Im crosby camper. We are grateful to have you here on valentines day at the Kansas City Public Library. When i was a boy my father took me on his ankle trips to the west and southwest and as we called on the banks, kettle customers, not infrequently road with the cattle rain ranchers on the range. I was introduced to the choice of the prairie oyster. For those of you who dont know with a prairie oyster is we will see later. I remember calling on a bank in a spin with my father when i was eight or nine years old and that is a long long time ago, from 67 and the streets were not paved. The restaurant next door to the hotel was swimming in dust left over from the gold rush days. Gold dust, not gold dust. Obviously. The three largest banks and one point the largest bank west of the mississippi and 1900 in the First National bank, the oldest thank, financed the growth of the west in the mid southwest, the cattle ranchers, hardware suppliers, dry goods importante, the railroads, the downstream banks. Wta kemper, whose mutual greatgrandfather, myself, my cousin jonathan who is here tonight, hes the president on board. He was an investor and supporter of arthur stillwells dreams from the kansas city, would became Kansas City Southern Great Railroad as a pathway to the gulf coast from kansas city. Then the romantic kansas city mexico and Orient Railroad on the way to the mexican coast. The mexican coast actually were closer to the pacific through the mexican coast in california if you look at the map. Arthur still well had that dream. It was only consummated around 1960. Jonathans brother and sisters and his father went to the consummation ceremony, if you will, in mexico and back. The point that im making is that we are about is fully connected to the southwest and our history as we can be. In addition to the santa fe trail there was the chisholm trail any other cattle trails. Connecting kansas and kansas city and the stock yards of course, right to the flow of goods. We became the entertainment mecca for the cattle industry. And the distribution of just about everything here, there and back. Michael grauer is a kansas city boy who went on to seek his fortune in the capital and cowboy empire of texas. He did good. After getting his b affair and painting and art history at k u and nma from a sinew he has become an author, lecture and teacher and curator of the artifacts and history of the southwest. He teaches history at west texas at a m. Before that, at the thousands to toots of the arts. Hes an author biography essays on the towel stardust in the texas impressionists. Texas impressionism is a lot like George Serena instead of using the point of the brush we use the six shooter to create all those bots. Hes created a number of exhibits, such as the exhibit we have downstairs. The cowboy culture. The cowboys cattle and culture. And he exhibits for the panhandle planes museum and the Smithsonian Museum of american art which is an art exhibit downstairs at the capitol cowboys and cultures which is become our most popular exhibit since weve been in this building in the last 14 years. He does a Living History Program called cowboy mike which he promises to do across the street at the bar and though he is a fine artist himself, a word to the wise tonight. Do not ask him to draw. Ladies and gentlemen, michael grauer. [applause] thats funny. Thank you all for letting me come back here to talk to you one more time about the exhibition on stairs. If youve not seen it ill take an opportunity after a finish this lecture and go down and see the points that im making tonight which are relevant to what you see downstairs. When you do the sorts of things its not just for seoul effort, a lot of people are involved. I need to think a couple of people, because this will be my last opportunity to speak publicly here at the library about the exhibition. And so as i said, it takes a lot of people moving cows from one place to another. It was never done by one sold cowboy. Not one lone cowboy. It takes a lot. Generally speaking, a trail heard needs ten to 12 cowboys. Theres probably that many if not more involved in the Kansas City Public Library and elsewhere to make sure this happened. Im just going to think a couple of people, if you will indulge me for just a couple of minutes. It really did start as a conversation with a friend of mine. Leslie baker who lives here in town. He helped connect our idea and why cool curator who spoke irritable of weeks ago on murder and mayhem. It was fortunate to talk to henry who recently passed in the great things for this library. We are lucky that those two people were willing to help bring amy and i by technology, at least here, i was not fortunate enough to meet that man. Nevertheless i would love to meet the man high risk high reward. Doing an exhibition like this was a rapid departure from what usually happens here at the library. The willingness to at least hear us out and allow us to come to a representation in october of 2015 was really quite risky, and especially because some of you may have actually been here. We were given 50 minutes. We talked for two hours. Thats just kind of how it goes. I promise that will not happen tonight. One hour and a half. Thats all i have. Thats when it ends. In any case, it started with those two people, but the head of the exhibits here, this was quite a thing to bring to her play and try to massage and finesse and navigate the sort of thing lost instance long distance. And, i really appreciate your efforts. I am a technophobe. I carry a flip phone. Its true. The best thing i can do with a laptop is open. After that i am lost. So we had to overcome a lot of hitches and glitches along the way. And jerry who runs the exhibits department and its basically building ops for all the different branches and his guys tim and john who helped me install it. We