To. The. Testosterone is the most important mile 6 home and men who are heavily influenced by to still strong in a city be egotistical and i enjoy taking risks bought a number of european scientists have been trying to find out whether testosterone is really as bad as its reputation. Weve come to the months to university. The hospital to talk to dr michelles its man a german specialist in the treatment of diseases that affect men hes also an expert on hormones. Feeding and just astro is responsible for the development of a number of lay all physical characteristics including hair patterns on the head bowed head also determines beard growth affects muscles and a mans overall personality as the story gets a much more complex or long than some people might think think under. Most testosterone is produced in the testes but a small amount comes from the adrenal cortex. The specific sources of testosterone other light excels the hormones that are responsible for developing male characteristics in the body a cold and reagents the most important androgen testosterone. Levels of testosterone rise dramatically during puberty and then remain at a high level but researchers have also found significant short term increases in this home and immediately after birth. Of our own thus plus yet a sign of its hard to say why that happens but it seems to be a part of the maturation process in the brain tissue and in the male reproductive system the spirit of man most. Christian of all brawn at the age of 20 he discovered that he had 2 little testosterone in his body doctors later determined that the cells in his brain were not sending up the proper production signals the cause of the problem wasnt clear. At 1st both had a hard time even describing the symptoms it took a long time for doctors to come up with a proper diagnosis. This violent response to my realizing that something was wrong was a gradual process it didnt happen overnight i kept feeling worse and worse at target i had no energy at all and no sex drive either spectrum is just money but i could feel something just wasnt right it was a good field then i was diagnosed with depression. When i realized that something was seriously wrong with me out of control over the top and i went in was finished. The whole was a medical student at the time and a bodybuilder he kept a close eye on his metabolism and testosterone levels. Not met and was approved but i couldnt figure out what was going on i got along well with my family and had a girlfriend i was doing well at school and then i figured out that this might have something to do with a testosterone deficiency i was in a dentist of swan so i had some tests done and the levels turned out to be about 0 thats a bit low isnt a sense of any. How much testosterone demand actually need. To average men have at least 8. 00 to 12. 00 men or more for a leader of testosterone to anything below that represents a deficiency but the amount also depends on genetics a single missing from that you need to could womens testosterone levels are much lower food about 5 to 10 percent that of men. They use the testosterone to synthesize estrogen to the primary female sex or not. That synthesis is carried out by an enzyme called aromatase it can be found in cells in several parts of the body including the brain adrenal glands ovaries and testes. In the face of such testosterone levels cristian full of chose a potentially risky full of medical treatment. Needed hormone replacement therapy after other possible causes like vitamin d. Deficiency have been ruled out it might also be either. One of the side effects of hormone replacement therapy is that it suppresses sperm production which can cause infertility. Just tossed around as naturally produced in the testicles but the process begins in the brain and hes reciprocally in the hypothalamus sign and. Hides it links the bodys nervous system to the end the Current System who the pituitary gland. Treats land is divided into 2 sections the anterior portion produces 2 key hormones l. H. And s. And each l. H. Is responsible for stimulating the production of testosterone in the testes f s h contributes to the production of span. These 2 hormones report back to the brain and within the body is producing enough testosterone and sperm. The brain adjusts the amounts of each as necessary. Then the. Testosterone replacement therapy suppresses the hormones in the pituitary gland that are responsible for sperm production and its like a Birth Control pills. In months. And a month but if a man is to start strong deficient and wants to have children we have to take a different approach. Long testosterone can have serious effect on the body that can too much of this one might make men overly aggressive. This is leon home of france the center for cognitive neuroscience is john cole dreyer is a Research Director here dreyer has been studying the influence of testosterone on Human Behavior and hes found little evidence that to stop strong and strokes aggression in men. Should. Be a vector that testosterone has on Human Behavior is by no means clear but there is some indirect evidence and look into their example high levels of testosterone have been found in some Prison Inmates who have committed serious crimes these are a few more and we did a study which indicated that patients who were given testosterone injections if you could become more aggressive say on the 60 minute call to show you know somebodys testosterone can also actually improve social behaviors who. Are some group or neutral in the center in. So a dis point theres little hard evidence pointing to a link between increased levels of testosterone and aggressive behavior. d dreyer conducted an experiment to try to prove or disprove these climbs his 1st task was to measure the testosterone levels in the participants blood. d testosterone is a fat soluble hormone so it can pass through the membranes of cells bind with hormone receptors and then produce changes in the cell structure. Testosterone can be identified and measured in various bodily fluids. Including saliva urine and blood. Before the experiment begins one group of participants is injected with testosterone the other group is given a placebo. The only slits. We