Not going to the point at this youll. See youll go to the mall or go south to work another chill for the t. V. Or not but the show good morning all right thanks. Paris december 25th again the 196 countries signing the paris climate agreement agreed to get Global Warming under control well below 2 degrees celsius by 2100 the effect that he has on the system is something thats happening more rapid than some of the changes we would like to make nearing the only fast stack to approach to reduce heat directly in the cloud. Whether theyre harnessing d the excess c o 2 in the atmosphere. Officially the common goal of geo Engineering Technologies is to slow down or even reverse the effects of Global Warming. By deliberately intervening in the climate what its meant to do is give us to be able to go to the energy fix the. Time to limit the damage. To. Our. Coal oil gas the Global Economy is addicted to fossil fuel energy far from slowing down global emissions of Carbon Dioxide continue to increase to curb the effects of Global Warming scientists are now looking for ways to remove the excess c o 2 present in the air. You know secret because the carbon cycle which is very active on earth with several reservoirs a huge reservoir in the oceans with the carbon dissolved within the water theres another reservoir on land in vegetation and in sorrels and then theres atmospheric c o 2 ever since we started using fossil fuels weve been sending carbon into the atmosphere going to. The oceans biomass and soil do not have the capacity to absorb the excess carbon that has built up in the air since the beginning of the industrial revolution. Since 850. 00 the c o 2 concentration in the atmosphere has increased from 280. 00 parts per 1000000 to more than 400. 00. Other dioxide piles up and they are this is cumulative it doesnt go away roughly half of the c o 2 we put out will be there for hundreds of years and together really out of the atmosphere ocean. Biosphere systems will take tens of thousands if not hundreds thousands of years so we need some ways of taking Carbon Dioxide that already entered the environment back out and broadly speaking that is a negative emission. Forecast by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change or i. P. C. C. Suggest the concentration of atmospheric c o 2 could triple by 2100 if no action is taken to reduce emissions that would result in a temperature rise of over 4 degrees celsius. In every scenario that keeps Global Warming below 1. 5 to 2 degrees involves a number of ways of Carbon Dioxide removal in order to reduce and emissions should they increase to munch over the course of the 21st century since its more than triple the most commonly used method in these integrated climate carbon models which simulate different scenarios is to use biomass via reforestation and asked for a station to generate negative emissions through whats known as becks. Stands for bio energy with Carbon Capture and storage plants are grown to absorb c o 2 through photosynthesis then they have burned in thermal power plants to produce energy the c o 2 emitted via their combustion is captured and stored away the Carbon Footprint of this process is negative. Growing trees is generally a good idea and youre not going to find too many people arguing against you but this year is can you do it at a scale which is actually going to have a Material Impact the problem is that you have to grow such a huge area of these plants that its going to have impacts on other systems in terms of biodiversity and in terms of land tenure so that land belongs to someone at the moment and the issue is well how is it going to be affected by people using that land to take carbon away do it at a small scale. It probably doesnt have much of an effect but trying to do it on a scale has and to an impact on the climate which is what this is the bout and it would have a Material Impact on those offices. To remove 10000000000. 00 tons of c o 2 per year or one quarter of all current c o 2 emissions we would need to set aside 500000000. 00 hectares of land equal to a 3rd of all current farming land or an 8th of the worlds forests add to that the intensive use of fertilizers and tensions over water resources. Another method involves capturing c o 2 from using chemical processes a researcher at Arizona State university Klaus Lackner has developed a prototype that can replicate the c o 2 absorption capacities of a tree leaf but far more effectively. Direct the active use a Similar Technology to literally pull thier true directly out of the ambient air by technical means you can always use it this is an alternative for the synthesis you could grow by on my house you can grow plants and bake collect c o 2 from the air just as well so we are calling our direct capture artificial trees because just like a tree we take thier true out of the air as the wind blows over our artificially thereby c o 2. In the mid 1990 s. The physicists discovered the specific properties of a polymer that could absorb Carbon Dioxide when its dry it absorbs the c o 2 held in the air when its when it it releases it again. This is a very tiny capture device grams per day. And now im driving it into its parking spot where we can where we can now we generated and in order to do that we have to. A good way. So know that reached the top i simply let go from the pump and now gravity drains it back you see the water coming back and going down there and were simply watching this building up the c o 2 level inside and right now it has we just 1. 