kept pulling things out of the box. Him and john would say wow, i love this kind of thing. Youve got guns in this box. Youve got spurs. It was a little different from what normally is here. I am delighted to hear that it has been successful. The finance it was not nearly as successful. Is there is a little bit of detail about that. As i said before it was high risk and high reward. But for the most part it was very short lived. Roughly between 1882 and 1890. It was pretty well over as far as where the brits were concerned. I will walk you through this. Im going to talk a little bit about some of the branches that were very much part of the beef bonanza from south texas all the way up to western canada. Theyre part of the story as well. Were gonna talk about a few specifics about the threats to the beef bonanza and why the they ultimately turn into a beef blessed. Perhaps how it is relevant to the city we are standing in today. Its a real honor to be able to talk in my hometown and be able to bring something here that i think has been a fairly robust story. It is very substantive. Its very layered. It has all kinds of different components. I hope you will take it in if you have not seen it. Go take a look. Im going to get started. As i understand it i like conversations. If there is a question im going to have to repeat your question. If i am unclear about something, but there will be time for questions and answers toward the end. The beef bonanza. Where does it get its name . It comes from a book, actually, written by u. S. Army officer, and that is the key to the understanding of the story in my opinion and based on my research. Published in 1881 in Great Britain. It talks about what opportunities there were four british cattleman, and especially the returns. They pretty well promised 25 dividend if you were to invest in capital. He talked about investing capital into the cattle industry. He talked about the fact that if there were proper crops breeding with british breeds, better range management and so on, you could realize an annual 25 dividend. However what we are talking about is the great plains. Most of you may know extend some south texas all the way up to western canada. However, this part of the u. S. Was initially referred to as the Great American desert. Basically, non arable land that really was not suitable for cultivation. But it did have lots of grass and that ultimately plays a role in this. This was part of the capital. It was literally the Natural Resources that could be used in such a way to capitalize and make money. So unfortunately there were people already living. There it where they were kind of in the way. These were American Indians from down in texas. Committees and cow was. They were inconveniently in the way, so something needed to be done about that as well as the animals that lived there like the plains bison. Hundreds of millions of them at one time we believed were there. Those were in the way and i think it is critical to understand the beef bonanza the attempt to turn the bison into product that could be renewable was met with disaster, because unlike their cousin the cattle, buffalo were a lot meaner and they dont like you. Unfortunately theres always a tourist in Yellowstone Park thinks that is not true and they get neil to a tree somewhere up along the way. An enterprising illinois businessman came along and thought these grasses are out there and there are millions of cattle in texas. After the civil war, joseph mccoy eventually helps establish rail heads beginning in abilene, texas. Youre going to hear about ellsworth on sunday. Wichita as the beef quarantine line moved west after dodge city. The whole idea was bring that product from texas where there are roughly six to 8 million wild cattle after the civil war was over. Bring that product in the eastern united states, but especially in Great Britain. So you had to bring them here and you had to have men who could trail them up from texas, because frankly it was three times as expensive to ship them by texas railroads after the civil war, as it was, to grab them up to rail heads in kansas. The cattle grounds you see on this map here, primarily for them, you could see the Different Directions they went, but ultimately they hooked up with Railroad Lines into wyoming and montana, and eventually into western canada to establish beef cattle ranches up there. Like i said before, there were people that were in the way and conveniently, the indians in particular, the tribes, the spanish area, from the Rocky Mountains to the mississippi valley, all the way up to the northern plains, it was pretty well ruled by the command cheese. They werent too inclined to allow for this cattle industry to take off. Although they were in many ways natural husbands men and they were already herders themselves, especially with their great horse men. So this is something that new research is actually talking about committees were actually starting to raise beef cattle as part of their own way to make income. So i guess the bonanza would be the next top. Ill do that when i come back. Up when and finally let me talk for two hours next time. So anyway after the civil war, wed help to give the appearance of getting these people out of the, way the treaty held in a southern kansas that made all kinds of promises to supply these people if they give up their free roaming lifestyle, and move on to a tiny piece of southwestern oklahoma. I make this joke all the time and we need to remember that nobody really wants to go to oklahoma on purpose. Something to keep in mind but in any case why would anyone want to give up the middle part of north america to move to a corner of oklahoma . That sounds like a pretty good deal. Especially part of the treaty said that there will be no buffalo hunting below that didnt last very long because the slaughter