The number of trials. 75 years ago high ranking officers of the nazi regime were indicted by the allied forces. They were the 1st war criminals to be held accountable for their crimes. Our 2 part series. In the dark starts nov 12th on d w. Community has been on everyones lips since the pandemic began now its more pressing than ever as infections are rapidly rising pots. Depends on antibodies proteins in the bloodstream that fight pathogens and viruses. Production depends on the severity of an infection. But immunity from coated may only last a short period the elderly show is significantly faster reduction in antibodies than the young. Theres also evidence that some people dont develop immunity at all. To waiting for the science to see how long of unity lasts in the meantime some places in the world view it as a Health Passport for tourists on the law and in south america will only let you win if you can prove youve already had the coronavirus. My trips to brazils island paradise of fair none o. J. Not only was completely stress free. Actually i had to do a blood test 1st pretty high then spotted these always do i need these Lab Test Results for my trip to paradise here it says antibodies i. G. G. 5. 78. Thats more than 5 times what i need even though ive had coded 19 im allowed to travel. I quickly packed my things so i can set off the next morning. My camera man one pablo and i probably became infected with the coronavirus right at the start of the pandemic when we were filming we were in mn now swear the Health Care System had collapsed this is the only flight this week that takes off for the island. Sitting next to me is some pio a business woman shes been there 50 times. My life is starting again. I not know jane onya is the most beautiful place in the world. She may be right. Like everyone else on this flight carolina has had the coronavirus. We must now stand in line and pay an environmental feat strict rules for entering paradise. The island has been virtually cut off from the outside world since march 2 to the pandemic according to our guide. Were now the 1st tourists and want to say is an absolutely coronavirus free part of the earth one big plus the beautiful beaches are empty. Before the island was dicks. Or a Nature Preserve it was a notorious prison camp and before that a base for war ships built on into volcanic rock. When the pandemic started in march and their own year was cut off from the rest of brazil a curfew was also imposed. Only the fishermen were allowed to go out. In order that no one starved. Islanders felt a new sense of solidarity. Who. Gave us diesel fuel we used to go out and fish in the end we gave away our entire catch to the islanders for free. Now known years Crisis Management has been exemplary thanks in part to random checks the island has not had a single case of coronavirus oh i ask you right even if more tourists come we probably wont have a corona Virus Outbreak weve taken a lot of preventative measures. Such as allowing in visitors who have already had coven 19 they have this picturesque coast almost all to themselves. A privilege that at least somewhat compensates for what theyve been through. I survived to the coronavirus it wasnt easy now its time to make up for it we have the island almost all to ourselves ill probably never again experience a paradise like this. But moments like these the pandemic feels far away. But just how immune are you if youve had the coronavirus ditto about a child joins us now from the university of Arizona College of medicine hes an associate professor in immuno biology what are your results on immunity shot our results. For at least people with mild infections the course of the immune response seems pretty much as we would expect for most types of acute viral infections where after you clear it just certain period of immunity our study fall without antibiotics and especially protected and bodies out of the course of about 7 months and our studies show as many others that those antibodies continue to be produced for as long as weve been able to look is there any indication that it could be more than months it could be years. Yeah i mean when i say 7 months i dont mean up to 7 months i mean at least 7 months you know the pandemic hit our state fairly late and so we just dont have any participants who are infected any earlier than 7 months but if you look just by parallels to the 1st sars coronavirus which is the most similar virus weve seen. Those antibodies people who saw 1st sars kind of are actually continuing to be produced now 17 years after the fact i dont know if this will be quite that long but you know i think a year or 2 seems like a reasonable minimum estimate that sounds quite optimistic though because of the coronaviruses have shown that immunity can drop off after you yeah i mean i guess the question is whats the best prior whats the best analogy and so you know genetically and in terms of the nucleotide sequence of the virus its really most similar to the 1st sars coronavirus so i think maybe like the best way to hedge your bets is say its probably going to be something in between you know a year or so which is what the common coronaviruses induce and the 17 years that weve seen with the from the 1st sars proud of our you know ultimately you know the crystal ball and so theres really no way to take a shortcut here theres no way to know until we just start to follow it out. The people who get the virus badly though have have shown that they have more antibodies and they have them for longer whats that tell us. Well yeah i mean theres a lot of things that go wrong people who end up with severe disease in the early stages an immune response theres a huge amount of inflammation and uncoordinated signals the kinds of things that we dont normally see so theres something strange going on presumably the levels of virus certain are on the amount of the antibodies for the use are also higher and so you know its going to come take a little bit longer for those antibodies to come down in people who have very mild disease and if you are in a box you know whether or not the people with severe disease will actually be immune for longer is that something i think we still need to