Digital resources or podcasts webinars virtual tours hours of really good recorded lectures that go back a decade in our building. And one last thing i want to mention. Thank you to our members because everything we do we couldnt. Without their support because we do not receive and never receive State Operating Support and its through private donations that were able to preserve and share Virginia Story and offer programs like this. And i will also mention that if you have any questions or comments, please leave them in the Comment Bar and well do our best to discuss them. As as part of Todays Conversation at the end of the program. So you see the title there and i have a bit of a started explain how this subject came about i gave this program a month ago to an audience in england and thats why i pocahontass name is in the title because because its this this program is not so much about pocahontas, but its about the junior of the 1600s the virginia that produced pocahontas and the group in england knew all about pocahontas is trip to england in her life there, but they didnt know anything or much about her life in virginia. And so they asked me to put together. Materials in our collection that describe life and the Document Life in virginia in the 17th century in the 1600s. So thats what im going to show to you give you a little bit of background to remind you about her trip to england the Virginia Company that sponsored the Jamestown Settlement range for her to travel to england in 1616, and they wanted to show her off because they were always having problems raising money and getting enough settlers and here was some impressive evidence of what what they accomplished he was they described her as a daughter of the king which is sort of true and and they particularly were proud of the fact that she had converted to to christianity. And so she was well received in england. They gave her funds to to quote set forward the business of building a college in virginia for the training up of those heathen children and true religion. And so she she left london started down the Thomas River not only about 10 miles to graves and and the the record says simply an illness unexpectedly developed. Probably did because she didnt not have immunities to some of the to the diseases that the English Population had already developed immunity for and it graves in 10 miles down the river thames she died and she was buried at the churchyard of saint georges church. And the rector of st. Georges Chris Stone his traveled to to richmond. Hes these lectured at the vmhc and our president Jamie Boskett is visited Chris Stone and the people at graves and and right Rector Stone invited us to deliver the zoom the lecture for their annual spring meetings. This is the graves and historical society and he picked the subject. And i was excited to do it because i found it rather exciting to be able to give an Evening Lecture to an audience in london sitting in my basement at 2 30 in the afternoon. And what and i am still sitting in my basement, but ill use that as an opportunity to remind myself to tell you that our museum will open a large part of it on on july first, but were still and were still under construction right now and thats why im coming to you from home. So ill start with the images now and and this this first one is a map of virginia that John Smith published in 1624 and im gonna come back to this one later, but i wanted to show it to you at this point at this time to make one point you look up look around it. You see their indian settlements everywhere and thats what i want to make and the reason is that the indians had been in virginia for for 18,000 years thousand 18,000 years. They started during the Ice Age. There are three the historians have broken it up into three divisions of a paleo indian period during the Ice Age from about 15,8000 an Arcade Period for about 8,000 to 1200 in the Woodland Period at the end and thats thats it and ill show you an example of an object from each of those periods. And the Woodland Parent of course is a time when the english arrived there. And that also reminds me to make a point that that much of what we know about, virginia. Comes just from the englishman and they were men English People and men and we dont have any written word from the indians. No words from pocahontas herself. So just keep that in the back your mind and the only objects that i have to show you that that are that where the indians speak from the selves are these three archaeological artifacts that ill show you ill start first with with a hunting job. Now this is not an arrowhead arrowheads. Were still 8,000 years in the future. So this is back to the paleo indian period during the Ice Age these indians wandered south hunting animals and looking for a little bit warmer climate, obviously and gathering plants, and this is a fascinating period because the archaeologists tell us that back this far back 15,000 bc. Whats now the Chesapeake Bay was covered was was not was not water they were in settlements there as well. So those are all awaiting some future exploration by archaeologists and these these this Hunting Tip would be attached to a stick or it could be just uses a and the indians would kill everything animal from ranging from rabbits to mamas. And the next obvious to show you comes from the second period this is the archaic period for about 8, 1200 bc and so the Ice Age is passed. Its gotten a little bit warmer and the indians would set up base camps and they would but they would still hunt and wander but they would all so plant and this is a this is a cooking container. Its larger than it looks here. Its large enough to cook in and large enough to store food in its made of steatage, which is a soapstone which is easily