tried to determine whether the increase in testosterone levels would contribute to a change in behavior as you grap shows that both groups started out with approximately the same level of testosterone surely looking at this from that is then we gave one group testosterone injection its once again the 2nd record of the increase in the level of this hormonal. Now the test subjects are going to take part in a game exercise called ultimatum the game is frequently used in Behavior Research its designed to test whether a person is generous all selfish one of the players is given a sum of money and is required to share part of it with the other if the 2nd player accepts the offer the deal goes ahead as planned but if he rejects it neither player gets any money. From those of us more at this point we observed no difference between the player whod been given testosterone and the one who hasnt is still into sr on a set of. Now the rules of the game are going to change a bit the players will be able to use the money to reward fair behavior or punish unfair behavior and this is where driver and his colleagues observed a difference between a player who got an extra dose of testosterone and the one who didnt. Seem to be should team. Its a subtle difference and we confirmed it only in the 2nd stage of the experiment. The group administered with extra testosterone imposed a more severe punishment when they believed that they hadnt been given enough money but at the same time they also reacted more positively when given more money than expected he did you know. We observed a big difference in the behavior of the 2 groups. So can testosterone also stimulate generosity in men the researchers were surprised by the results but the situation is more complex than that dre a says theres a subconscious motivation at work here. To motivate young. This man aman and shows clearly to. So you can improve your social status if you cooperate with people used or engage in other kinds of positive social behavior. Also more so while testosterone can influence aggression commitments which it also plays a role in the ability to act with generosity so thats good news in the listed. Dreyer has been looking for more evidence to support his theory on the influence of testosterone so hes been studying brain activity. That is 2 or more testosterone based behavior that can improve a man social status and that process could be linked to various mechanisms in the brain its going to particularly a group of neural structures known as the reward system to mark. Improved social status generates a sense of wellbeing like a reward that may explain the boasting trait commonly associated with excessive manly behavior that you know is 20 percent or more and i have to go upstream theres always a motivation behind generosity if someone sees you being generous theyre more likely to think highly of you for example that men will probably be more generous if they know that they are being observed by women 20 simply by the. Job so this indicates another link between testosterone and generous behavior. To let its own peers we were. In that was to. So testosterone may be responsible for positive and negative behavior in both cases this behavior seems to be directed at preserving or even improving social status. Psychologist pronto mehta is an associate professor at University College in london. His research focuses on how hormones particularly testosterone influence Human Behavior. The evidence for that myth that testosterone is directly related to masculine traits like aggression has not borne out in the data so there are plenty of results suggesting that testosterone is either weakly or unrelated to aggressive behavior at all in humans including human males so the field is still trying to unpack these kinds of the facts to understand when testosterone might be related to other behaviors like helping and prosocial behavior as well. Met or has carried out an experiment that involves the ultimatum game similar to the one we saw earlier. Its actually a way to look at 2 kinds of behaviors one is trust to what extent is the 1st mover trusting and 2 to look at reciprocity of trust if someone is hyper trusting is the 2nd mover going to reciprocate that trust. As in the experiment carried out by sean dreyer one player was given an extra dose of testosterone the other player was given a placebo. The experiment will measure the level of trust between the 2 the player administered testosterone could use his money to make sure that the other player also profits that will the 2nd player give back some of his winnings as a gesture of gratitude or would he keep it all for himself. We found 2 interesting facts 1st its consistent with the stereotype testosterone reduce trust in the 1st mover so that is somewhat consistent with the stereotype testosterone being related to. Competitiveness and threat and the environment may be. Mobilizing more selfish social behaviors rates are going to keep money. Next the players reverse their else. In both tests the player with the extra testosterone shares his winnings with the other this is an example of prosocial behavior. We know that reciprocity in cooperated situations its going to garner status and what we found is it has asked her to sit for us or prosody more arguing that in a cooperate of environment its again a superstition prosocial behaviors that you gain status and so though in those situations testosterone actually might boost prosocial. Mehta is convinced that to starts to run plays a much more complex role in Human Behavior than research has previously phil what for example it can promote socially positive behavior but theres always a motivating factor behind that behavior. Over what. You can imagine when we think about our leaders and people in positions of power they have expertise knowledge and experience that theyre going to relate to their subordinates thats part of being a good leader thats also part of some definitions of power where youre helping others as a way to influence others in some ways so you can think of it as process but its also in some definitions an exertion of power. But concepts such as masculinity status and power are perceived differently in various cultures around the world