9 percent so its going to breach 2 percent so were about 50 times higher than we are in the ambient air inside this little box and the only thing we did is we made the resin material but. Unlike other methods of managing the climate this one is simply walking us back from where we shouldnt be in other words we dumped soo much c o 2 in the atmosphere and now were taking it back out and i think sort of from a. Conceptual point of view this is the least invasive method to solving the problem to test out these techniques which has proved successful in the barn tree tests engineers have developed a prototype and set it up in the desert unlike other techniques this device will be able to absorb c o 2 without consuming too much energy. And Energy Required to capture the Carbon Dioxide is provided by the normal. Movement of the wind other words the wind evaporates the water off of the resin surface ways behind the Carbon Dioxide that it can carry them and the energy of the gap aeration is the energy that causes that kind of loop if you will so we let the wind do that for us we harvest the wind. How effective could these machines really be engineers hope to get them into mass production is quickly as possible to remove c o 2 from the n. What scale it up so that it was something that would fit inside of a 40 foot shipping container a machine that size would capture roughly a ton of c o 2 a day so one of those machines would cover. In 6 days would cover the output of an automobile for an entire year. Inspired by this discovery architects of now designs tree polands artificial trees planted in the cities of the future a project that for now remains a vision for the future. Become a problem is a Waste Management problem and im all for minimizing the waste we are making moving away from fossil fuels as fast as we can but between the time we succeeded with the transition and now we will emit so much more c o 2 that we have to in the meantime clean up all the litter you generated in the past you have to take back because we cant leave it where it is and that means we have to do but we have to go to Sustainable Solutions and at the same time clean up after ourselves invisible air capture comes in a shorter. What do we do with the c o 2 once its been absorbed by these machines 3 private companies have become involved in direct capture in 2010. Founded the Company Global thermostat whose aim is to suck up c o 2 and sell it on its a 1st step towards a Carbon Neutral economy if you remove this youre. Going to use a commercial for drinks very juice. For food very going to hamburgers use dry ice that is your due for the sally needing want there we should change and for humans to produce clean fewer bugs right mixing this year do we try to do you were removing the c o 2 and youre making profits. This directed capture Technology Uses ammonia based chemical processes Global Thermostat has already filed 35 peytons and amassed 51000000 euros to develop its technology. The same way that the doctrine of the lucia leads to the use of pretoria i see feedstock. For the holy corner read to good use energy and materials for tippett or instead of using pictorial you can use your tools therefore you can have a world in cornering that is powered by this year or 2 that we take for mere. Increase economy growth enormously white cleaning their most fear and that is the revolution of discovering thats the revolution we want to be part of. According to a 2011 report by the American Physical Society the cost of direct capture would be around 400. 00 u. S. Dollars per tonne. The expectation is that director capture will be very expensive the kid no one is prepared to pay for removing c o 2. 00 from the atmosphere theres no incentive its as if youve got lots of different machines for cleaning the streets and rubbish but nobody is prepared to pay for picking up the rubbish and ultimately you need to have some sort of mechanism that recognizes that syria too in the atmosphere is a waste and that we need to remove some of that waits for the benefit of society. Recent reports written by industry itself suggest that it may be possible to reduce the costs of direct capture to around 100. 00 or even 50. 00 per tonne thus making the technology viable. In order to shift towards negative emissions and have an impact on the climate direct capture must be accompanied by a long term storage system. The helis haiti Geothermal Power station supplies a 3rd of icelands electricity. As part of the card fix Research Program icelandic engineers in partnership with the European Union have developed a technology to inject the plants emissions directly into underground rock. The Swiss Company clime works has set up a system that captures c o 2 in the air and buries it. Here 50 tons of c o 2 per year and it is maybe offsets that the 30 carbs there you can capture emissions from france or china or whatever because this year to theist next. In the uk will free up around the globe. Installed this wherever you have failed were going to show you what its going to show and there you have it using a filter and the power plants energy the c o 2 weve captured and injected into subterranean layers of more than 400 meters below ground. From the plants. This here too is mixed with what there it goes into a steel pipe in pull it back up the c o 2 in this fluid it see it but it creates acid and this assett this solves the rocks and then rocks the lever cut them into this and they bind immediately with. Another rocks. You can see here you have these small purples this is going to be have space for the c o 2 from the air to press it it and you can see these white spots this is color sets a sense and it just comes here in ca to put it so it has calcium from the rock that it is solved and then c o 2 is converted to solid rock it stays there forever its not going to leak to the surface and come back so we have to capture it again and inject it we just captured it injected minimalize it and its gone. Climbing believes this Research Project is a 1st step towards a world of