see because again a lot of things dont really work right in the severe phase and so it could affect some of the long term antibody production we just dont know whats this all mean for a vaccine because a vaccine provokes an antibody response of course yeah i mean it we are actually very optimistic about the africa see the potential of the vaccines it has seen so far so you know one of the things that we have noticed is that you know that you get this nice stereotypical pattern of antibodies and they settle in are pretty low level and based on the epidemiology weve seen so far i mean it seems to be protective im sure you want to get to re infections in a little bit but it seems like pretty low levels of the other bodies are still protective the vaccine to be seen so far i mean all the ones that are these 13 tested here in the u. S. All exceed the normal immune response to natural infection and so if the natural infection can induce immunity im pretty optimistic that these vaccines will as well many things we still need to find out how long will the vaccine immunity last for and what are the safety effects all those things but all of the early indications ive seen so far make me very optimistic about the university of arizona thank you very much thank you and bring you up to date here of the latest data for more than 200 countries and territories on covert infections. The numbers show new cases doubling in 39 nations and increasing in another 94 countries theyve stayed at the same level in 8 countries 55 nations have seen their new profit of covert 19 cases decline another 9 are down by at least half and 6 countries have reported no new cases for 4 weeks in a row heres the bar graph showing that statistics of past weeks the fight against the corona virus will be over when that whole chart turns blue so its going to take some time. Now its up out of the show where you get to us the questions to our science correspondent eric why. Doesnt proving ventilation make confined spaces like restaurants will be safer to operate because we know believe that aerosols play a role in covert 19 transmission at least in enclosed spaces adequate ventilation would appear to be a key aspect of lowering risk in public spaces like restaurants and bars but also schools but whats adequate exactly well thats pretty hard to nail down but because we tend to spend longer periods of time in those spaces than we do for example somewhere like a corner shop the general consensus among buy raw legis and airflow experts can be boiled down to the more outside air you can polish and the safer you can make those environments so instead of asking whether improving ventilation can make restaurants and bars safer its more accurate to talk about whats called the air Exchange Rate which describes the number of times that the air is replaced in a room over the course of an hour i read a quote recently from one of the experts on air flow who said by. Using the German Government on keeping schools open that really opened my eyes about the complexity of this issue he said that it doesnt matter how effective air Exchange Strategies are if someone who is infectious is in a room the earth can only really be cleaned if they leave it in other words transmission risks in spaces like bars and restaurants can only potentially be reduced by air replacement systems and even then they have to be pretty High Performance to make much of a difference but those risks rise again the moment more customers come and spend time in those spaces because the chances rise that one of them might be infected and shedding virus. That will covert 19 special for more information go to our website www dot com and click on one of ours but. Treasure lies hidden deep under the earths surface. One that is vital for human groundwater. But how much do scientists know about it. And is our most important thinking water resource in terms of. We get to the bottom of the source. Next on d w. Genuine. Deception. Photo Editing Software distorts what is real. The possibilities for. Endless. Is the new truth. Its the obsession for spectacular pictures. Its passion for me. Its their complete devotion that makes them the best while most are childless at the most. Recent meeting and. Confrontational instrument. 5 adventurers. One goal. The preservation of our climate. Starts november 6th on g. W. This is was here so is this. And this. All the or sit in on and above our planet amounts to about 1400000000 cubic kilometers almost all of it more than 97 percent is salty less than 3 percent is freshwater and most of that is in snow and ice and glaciers and in the arctic and antarctic so the amount easily accessible to us humans is relatively tiny. Its in rivers and lakes and under alfy eat groundwater that usually hidden from view is vitally important. Hello and welcome to tomorrow today the science show on g. W. The vast amounts of water on our planet. Bill but in motion in a perpetual cycle heat from the sun mexicos evaporates and rise into the air as it condenses it forms clouds and eventually precipitation in c. Is in the form of rain snow or hail. Some of that was he that breaks again directly some is taken up by plants flows into rivers lakes and sea is seeps into the eth and replenishes the ground water some of that in turn makes its way to the surface. This is the upper rhine valley in southwest germany. There are places here where something valuable and increasingly rare couples up to the surface. To clear pure groundwater. Pike feel right at home in it as too many other species of fish. Some are facing extinction the european is a critically endangered species. Oh fish need clean water and groundwater is a crucial source of that. The places in this region where the water rising from the depths is so pure this is not the rhine river itself but naturally occurring ponds fed by springs. Here the water temperature is 11 degrees celsius all year. The springs and ponds are important and need to be protected. It looks like they can be found anywhere unexpected holes in the ground even in the middle of flattering. The groundwater that feeds the springs some of which ends up in the. And river itself is the result of a complex process. Rain that falls