was in the lives of considerable chaos, the courthouse was ideal. The adjacent prison could hold 1200 prisoners, added to this was the symbolic significance of the city for the nazis. For Robert Jackson, it was the scene of the crime. The horrors of nazi germany could end where they began. Within 3 months, room 600. 00 was transformed into a perfect stage for the International Tribunal to create space needed for hundreds of spectators and journalists. The real wall was removed. The allies agreed to initially tried 24 of the most prominent suspected war criminals. They were brought to nuremberg from various internment camps while detained. They were subject to strict regulations. Speaking was only permitted during interrogations. There were also fears that fanatical nazis might attempt to free them. Back in bad model of ham and during had already aligned most of his fellow prisoners to his defense strategy. We saw nothing and we knew nothing. The murdering of jews had been himmlers affair going claimed, killing children. He said was unsportsmanlike and ungentlemanly. Lets make it brief, he added, i take responsibility for everything. The government has done. Robert jackson and his team had by now moved into offices in the palace of justice and were questioning the accused. It was a frustrating process. The nazi leaders portrayed themselves as both ignorant and innocent. The prosecutors heard nothing that would be of use in the trial. The u. S. Lead prosecutor made an important decision. The whole trial would be conducted primarily with documents as evidence. Jacksons concern was that the defendants and growing 1st among them would use it as a platform to stimulate some resurgence of naziism in germany. That this was a virus that was not dead, that the defeat and death of hitler did not mean forever the end of naziism. And that jackson was dealing with a very volatile, dangerous prospect of the nazi future. As he dealt with these defendants, scenes like these had not been forgotten. In many riefenstahls propaganda film triumph of the will. Hitlers deputy rudolf hess, lauding the fuehrer as the savior of the german people, did not end until 100 your then . Oh god or god. If there was no god lead and was i in 1941, rudolf hess had spectacularly flown solo to scotland, apparently, to negotiate peace with churchill on his own initiative. Hitler considered him insane. Has remained in british custody for the rest of the war. On october 8th, 1905, he was flown to new emberg and reunited with old friends. Prosecutor john a man had the task of questioning has who seemed mentally disabled and wouldnt admit to remembering anything. Back in america, a man had made many a criminal talk, but has wouldnt cooperate. When he arrived in nuremberg, he said hed lost his memory of the and how good it was impossible to get him to remember anything. Once even had the idea to bring hess and touring together, has he already had hess upstairs in the Interrogation Room . And then we got going. And going with his old self, he came in and said, oh you know, you dont remember me. I was the rice marshal. I was the commander in chief of the loofa. I was the interior minister of prussia and so on. And to all that has said, im very sorry. I dont remember. In the tunnel the former nazi foreign minister joachim fun ribbentrop, was accused of helping plan hitlers military aggression. He was also accused of involvement in war crimes and ordering deportations. He claimed not to have known about these things and took no responsibility. Ribbentrop was ambassador to britain until hitler made him foreign minister because the furor appreciated his serve iowa b. D. s. Hitler enjoyed taking him on walks at the nazi retreat in oversells back. After the fall of the 3rd reich, ribbentrop spent weeks in hiding in hamburg before british investigators tracked him down. Yet, by late october 1905, the list of the accused was complete. But not all were present in nuremberg. The whereabouts of hitlers secretary Martin Bormann were unclear. The industrialist gustaf croup phone bolen, on how bad was unfit for travel, much to the annoyance of lead prosecutor jackson, who wanted a member of the group family to stand trial. He tried to charge troops, son, alfred, as a substitute. But the british stood in his way. The british officer gary neve handed over indictments in the cellblock. Ribbentrop, said the charges were directed against the wrong people. Rudolf hess wrote on his copy. I cannot remember. And going, wrote, the victor will always be the judge and the vanquished. The accused for calderon, its the trial was just a whim of the americans. None of these charges affect me in the slightest. He said he named naval judge as his defense counsel and book shift. I was in hamburg and head of the Legal Department at the german mine clearance service. And i was called in to see the chief of staff and english captain dudish. He told me hed received a telegram. Dennetts expected me to be prepared to defend him, and would i be willing to take that on . I immediately said, im ready. I didnt want to show the slightest hesitation on such an important question. Help shortly afterwards i wrote a letter to my wife in bavaria because i knew shed be asking herself why i did it, because i always had the greatest reservations about done. It says political statements. And i wrote to her that i did it because i wanted to maintain the loyalty that at that time had collapsed in many cases, devoted oversight of the accused were able to choose their Legal Counsel from lists or make suggestions themselves. The lawyers could even be staunch nazis because the court wanted to avoid any accusations of unfairness in the proceedings. From the outset, the defenders complained about the inequality of resources. And next, at 1st we had no employees at all. But everyone had to look for employees, which wasnt easy, was the 1st you had to hire a secretary. And then we had no documents whatsoever. Come along was to include wed all just been in the wars, at least most of us. We had no files, no writing materials, nothing at all. So you started with the most primitive of things, getting paper and pencil and so on. We didnt have personal offices either. We sat together in a big hall or for the whole defense, thats 22. 