negative emissions the company has set itself the objective of capturing one percent of global c o 2 emissions but reversing the effects of 200 years worth of burning fossil fuels will take time and a lot of money. This is why others are looking for solutions elsewhere in the oceans for example. The way the ocean works because theres a lot of nutrients in the deep ocean but nothing can do for the synthesis there because theres no light at the surface of the ocean theres a lot of life but theres not much in the way of nutrients if we put some additional nutrients in the surface that could allow organisms to photosynthesize take the c o 2 turn it into organic matter and then that would sink into the deep ocean. Pulling that carbon out of the atmosphere. In British Columbia in western canada the private organization. Is developing official insulation technique that would allow oceans to absorb a large amount of carbon we have been working for the last 2 years on specific ocean seeding compounds that provides irony not in the form of rust but in a bio to bio available for. Coal arent to irenaeus is heavy and iron. Sinks quickly so what we did was we found a process that we can buy these are and with organic material or like road kill for instance that floats and or it sinks lower basically and it keeps that bioavailable irony available for a longer period of time instead of hours that keeps it available for you know for for several days. Will the supply of ion enable the find hope langton to grow faster and absorb c o 2 before drifting to the bottom of the oceans in theory each ton of iron added to the oceans could remove between 30110000 tons of c o 2 from the atmosphere. Ocean for lies a ship is probably the only Carbon Capture technology thats able to sequester a mess if the amount of c o 2 at a very low cost and as a by effect probably improving the very eco system as well weve developed a methodology where we can tag and measure if a fish grew as a result of our claim to bloom and in the process of growing that that claim to in its consume c o 2 and eventually these diatoms these days hes playing to die and they will a portion of that will sink to the bottom of the ocean sequester the carbon there for you know long periods of time. To date a dozen experiments have taken place to test the impact of ocean fertilization on marine ecosystems in 2009 the indo German Program loha fix gathered new Data Research has poured more than 6 tons of iron into a 300 square kilometers stretch of ocean this led to a doubling of phytoplankton in just 2 weeks but the results of the experiment demonstrated that only a tiny amount of carbon actually reached the ocean floor. Citic need to know yet how effective these ocean fertilization technique really is and in no doubt. Comes with a lot of syrias disadvantages because it involves up setting a quit librium within our oceans ecosystems it will favor Invasive Species and shift of balance between certain species if you want to specify. Hopes to carry out several ocean fertilization experiments in the years to come but using human intervention to restore ecosystems and remove c o 2 has raised concerns among environmental groups one of the things that a lot of people dont understand is that we already are going to apply one cop. To about the size of a soccer field. And i think thats why idea of ocean from eyes you should know were pumping like massive amounts of chemicals and it was really not correct and thats a misconception that the public has. The oceans have absorbed a large proportion of Global Carbon emissions over the last few decades according to recent studies they show signs of reaching their saturation point in c o 2 which is one of the leading causes of ocean acidification. We cant be sure that this fertilization will be enough to recover this process. Meanwhile other research is already coming up with ways of lowering the earths temperature. So we have a problem that the atmosphere has gases that are trapping heat and we like to take those gases out of the atmosphere and restore the balance of healthy stuff but taking the gases out of the atmosphere takes a long time nature takes a long time to bring about an artificial methods have to be created and distributed if we can bring them out so if if we need to address he then we may have to more quickly then those options for bringing Greenhouse Gases out of the atmosphere solar g. Engineering reflecting sunlight from the atmosphere is today the only known way to within a decade or 2. The solar radiation that reaches our planet is not completely absorbed by the earths surface some of the suns rays are reflected back into space by the atmosphere and land surfaces a phenomenon commonly known as the ill be doa effect. In 1965 a scientific report sent to us president lyndon b. Johnson was already warning of the dramatic consequences of rising c o 2 levels in the atmosphere it suggested for the 1st time increasing reflectivity by one percent in order to cool down the planet in 1998 we were in aspen and we had a meeting about how to solve the climate problem and most of the talks were about transforming the energy not cutting down far but there was one talk somebody proposed putting some kind of shield to deflect sunlight away from the earth. Astrophysicists lol would propose the idea of parking a space sunshade at the point where the gravity of the earth and the sun cancel each other out. Point one. So i got back to my office and that we didnt have any money to work on this or anything and but the guy who had the next office over to me he was running climate models and we were really surprised at the outcome because it worked much better than we ever thought. Can count deraa is one of the Founding Fathers of geo engineering shortly after the new millen