car but it absorbs stored and radiated heat and its pretty heavy. So its a pretty evidence. Its evidence also that they wouldnt want to travel around too much you have to carry around objects like this and then the last of the three objects that i want to show you is actually an hour ahead and a Hunting Tip and these are the woodland indians. So the woodland indians this period dates for about 1200 bc to the time of the English Arrival about 1600 ad. So here we are having my screen back now, so ill the next to the next object haley. Thank you. All right, were back and were back on track now. No, this this reminds us that jamestown won the first settlement the Roanoke Island on the outer banks of North Carolina was the first settlement. And so and that was 1585 and and as part of that expedition, which was organized by Sir Walter Raleigh his John White was his agent and his artist and and John White did a number of images and all those were engraved by Theodore Dubai and appeared in a number of publications. And and this is considered one of the finest Copper Plate engravings ever published and it was emblematic of europeans. Hope that the new world would would prove an eden of peace and plenty, but they werent sure so you look in the center of this you can see theres a serpent in the middle, which is a rather evil looking serpent and that Adam And Eve will not enjoy all this all the fruits of the tree but on the left you can see the women will have to engage in Childbirth And Child ring and over on the right men will have to be in engaged and heavy work and growing crops. So the the next the next image shows you another one of these views that that were based on John Whites drawings and i should point out that John Whites well go back to the map. I want to show the map John Whites drawings are all in the british museum and theyre in color watercolors. Theyre actually gorgeous and and i had to show this to our audience in england because what they would i think many of them were sure with the outer banks of North Carolina were and where Roanoke Island was so thats why thats in here and it points out also that virginia was everything virginia was all the way down to florida. And virginia was all the way up to canada and thats all the new and of course it went as far to the west as one could could imagine right now i want to go on to look at one of the the famous images that John White drew there was since engraved and this is in this isnt he titled it indian and Body Paint and it it appeared in toms Herods Book and then it was published in Theodore Enterprise six volume great and small voyages. So we have a number of of these publications of what youre incredibly valuable and rare in our in our library, and this was an iconic image that europeans looked at and they gave them an idea of what the virginia indians look like how they dressed and we can believe that these are pretty accurate. We have every reason to believe the accuracy of them. This was taught entitled indian and Body Paint and its in the in the inscription says the manner of their attire and painting themselves when they go to the general hunting or theyre solemn feasts. So thats how the english . Recorded the indians of america and another going to show you a group of images of how other europeans recorded them. So if we look at this we can see how the french have the the french this checks and the dutch recorded the indians as interesting group on the left. Is this rather whimsical french image of a card . Its a of an indian. Its a playing card. It was produced in paris since 1644 and it was quote. It was part of the games devos for the instruction of louis the 14th as a child and so whimsical view of an indian and explains that virginias next to new france which then new france then encompassed both canada and the conservical church or in whats now the eastern United States and on the right is a check image of an indian now, but this wasnt an indian from virginia. This is an india indian from from whats now New York from from new amsterdam. He was brought back from new amsterdam to amsterdam to old amsterdam. He was a Muncie Delaware indian named jacques and when he amsterdam when is los holler was the artist did this to destroying and etching of him, but that all of these indians even this one was considered from virginia at the time and then in the center is is another one of the Theodore Debride groups of images theodore had an associate named Eisberg Van Veen and giesbert Van Veen did this grouping of of images of virginia indians and the titled it Priest And Magician of virginia. It was published a lot later 1721 and its in a book ceremonies and and religious customs of all the people of the world now the english would have looked upon that and said, these are just pagans. These are the this this the sorcerer at the bottom was just a pagan a sort of a medicine man. They might have called and later years and there they were impassioned with the idea of converting these people to christianity. And now the next image i want to show you is is two of them one of the left i want to start with is one of the most remarkable objects in our collection or its a paid from a book and if we can go down to the bottom of the page about eight lines up from the bottom and you may be able to read some this, but ill read it to you the Virginia Company of london was a was a Stock Company that that founded james sound established James Trump and theyre granted a royal chartered by james the first and they made promises and this is a copy of the charter the original records of the james of the Virginia Company or lost their two copies of them one the Thomas Jefferson acquired that he sold to the library of congress and theres this coffee that we have it was owned