00 lawyers and there was a single telephone and a long corridor to afford. So you can imagine what simple tools we were working with for the palace of justice had become a high security facility. Access was only possible with a special pass in room 600. The accused sat opposite. The judges table. In between, there was space for the tables of the prosecutors from 4 nations. Among the accused was albert speer. Once hitless favorite architect should be a, had been minister of armaments and responsible for a program of slave labor should be and sought to set himself apart from the others, saying he believed the trial was necessary. As chief representative for deployment of labor for its zokol was in effect the slave driver. Hes knowledge presented the greatest danger to be as cunning defense for field marshal vilhelm keitel, the matter was black and white. For a soldier, orders are orders. Hed been a useful tool to hitler. His nickname was let keitel meaning a lackey. When the indictment was handed to and culture and brown or the head of himmlers, right, security main office, he threw himself on to his coat and cried for his family. Strike your describe the upcoming trial as a triumph for world jewry write a rebecca west would one day describe him as a dirty old man of the sort that gives trouble in punks after surviving a Suicide Attempt hunts frank, the butcher of warsaw had become a catholic he considered the tribunals a kind of last judgment willed by god. Robert lie went berserk when he was presented with the indictment in the cellblock in nuremberg, he shouted, why dont you stand us all up against the wall and shoot us lie had been head of the german labor front, the nazis puppet trade union. He nickname, right, strong, can bold the imperial drunkard on the night of october 25th, 1945, all was quiet in block c. Of the nuremberg prison. The sleeping prisoners were constantly monitored by the gods. I was on duty that night was summoned by the guard. There was something going on and i had to get the guards, couldnt get into the cell. And i open the cell, went in, and there was a large strength of themselves on the toilet by using the edge of a towel, wrapping it around his neck and hanging there over standpipe with a flush button. He had ripped his underwear under the covers of his bed even though a guard was watching him all the time and they were so it would make a noise when gag. Then they literally strand of him. So he was short enough that he could do that. If you have been taller or been very difficult and that was the end of robert lines committed service. After that incident, a guard was permanently posted in front of each cell door. Cell lights were left on day and night. The accused were only allowed to sleep on their backs, with their hands over the covers. Guards were able to enter cells within seconds. It was hoped these measures would prevent further suicides. Strict security measures will also imposed in the courthouse. On nov 20th, 945. 00, the International Military tribunals at nuremberg began its proceedings against 22. 00 representatives of the 3rd reich. The accused had one so for 12 years of dictatorship. In the eyes of prosecutors, they were conspirators against civilization. As one newspaper put it, the last judgment was in session. The procedure for bringing the accused to the courtroom was precise and elevator, carried them directly from the prison to room 600. Always 3 is the time. Initially, only journalists from the victorious side were allowed in the courtroom. The appearance of the nazi leaders had a big impression on legendary newsman walter cronkite. Then a young reporter come into the dark as if this was not a fair proceeding, as if they knew they were going to hang already. Why go through with this thing that the allies were being most unfair about this . Of course, bearing clearly the number one seat in the front row, sat there as the boss. You had no doubt, he felt that he ran the show. Cronkite would later write. I wanted to spit on them. I thought them lower than the dirt on the street. The stage was set. Many germans believe that the trial was nearly allied propaganda. It only remains for me to direct in accordance with the provisions of the charter. That the indictment shall not be writ, summarized over 85 pages. It was a near endless list of german crimes here. Guilty in the respect here and after crimes against peace. Im crimes against humanity. And i have a common plan all as well. And in the charter of the traffic and accordingly, name as defendant. And on the count here and i have to set out. Im on rudolf hess. Watch him from ribbentrop. Asked hans frank, for your viewers right here. How its erich ritter out form on projects from for the 1st time in history into the power to sleep translated court proceedings. He took one and a half days to read the indictment. Then the accused were told to respond to the challenges. Jackson, son, william, was the system his father. He was in the courtroom that day was read with called upon to plead to plead guilty not guilty or guilty with an explanation tribunals called carrying as the 1st round. And he stood up with a piece of paper in his hand and said, before i respond to the indictment, i wish to say the following. Before i should you for the scottish press. Well, to be sure you need what i need to try to speak at tribal cutting short. You are here to plead guilty. Not guilty or guilty with an explanation that remonstrance shouted. Nick, surely it cant emissions in it. I can destroy that. That was an indication of his ability to try to find an