of the American Bison was well underway in the 18 sixties and well into the 18 seventies. Its not its start, kansas city merchants were supplying camps as far away as northwest texas, its not technically, china its iron stone which was imported from kansas city to adobe walls which is there were no people out at this time in 1874 when this happened. So ultimately what happens is there is pushback by the sub 30 planes tribe to deny or try to enforce these treaties that have allegedly been made. And there was a great battle there at the adobe walls camp, a couple of events and the u. S. Army gets involved and what ultimately is called the red river war or the buffalo war and the whole idea of the army was to take away their, lodges illuminate their food, stars and therefore they become worth of the u. S. Government. That was the whole point. Those questions become something you could turn into a product. A renewable product. Thats where the bonanza starts to come and so i think that this is helpful to know, whatever talking about. This is what northwest texas looked like in this painting then by frank, it pretty much looked exactly like this all the way up into western canada. Today, of course you see Invasive Species like salt cedars and others but this is pretty much how it looked. It was that way all the way up from western, kansas western nebraska, and so on and so on so i think it is helpful to have an idea what we are talking about. By the time the red river war has ended, the indian war in the planes are over by 1980. Suddenly this grassland is over for a new type of complication and cattle west of the, supply supply is down in texas. So in order to keep this revenue stream going you have to bring animals not only directly to market, but also to stop the ranges on the northern plains. Interesting enough, at least in my own research, the u. S. Army i believe was complicit in this. If you look at this arm, here the federal for texas, notice how conveniently the federal courts are all located, usually very close to the cattle trails themselves. Thats no accident in my opinion because we have to remember that many times, u. S. Army officers were directly invested in the cattle trade themselves because they knew that government contracts to the reservations reaped great dividends as well. So its a business transactions but we are talking about. So ultimately trailing the cattle appeared to kansas and eventually to kansas city, st. Louis, and chicago are a part of this story. After the civil war theres great interest by Great Britain in the american west. Many british citizens voluntarily visited the american west. Oftentimes the second sons of prominent british Loyalty Royalty for example. The photo shows a british cowboy and one of the reasons we know that its a british cowboys because of the way he holds his rains. Thats a different kind of steering mechanism i will call it compared to a american cowboy who is holding in one, hand thats how they operated, that tells us that in this photograph is probably british but i think the key here is that kansas city is very much part of the conversation and gets deeper and deeper as we go along. He was a british businessman as well as a financial analyst about that through proper management a corporation could realize 50 to 60 , that is pretty good return man on just about anything. He also felt that of course they were american cowboys but they were hired men on horseback and the british could do it far better than any american. Could so i think that the american was there were very few promotions that were light, clark had successes but kansas citys role in the story and the larger cattle industry is largely unexplored and largely unpublished for sure. To go through some of the Ranch Companies that went through the beef bonanza, edinburgh, dundee, also london, so here just a handful from wyoming down into texas, western texas and colorado. The spurs, hanford is actually based here in kansas city for example, and then out of london, rocking chair ranch for example. In canyon texas. Which will talk about in just a minute. The key is that kansas city plays a role in where these businesses were established. And to have a fine place where the high salaried managers lived was recognized by john kerry who eventually manage the company in wyoming. Here in kansas city, the kettle barrels in here not only but several miles away. Not only investment and capital but also the animals themselves. Eventually they bring in germs and short serums. We know that by 1982 probably the first drums are brought in from dodge city. It was a mixed heard brought to the l. A. Tea ranch which will talk about in just a minute in the western panhandle by the prairie Cattle Company. They change the herd for its almost immediately because nearly all the dorms died. They were not hearty and up to survive the winners of the texas plains. So i think that hurt furred becomes the primary crossbreeding animal of choice to crossbreed with texas cattle. Long chorus looks sexy in the movies and they look good in paintings but their meat is not terribly good. It was kind of course and run that was another part of it was to make the meat better ultimately. If you can combine the fact that along corn could walk for miles and not drink a lot of water with the robust qualities of her before you came up with a pretty nice cross. That was. Driven usually its two and three irritant to market and you kept your mom calves around to keep replenishing the resource. One of the very first of the great be finance i was a combination of a partnership between charles goodnight. Famous texas ranger and cattleman who spent all his time in kansas city. He was up here all the. Time especially as a breeder. And he started showing animals at the american royal as soon as the american royal starts and i think thats