by John Randolph Roanoke whos in virginia of the age of jefferson who was for a While And Disciple of jefferson and i think both Thomas Jefferson and John Randolph wanted to see what the original chart. Thomas to to the settlers of virginia because they want to go plan in 1776 that this hadnt been followed so down at the down near the bottom it says that all that who settled in virginia and quote and every of their children shall have and enjoy all the liberties franchises and immunities as if they had been abiding and born within this our realm of england. Um, so at the time of the Revolution Jefferson could write. That they didnt have all these rights. They were just in franchised. They denied the right to vote and they were being taxed without representation. So this isnt just a fascinating volume. Its one of three volumes in this set. Theyre about the size of a huge Phone Book and ill come back and show you another page from in a minute and i move over to the the other image on this this group of two this explains how virginia was viewed. This is an impression of the Seal Colonial Seal of virginia. Its wax and we dont know where the original seal is. It was pressed to make this this wax impression. So about 17 17 and you read at the bottom it says and in dr. Virginia cortum and and what theyre saying is virginia is the fourth quarter the fourth realm of england. So the four realms were england ireland normandy, which was a fantasy at that point because theyd lost a normal date to the france to france and virginia, virginia was the fourth. Whats the fourth of dominion of a great britain and then when scotland emerges as an independent entity, theyre five of them. So the Virginia Seal changes after that to end not virginia quantum genius the fifth fifth times. Alright, the next image brings us to the major figure in this story and tells us much of what we know and then of course is John Smith, and thats his portrait. That was published in his book the general history of virginia and it and it shows him. Hes sort of a winston Churchills Type Figure who could do everything. It was just he was full of of energy and and and and fearless he was a soldier. He was an explorer. He was an author he fought in the netherlands and hungry. He toured in France Italy the mediterranean russia central europe north africa. He was enslaved in turkey in russia all this before even arrived in jamestown. So he was quite experienced in jamestown and i think one of the reasons the indians respected him so much is he was fearless and they admired that greatly in anyone. And its largely through his his leadership that the Jamestown Settlement survived and is largely through his writings that we know what we know about them. And on the right is the title page. Another one is remarkable books. There was where there were they were left to us by Paul Mellon a true relation as you see of such a currencies has happened in virginia since the first planning of that colony 16 8. This is the first book the first american book it was written in america first accurate account of them of americas first permanent. Colony as well and then the next image im going to show you is. Is his most famous publication this general history of virginia . And his narratives in his map played an important role in promoting English Colonization the the picture on the left on the furnace. Basis is a patron of his this Princess Lady frances touches of richmond. She was the court of of King James. She kept marrying husbands who were wealthy and died and she had a lot of money and she was a patron of John Smith. So thats why she got her picture on the furnace piece. So now i want to go back to the to the map that John Smith drew that i showed showed you at the very beginning. He he published this in that volume that youre just looking at and i i this time i want to point out to the fact that John Smith is traveling all around virginia for several reasons, but one thing he was looking to see if there any survivors of the colony at roanoke, you know, we call it the lost colony because they suddenly disappeared when supplies return to the mirror too afterwards in the it is that theyre all gone. So he was looking to see if there are survivors of lost colony. He was also looking to see if he could find gold and minerals and of course he couldnt because they werent there and he was also looking for a Water Route to the Pacific Ocean to the to asia to india to china. And this map was incredibly important because its accurate and its just a full of so much information. So, its sir John Smith that we know the most about pocahontas whose image is the next one that i and i want to show you and this is an an engraving with her by an artist named sam and vanderpass it was done in england when she was brought to england done in in 1616. Its done from life. It is the own. Its the only credible image that we have all that we know what she looks like. She looks a bit rigid because it because what shes wearing this jack will be an attire. She has been uncomfortable, but it probably the gave the chaste image that the Virginia Company wanted to show off probably hit Tattoo Inch probably had two tattooing which which was popular then with as popular then with the indians as it is today and our society and the quaternity companies sponsored her trip they commissioned this print for publicity to celebrate this conversion of princess. Shes only 21 years old at this point and she dies very soon after that at 22 leaving england and on the right is this tiny little button. Its only a fourth of an Inch And Diameter and we have two of these that the members of her family. She married John Roth and the raw family preserve these buttons for generations, and theyre reputed to have been worn by