The JCPOA’s Joint Commission met in Vienna for its 18 th meeting since the nuclear accord’s implementation in 2016. The Joint Commission is composed of the participant states in the JCPOA, which includes Iran and the “P4+1” (the UK, France, Germany, Russia, and China). Joint Commission meetings are chaired by the EU. For the first time since the U.S.’s withdrawal from the JCPOA, a U.S. diplomatic delegation was present at the sidelines of the Joint Commission meeting in Vienna. Iran has said it will not engage in direct negotiations with the U.S. on both sides returning to compliance with the JCPOA.