in the fuss because mountains to the west and the black forest up plans to the east feed streams. Or seeps directly into the ground through soil and wherever the rock is porous permeable or cracked traveling downwards through sand gravel or other formations its filtered and purified while also picking up minerals along the way some of them of great value. When the water reaches impermeable rock it flows along the top of that layer and into the valley. If it feeds into the river it mingles with what was once groundwater in the alps to the south. There is a huge aquifer beneath the upper run valley. In the valley groundwater bubbles up to the surface in spots where the rock and ground are permeable. Thats how such ponds are formed. In the clean groundwater many life forms flourish. Kike like the temperature and the oxygen and nutrients levels in the water not too much and not too little. Here some male piker chasing after a female after a bit of a song and dance one couple make. These pristine ponds are under threat. Intensive farming means insecticides pesticides chemical fertilizers and slurry can all pollute groundwater. And thus the springs that feed the ponds. Nitrate from nitrogen fertilizer causes al jewel blooms which use up all the oxygen in bodies of water. Various chemicals are bad for aquatic animals and plants. They also threaten the supply of water we humans drink. The level of nitrate in groundwater exceeds the permissible level in more than a quarter of germany. Groundwater carries nitrate and other chemicals down into the valley. Contaminated groundwater endangers bio topes its meant to sustain. Where the ground water is clean it feeds bio topes rich in biodiversity. Lakes. Read beds. Woodlands and also manmade lakes. Such as old gravel pits as they fill up with water life returns. Are young great crested green biz looking for food. It finds a fish hiding in vain among the plants. Dragonflies and damselflies thrive here too. They all need clean water to reproduce like these common blue damsel fives. A female heads down into the water. Her male concert accompanies her. She climbs down the stock. The plant to make a hole in it and to posit her age. At this depth the age should remain safely moist even if the water level drops. Then she lets go and rises to the surface. A male helps her out of the water she wants to mate with her. None of this would be happening word not for clean water from underground sources its a Precious Resource we need to do our utmost to protect. We also need to protect that was when its still in the ground. Round course it is in a way like the ocean depths mysterious little in the dark its cold today it may not be cozy but all kinds of weird and wonderful creatures live down there. Theyve adapted to the harsh conditions. They merit close attention they are fascinating and we actually need them as well. Since time immemorial tiny creatures have lurked in the depths of our groundwater most are translucent and blind and theyre perfectly adapted to their desolate habitats whether theres no light almost no food and little oxygen. In hand is a groundwater ecologist hes fascinated by the subterranean animal species which unknown a stick a foreigner. Around was or is the deep sea beneath our feet its never been properly researched but its teeming with exciting form of the play a key role in purifying the water. And therefore the quality of the water we drink for millions of years the habit. That has barely changed but now groundwater temperatures are rising and that poses a potentially deadly risk to stick a foreigner as hans fielding hon has demonstrated in a comprehensive scientific study. And to put him simply that is when they cheer is still intact the ground water is well protected and its temperature remains stable between 8 and 12 degrees celsius. Temperatures dropped 10. 8 degrees. There were searches find snails and worms and faults of shrimp like the fungus. These creatures that live in the groundwater have evolved over millions of years to suit their environment theyve perfected the art of surviving with very little food thanks metabolic and reproductive rates and eggs with an extremely high yo content to ensure the young survive. There are some 250 types of stick a foreigner in germany including then if August Schellenberg it hasnt changed in 30000000 years and nor has its habitat creatures that can survive being groundwater have adapted to a severely limited food supply the water louses selous aquatic us for example can go for months without food it copes by barely moving and expanding Little Energy if august belair eons and muscles feed on bacteria plant and animal residue in the process purifying groundwater of organic matter and germs preventing tiny pores in rock surfaces from clogging up and allowing the ground water to keep flowing. Stick a foreigner can only continue to perform these valuable time asks if their habitat remains unchanged but now groundwater temperatures are rising especially in urban environments do partly to Climate Change and partly to the fact that subways underground car parks and pipe systems heat the ground and therefore the groundwater. In the long run the tiny creatures of the deep wont be able to survive higher temperatures. Temperatures such as here in cars. Point one degrees thats high. About 3 degrees too high but in many cities no longer unusual. For. The groundwater habitat is clearly at risk but unfortunately Green Technology poses an additional threat to stick a foreigner. And then its not in recent years as Climate Change progresses groundwater has increasingly been used for Geothermal Energy either to heat or cool for air conditioning for example and that of course heats up the ground water but this is happening primarily on the outskirts of cities and where Industrial Zones are being built a new developments are going out its suddenly getting warmer in exactly the places where the former is still relatively intact. But perhaps not for much longer then this figure for now would no longer perform their vital role in purifying the water we drink it isnt always that interest you know that microorganisms bacteria will change but there will be greater diversity more spe