by pocahontas while in england. It was one interesting thing that there was pointed out to me when i gave this talk to the people in graves and then graves and historical society. They pointed out the fact that they that you know, the account says she unexpectedly died and they said that she was probably ill during all during all of her stay there and and if you look at that face her face in in that context, its its an interesting. Its an interesting theory that she was not she was not all during the entire time that that she was there because you did not have immunity to some of the diseases that were prevalent in england. Well, so she dies in 1617 and shes out of the picture, but im going to i could i will continue to talk about virginia for the rest of the century and and and carry it to the end because so much happened then and at the beginning of the century there and during pocahontas harnesss lifetime. There was no slavery whatsoever. And then by the end of the century, its just a huge a number of slaves in the colony and thats a huge part of the story of virginia and the story of america. So i want to show you how we got to that point. The and in 16 and in 1617 in 1619 rather the the Virginia Company realized that they werent making a progress in with their with with settlement. They werent finding gold. They werent found in the passage to to the to asia. They needed to do something else so they came up with the idea of allowing people to own land and and to prosper. Work for personal gain and and and so they brought over indentured servants and then they have another blow the fact theyre not doing well with with settlement. Theres a theres an indian uprising. So the next image i go back to the records of the Virginia Company a different volume and and this is a passage that i couldnt believe when i read it for the first time. Its about 14 lines from the bottom that these instructions are coming back from the from london to the governor of virginia saying, you know, these these indians they were hoped this was a Revolution Or Voltage that killed 350 people as well organized all up and down the James River killed a quarter of the English Population and and the governor was instructed to begin a war of extermination. That was the term used there. It says since the innocent blood of so many Christians Death and Justice Card for revenge and your future Security And Wisdom require we advise you to root out from being any longer people so person and a nation ungrateful to all benefits and uncapable of goodness. I was trying to start on to read i would how many indians were killed in retaliation. We dont know but the centers are more motivated to take their land and to take their lives and right next to it is is something that that works perfectly well with what what that account on the left says it goes on to say that King James was providing weaponry from the tower of london, and he wanted to help the colony reclaim its lost ground and its quotes. It says quote his his majesty has just bestowed upon this diverse arms such as the get against the indians maybe very useful. So armor would might be useful against the arrows of the indians so they center now this this armor was excavated only in several decades ago in Prince George County and jordan aside called jordans journey, and it comes from the tower of london and its response to the to the massacre. And his majesty also sent over 400 young men to repair the number that is lost. So they lost 350. They got 400 new men. So that was a major setback for the for the colony. So the next image. I want to show you. Follows up on the fact that the Virginia Company was encouraging people to come because they would get land they would own land and they could work for for personal gain. Now, this is all that survives. Its onefourth of this huge document. Its maybe the oldest surviving Land Deed from british North America and we can read enough of it to know that its a deed of sale for flower to 100 flower do from Sir George Yardley to a man named abraham percy, and its 16 24. So Theres Evidence of the fact that people were acquiring land and the next image brings up the subject. Of indentured servants and this the story of indentured servants is incredibly important because it leads to the the fact that there was a revolution in 1676 and its called an indenture. Its an its a document that where two people agree the the Person And Denture degrees to work for the person whos are in them for usually five years, and its called an indenture because each person each of the two would receive the same document and then hold them together and cut them in an irregular way along the top and then you could prove that they was the original document when you put the two of them together and they matched up exactly and that way after the fiveyear period if one side tried to argue something that wasnt true the other side could point out. Heres what it says in the in nature. So this is an actual indenture is done in 1627. We know the names a man named Richard Lauthor a bed for sure england agreed to serve as a servant in virginia to edward and London Iron m. And it says he will serve for five years in exchange for the Ships Passage to the colony. So the person hiring him gets five years of labor, but he had to pay for the passage and then at the end of the five years he gets 50 acres of land in virginia. And why we dont know exactly what whether rich edward learn was was trying to start an Iron Business in virginia, perhaps it was suggests that but any rate this man after five years received 50 acres of land and he went out to grow tobacco and to try to turn profit and of course the land that was available was the worst land. It was the farthest land out and it was it was it was close