will the test results differ from one country to the next. So my laboratory isnt one in someone elses laboratory in germany someone elses laboratory is in a rural part of the south of the United States that should theoretically be expected to change the results. But the effects of testosterone on the human body at the same regardless of culture and geography when Christian Vall found out that he was infertile he started looking for solutions. But my mother took me to see a urologist and he told her that i would never have children or that i could have a super live sex life so my mom didnt think it was funny so i started reading up on my condition is that a similar kinds of folks or. Is there a medical solution to infertility caused by testosterone deficiency. Doctors its my luck has somehow. Been i know one shot and licensed and one of the things we can do for men who suffer from this problem is to give them injections of going out or dropping hormones and you have a gun to your wrist you can see how p. Form of treatment has been used for years even decades where you had scenes and comes. The good not a trope ans include h. Which is responsible for the production of testosterone in the testes and if s. H. Which contributes to the production of sperm. The treatment was successful for christian of all for his body was able to produce testosterone and fish oil sperm for a short period of time he had the sperm frozen for later use. He starts to notes that if i had listened to what the doctors told me at 1st it would have ended right there but now i can have children. Out of the szell ties is a professor of psychology at Friedrich Alexander university in ellen his Research Work focuses on how testosterone affects the body specifically bone growth. My company would know some effect from distance that one just tossed around an extra die on its counterpart in females and contribute significantly to bone strength and density engine from Prenatal Development to maturity. On this new income and in the clear example during the 1st 3 months of pregnancy testosterone causes the ring fingers of the male fetus to grow longer than the index fingers in a sling fingers the. Ties notes that in general womens index fingers are longer than they ring fingers in many its just the opposite. Here you can see that in this image of a mans hand. Expander is clearly shorter than the ring fingers. Because. Testosterone clearly has an influence on bone growth even in the early stages of pregnancy it might also be responsible for the Early Development of the socalled power motive. So this is the as a scientist so im interested in finding out where that motive comes from i suspect that its origins can be found in biology. Here is conducting an experiment in which the participants write a fantasy narrative this may help them to determine whether they are motivated by power. Or the power motive is a common human characteristic that involves one persons efforts to have an impact on the behavior of others this motivation does not necessarily manifest itself in conscious attitudes or the beliefs that we have about ourselves our Research Indicates that the way we perceive ourselves actually has little to do with what makes us tick its up to and what influences our spontaneous behavior. In. This part of the experiment involves a series of 10 tests and finding out how the participants respond to victory or defeat. The test results can be manipulated one participant can win up to 8 of the 10 rounds. The researchers want to find out whether any changes take place in the test subjects hormone levels. Or want to be found at the power motive plays a role in the response to winning or losing. Those who won this had higher levels of testosterone than those who lost everything from. And if one of the participants is not motivated by power but wins it has no effect on the amount of testosterone in his system. A move. We cant say that winning or losing is exclusively responsible for changes in testosterone levels we have to take into account factors such as the individuals personality and motivation the fortunes for those factors are shaped by testosterone during Fetal Brain Development and. Human trickle in. But does it all come down to testosterone and its influence in determining for example male finger length and the development of the power motive. Women have only 10 percent of the testosterone levels found in men does that mean that they are less motivated by power. By play theres no evidence that indicates that there is a connection between the length of womens fingers and the power motive complex is not its a complex situation that will require a lot more research. Scientists have learned more in recent years about female sex hormones but the relationship between women and power has not been widely studied. The field has focused on male reproductive system and males for the past 100 years and has largely neglected looking at female sex hormones in the context of status and leadership and this is. This is a large gap in the literature of today. Weve come to the university of cambridge to talk to clinical psychologist simon baron cohen. Part of his research focuses on how gender affects Human Behavior in general and the brain in particular. Weve been looking at sex differences in the mind between males and females on average and one of the tests that we use is where you have to find a shape thats hidden in a design as quickly as you can and we find that on average man are faster at finding this target hidden in the overall design. Baron cohen and his colleagues conducted behavioral studies of children and adults. Since they started by testing hormone levels in numerous samples of amniotic fluid the liquid that helps protect the fetus in the womb. Weve measured the testosterone during pregnancy in the womb in the amniotic fluid so this is the baby in the womb and some women during pregnancy have a clinical procedure called amniocentesis where a needle goes into that fluent to take up some of the fluid and we can measure testosterone in the fluid and babys very in terms of how much of the hormone they are exposed to so boys show more and more testosterone than girls in the on the arctic floor and. In the early stage