opening to present what he wanted to say. Rather than what he was being asked. Rudolf hess heatless former deputy was briefed. Im as a p. Is because if he truly then it was just good time Understanding Division spot, but what i get should stick heedless, vicechancellor, friends, fun poppet, going to be kind sites where this well, its a criminal trial if they pleaded guilty, theyre like so out of the sense they have a they wanted to defend themselves, and many of them said not guilty in the sense of the end would not yield in the sense of the end was a way that they were charged as they were not. They knew they were killed to some extent, but that was another where they responded. But jackson was satisfied. In his view, the very presence of going into his codefendants was a triumph the 1st step towards a more just world with jackson himself. The orchestrator of this global justice, healing to say the proceedings were invested with a melancholy grand jury. That must have been the mood when jackson addressed the court. Laying out the prosecutions case. It was extremely important for jackson to be the person who delivered the opening speech. That was the jobs pinnacle moment, as he understood it. When he took it to be, the prosecutor meant to stand up for the allied nations and bring this Case International lore is based on custom, jackson argued. It exists because it is followed the world over. And anyone wanting to reshape International Law must convince the whole world privilege of opening the 1st trial in history. For crimes against the peace of the world, imposes a grave responsibility. The wrongs which we seek to condemn and punish have been so calculated. Some malignant. Im so devastating that civilized nation cannot tolerate their being ignored because it cannot survive their being repeated. But that set the tone not only for the speech which follow, but for the entire trial. This was not a trial of germans of all. This was a trial for humanity. This was a trial, it is to prevent terror indeed, from raising its head again and any place in the world that far great nations. Flushed with victory. And stung with injury, stay the hand of vengeance, and voluntarily submit their captive enemies. To the judgment of the law. Is one of the most significant tributes that heart has ever paid. Stories. American journalist, william shire, i would write my spine thrall, does jackson use the power of language to build up his must early case against the nazi barbarism. The eloquence of it, the power of it was immediate and enormous. The defendants were, you know, sort of knocked back in the box and word of a very depressed lot as they returned to their lunchroom in the middle of it and to their cells at the end of the day. Because this was really their 1st experience of jackson in action in the courtroom. And they, in a new way, understood that they were up against a civilization. Jackson said, asks where the law is so legged as to be utterly helpless to deal with crimes of this magnitude by criminals, of this order of importance. All documents presented to the court had to be in 4 languages, available to all prosecutors and defense attorneys. The evidence came in a steady stream of sharia would note in his diary that no other tribunals in history came close to this one. The nazi defendants, he wrote a going to be convicted by their own words, their own records, their own foul deeds. The idiots wrote everything down shiner added that in the chaos of the wars end, they werent able to destroy the evidence. Father knew the dangers of using witnesses, particularly witnesses from the other side. And he felt the bedrock of the case had to be documentary because we had so many documents. There were all over the signatures of these defendants. And my father said, you know, you cant crossexamine a document, its there. And he felt that there was incontrovertibly evidence as to responsibility of most, if not all of these defendants in the documents that came from their own offices. And some of their own signature were the sensational documents. Soon lead to a dispute between prosecution and defense robot jackson. Wanted to speed up the proceedings by using certified summaries, but the defense lawyers insisted on complete readings in court. During the agonizingly long readings, the accused were left to their thoughts. One of them, hans frank described division. We sit opposite the court, he wrote, and the train of the dead goes endlessly by without ever being interrupted. Pale and one without sound in the diem yellow, gray, light of eternity. The stream of misery flows on back in the bluest in new things. Big thinking. Instead of throwing them away with subsidy, instead of projects renewed and sustainable. This is what germanys future should look like. Winding up instead of lacking mind, made in germany 30 minutes on d, w, enters the conflict zone to sebastien. Britains prime ministers bars johnson is on the fire once again, not least for members of his own conservative party. My guest this week here in london is one of his junior m. P. s been moffo lawmakers elected to parliament 3 years ago. Can mr. Johnson, the whole teams current slide in the opinion, polls, and what will the party do if he comes out conflicts of 90 minutes on t w . Give us your country. We will make you rich. Oil will provide you with jobs. Going. Well take good care of you message and a big one. Fever took hold on the west coast of kano in 2007. Investors made promises, but years later, reality looks very different. Litter Drinking Water shortage. I am still up and going to a stream of black gold oil as it starts december 4th on d. W. This is day to the news and these are our top stories. The European Commission has signed a deal to secure up to 300000000. 00 doses of a coded 19 vaccine developed by germanys beyond take and the west pharmaceutical giant Pfizer Vaccine has shown itself to be more than 90 percent effective. I expect