to where the indians who had been pushed away following the instructions from london. And so these these these indentured servants were out there on the frontier often having skirmishes with the english. And with the indians rather the next image that so we have these that we have all these these these ingredients. Brewing together to create a revolution in 1676 and this is an order from james the first this is even before jamestown is found at 16 3. This is an order. Fishing rogues to the newfoundlands. Its its a policy of transporting criminals to the colony and it continued all the way up to the american revolution and the king sought to to ask quote incorrigible or dangerous rogues from the homeland to places beyond the seas. So virginia was available very soon after that and virginia got a lot of robes which were felons and the next image is proof of that that it continued. This is a felon a woman and most of them wart women and reen is her name and this is a receipt because this certificate says the top of this issued to the Captain Christopher Stevenson of the Ship Duke of Cumberland Receipt for paying the import duty for and read in 1756, and she was a felon she couldnt have been too dangerous because if shed been too dangerous she would have been put to death in england. But here she was shipped off to virginia. So we have these other these. We have all of these Indenture Service and then we have the felons and the next image shows we had at least one, which well at least what this document says. This is a trial of Grace Sherwood for witchcraft in in 176 in Princess Anne County and according to this grace Grace Sherwood was accused by her neighbor Luke Hill of the witching his Wife Elizabeth and causing her to miscarriage and so the court decided to put her on a dunking stool and put her in the water and if she floated she would be a witch. He probably floated says you wouldnt drown and then it said i cant make this up this this this is a quote they had her search by five ancient women who found two things on her private of a black color. That served to subtle demons. So that was proof enough. This was clocked into arms and put into the jail. So we have at least one which a lot of rogues and a lot of indentured servants the next image. Ill show you that at this point in my 1650. They still had no idea how big virginia was this is almost comical map that shows that they thought the Pacific Ocean was just beyond the appalachian mountains, and its sir francis drakes images up at the top because he had sailed along the coast of california. So they havent progressed much beyond John Smiths map and that they found a waterway up on the far right of the image. It goes all the way to the Pacific Ocean. You could follow it there, but of course that didnt exist. Now part of all, this this picture is the role of tobacco. So the next the next image shows you some evidence of that. This is 1630. That king now is charles the first and his issues this proclamation concerning tobacco and he gives virginia a monopoly and the reason he does that for two reasons, virginia had to pay him part of the money and this is a way for him to make money and the other reasons, virginia was producing better tobacco than anybody else and all goes back. At least i can tie this to pocahontas in a way because her husband John Roth two years before he she married him had introduced a commercial crop of tobacco 1612 from the west indies. He brought the seeds back. It was a more fragrant and sweeter smelling tobacco, and it was extremely um, successful and and virginia and according to this proclamation charles forbids the growing of tobacco and the British Isles and tobago can only be imported if its grown in virginia. There are a few other caribbean islands. So the next image. Back to the to the indians and these two badges that were found in the 20th century just and they just fall into the ground. They were up on the on on farms up on the Rappahannock River and these badges beautiful silver badges were given to the king of the king of the Powder Womack and the king of the metrotic images had womack is up on the potomac the indian tribe up there. And but i said, well actually when i was found in 1834 the one on the left the one on the right was found in 1965. And and this was this was evidence of how curly the indians were were treated. They were pushed as far away as the as the as the English Settlers wish to push them and then in 1662 the english passed in the assembly this order that Badges Silver for chiefs and copper ones for lesser people with the name of the indian town graved upon them were to be given to all tribes and then they were warned if any damage or imagery was done to the settlers by an indian his chief would be answerable to it. And so the indians had to wear these this is almost like a passport they had to wear wear if they were gonna enter into the any of the english territory. So we have the indians being pushed to an extreme. And if we go to the next image, well, ill just leads to to the whats bakers rebellion. Its an easy day to remember 1676 hundred years for the american revolution and its a major revolt. Theyre led by man named Nathaniel Bacon. This is not him. This is the man that the crown sent over to to put down the revolution and the indentured servants the felons all of these people were having a hard time. They were they were getting no the gentry was not protecting them from the indians. They said the indians were being pushed to out of their lands their skirmishes between them and the indians and so they revolted and and Nathaniel Bacon led them to James Town and burn james down burn most of it to the ground. So the king sent over. This man of Colonel Herbert jeffries with a thousand royal troops to quell Bacons Rebellion, but the time he got there it was all over bacon had died of some sort of intestinal problem and the revolt was all over and this man assumed the role the position of governor of Lord Barkley who had to go back to england to defend his actions because a lot of the reason for the revolt was blamed by his ms. Handling of the situation. So this man Colonel Herbert jeffries remained on and assumed barkleys vacant post as the resident lieutenant governor, but he only lived for two more years and then he died. And i want to get back to the the tobacco. The story of tobacco and its all tied to the to the to this revolt and this this is this is a label. Its like anything we want to go on the Grocery Store and said Today Anything will have its label on it. So this we actually have the Wood Block and several of these that you would ink and then and then snap and its a small little label and this is one of the types of tobacco came from virginia and you would always get the word virginia into your label to prove. Thats where it came from because that meant it was good tobacco and they came up with this absurd image is sterotypical image of a figure whos wearing indian clothing, but he has africanamerican features and this strange image persisted we have in our star in Virginia Expression us Tobacco Store indian from around 1900. Its the same image. Its its persistent became a symbol almost of virginia, but the point that i want to make here. Is it before Bacons Rebellion . Indentured servants were doing 80 of the labor. They were the ones growing the tobacco going to for themselves, but also growing it for the for members of the gentry who had large trucks of land and hired them to do this after Bacons Rebellion. Its flipped by the 1690s 80 of the work is done by slaves. The gentry had decided, you know, enough of these indentured servants. We Cant Control them. They started to revolution if we increase slavery then we can control the slaves. They wont be any more revolts. And so the slave slave importation is increased enormously on the right as a document another one of these remarkable things at home. Ellen left us the dates a little bit after this. Its a 17 non its called the case of the separate traders to africa and theres a story that goes with this the theres been a monopoly that the king of england had given to the royal african company on Slave Trading and they started 1672 and theyre taking church slaves out of guinea, but the colonists were complaining. Theyre not youre not giving us enough slaves and so particularly after Bacon Surveille and they complain and so the trade was opened up to other companies in 1698 and this particular agreement was published 11 years later by this by the other Slave Traders and they make the point in this document. They say that well, weve done what you asked this for. Weve increased the number of slaves. So the number of slaves is going to be enormous a number and of course, its incredibly important for the for our history that this happened. I have a couple of images now of evidence of the Slave Trade. So if you go to the next next two slides theres these are absolutely fascinating. This is a fragment of tile that was excavated in virginia. Probably in Prince George County also of camel, you know, okay. Theyre all camels in virginia and this this was these tiles were made weve believed either in england or in the low company called a country is belgium a Holland And Portuguese and English Ships were caring merchandise like this to the west coast of africa and they were trading them for people for slaves slaves and other africans had enslaved and then they would bring those slaves across the ocean to virginia into South America as well and this and apparently obviously they bought they brought some of their trade goods there as well and thus the camel and then the one on the right is its pipe decorated within with an african gazelle . And of course that animal is never seen in america. So almost certainly this was made this pipe was made by a person of african origin and very likely almost certainly a slave. And it and and all of this is evidence of this enormous increase in the impartation of slaves at the end of the towards the end of the 1600s and following Bacons Rebellion. And and i have one other interesting document that came to us for the next slide that that was a gift of paul melons is really rather amazing document. And it must have been a copy the Virginia House of burgesses produced this petition to george the third stated 1772 and it says that theyre asking the king to stop slavery to curtail this Quote Trade of great inhumanity and you first read that you think well, this isnt this admirable that that they wanted to to end slavery. Well one quite that simple that the the problem was that the king was was increasing taxes high duties on slave imports and was making very hard to grow tobacco with and produce a profit if there was so much if theres so many duties so many taxes paid on adding slaves and then they decide where we have enough slaves here. Anyway, why dont we end the Slave Trade and try to encourage the immigration of artisans and craftsmen and decrease the possibility of slavens because they could provide as well. Thomas jefferson sees it on this and his first draft of the declaration of independence is colleagues edited out of the final decoration of independence the jeffersons seized it as an opportunity to criticize the english for slavery. And then the last image i want to show you reminds us of the impact of slavery and how it continued these slave shackles. We dont have a date on them, but sometime in this period of course the first first africanamericans arrived in 1619 and not all of them were slaves at that Point Or Number them managed to achieve in their own freedom and some of those free africanamericans had slaves of their own. But it all changed after after bacons or bayonet and at the end of the century and of course this dramatically shaped history of america for the next 400 years 12 of the 12 and a half million africans who were enslaved and taken to north and South America 128,000 were brought to the chesapeake they region so at this point if if any of you would like to participate and ask any any questions we can try to answer them. And i see haley on my screen nothing. Hey bill. Um, thank you so much for the presentation. We do have some questions coming in already. So yeah for anybody else who would like to add to that just submit them as comments and we can try and address a few with the time weve got remaining but bill to kick us off. Ive had a couple questions are the objects that you showed all part of the collections of the museum. Everything is everything is drawn from our collection that sort of the and by the way, we are throwa thorn a commercial havent had my coffee here and our book the story of virginia that i did with art with with Jamie Bosque at our president. There we go. Yes, this is available in our shop, you know online that all of those objects have depicted in here comes its very easy to me to put this this presentation together because theyre all there. So if you want to read more about those objects, and its really remarkable even before paul, the great philanthropist died and left us so many objects. We already had an incredible collection of objects and then we borrowed the artifacts that were that i showed you they were excavated virginia our own by our immediate neighbor the Virginia Department of historic resources, which has their their operation under our in our building under the same roof. So what they do is incredibly valuable and you know, obviously you saw some of the things theyve found are extraordinary to find a piece of armor from the tower of london. That was pretty impressive. Absolutely. So another question since we did talk a little bit about pocahontas today. Ive kind of got two parts about her time when she was in england. So the first question i have is is there a registry of the items pocahontas presented to the English Court and then the second question is you know the question is do we think she might have been poisoned on her way home. What do you think might have happened . I dont know. Um the records in only indicate what some people might report in their diary that they saw in a particular event. She was a particular at a particular play was one of she was at the court of the king on another theres no evidence of things that she that she brought to give to the english. And remember the the visit was sponsor of the Virginia Company. They simply wanted to to show her off and theres no evidence the only up the only word in the in the in the written records about washington was that she died unexpectedly. Thats the word unexpectedly and as i mentioned earlier the people and in very often whove been thinking about this probably all their lives raise the point that she probably was ill the whole time. She was there and you know there when when people leave one part of the world go to another there they can be first susceptible particularly in these earlier centuries to diseases and to viruses for which they they had developed fortunately had not developed any immunity. So its most likely simply died of of some Sun Virus sure, so another somewhat pocahontas related question. We have so pocahontas did marry an English Settler john rolfe. So the question is how common were marriages between English Settlers and virginia native americans . Oh, they were not coming at all and i dont know that we have that documented. Certainly there were more than that. This one was particularly important because Fogonuses Stature because she was one of about an favorite favorite children and its so thats thats what made this one so important but no doubt there. Were there were other marriages as well. Without all the question haley. Was there another part . Yeah, that was that was the question. Um, so they work fairly uncommon. Oh, ill mention also on top of that there was this period after this this her marriage called the piece of pocahontas 16 14 on Pastor Death in 1670 and all the way up to 1622. So thats eight years where there was. Peace because this was one thing that both cultures could understand that this that a marriage between members of different cultures was a big deal because this would be produce children that were part of both cultures certainly. Um, well bill, it looks like we dont have many other questions we can give folks a minute to to sign in but or just submit any additional ones, but thank you so 100 years ago this summer, in 1921, the u. S. Military conducted bombing tests on captured german vessels which confirmed that planes could sink battleships. Wisconsin Veterans Museum Nextwisconsin Veterans Museum Director Christopher Kolakowski , describes how the tests the development of american affected the development of american military aviation and influenced a shift between Sea And Air power. The military Aviation Museum in virginia beach, virginia hosted this program and provided the video. In one hour, Jerry Eissler discusses his book, jim bridger, trailblazer of the american west. Bridger was a Trainer And Guide who traveled across the western wilderness from the 1820s to 1868. In two hours, a colorful hourlong west german documentary from the cold War Era covers president kennedys june, 19 63 visit to several cities, culminating in the historic, Ich Bin Ein berliner speech. Chris i am the Museum Director and tonight we will be talking about Billy Mitchell and