critical to understand. That rule. He partners in 1877 after bringing the first heard of cattle in 1876. Roughly 1600 ahead that he brought down from the ranch near colorado springs. Pueblo brings him. Down the grasses are lush. At that time. If you go to parlatore canyon today its absolutely chalk full of miss heats, cotton wood trees, when at one time it was a beautiful grassland as was the entire great plains. I mean grass that was as tall as your hip was down there including over grazing that will talk about just a minute because to take over. A minute after the her takes and a irish playboy partners with him and on the ranch using a deers initial for the ranch. Succeeded by his widow, cornea a british citizen, most of the time in either ireland, or upstate new york, shes frequently in kansas city because this is a place where you could get luxury goods as youll see in the exhibition. Her liu and charles did not get along very. Well she wasnt a cattle woman in the purest sense but she was a good manager of. Things peter was a little bit erratic, questioned, salty in 1987 in a attempt to sow the j he hired a student of alberta to make two paintings basically to advertize what the ranch looks like. But these paintings are in our collection and we wanted to have them in our exhibition but we ran out of walls and refused to cavalier a extension so we can put them in the exhibition. I dont know why i didnt know why that was such a big deal but nevertheless this is one of. Two goodnight actually comes to kansas city to broker the deal to sell the ranch to none other than albert himself. The person he brokers that with is his brother, edward, so this is the, canyon sorry about the slide is a little bit distorted on the screen but nevertheless you see the herd for cattle and here is the ranch headquarters who had been moved to the spot in the latter part of the 18 seventies. Second cattleman on the plains is down where i live. And ultimately, he sells out his initial rant to the Cattle Company here in kansas city. And he moves his self to kansas city and lives here for 15 years. He says that to a scottish banker name james who runs the place its standard, running the branches from kansas city, he also runs out from kansas city, and cant hands heard, he was in some ways a correct her of a british person because the cowboys especially down on the panhandle that that he was a nervous, man scared of his own shadow so he hires a former sheriff to be his ostensible manager at the jay, on the hand spurred, but ultimately he protects him because he would come down and right around in a buggy and parasols which it didnt fit too well with with the cowboys that they should do. Union National Bank was one of the places that these cattleman from texas who did their work from kansas city did their banking they were virtually no banks down on the Southern Plains and so most of the banks were up in kansas city. Another of the british gentlemen, alfred whose brother went to a chemical business in kansas city helps found the ranch in 1878. He mingled with the cowboys unlike most of these people and became a fair hand in his own right but eventually goes down with the titanic in 1912. He held his poor wife out to west texas in 1878 and she lived there is a good sport tell about 1910. She would travel on the train up here in kansas city to have her children. Some of whom survived. Some of who didnt. When he passed in 1912 she eventually returns to england. His buffalo hide coat, alfred coats, downstairs, if you want to see what he wore around, when things got. Cold alfred who eventually by the ranch, it becomes a big large in concern, he built a bank, the movie its entirely furnished by a Furniture Company here in kansas city. The biggest concurrent of the beef bonanza you can see the statistics. Here they have the rant of a quarter million dollars. The thing to say, here with the british businessmen never understood was the difference between buck cant and head count. They may have ostensibly bought 40,000 cattle. Probably not that many out there on the Actual Branch so that was something that they started to Pay Attention to especially the businessman that was involved in investors and dundee. They were notoriously tightfisted about. That is you see the, stats the january but certain 1986 which will get to, pretty much they had a 75 loss of their cattle, thats a law and ill get to that, eventually the Cattle Company sells out by 1960 to other businessmen. Here is a photograph of the lip in 1880. For theyre recognized in colorado newspapers as being a ongoing concern and how large they really were and here is a photograph of colorado cowboys, so it really stretch from the texas panhandle all the way up to colorado and they had their hands and all kinds of things. The american Pastoral Company based in london, acquires the alex ranch which is north of amarillo today in 1880, four again 45, 000, cattle 1000 horses and so on and of course they send their own representative to come out and manage things, which becomes pretty much the standard. The ranch is eventually sold in 1910 to all of the different band that you see on the screen, all the different representative artifacts are downstairs in the exhibition, they acquired the ranch buildings that would go along with the alex ranch including the adobe ranch built in 1978 and here is a photograph of the cattle in the kansas city scott stocky arts in 1912. J. D. Mcclelland was a famous mustang or in the texas panhandling and his usual working method was to drive the animals to the point of exhaustion and thirst for hundreds of miles. He sold them all in kansas city for seven dollars an animal. Most mustangs full generally speaking to out of every three would die of a broken heart. Most of them were broken into harness rather than becoming saddle horses. Im gonna show you this. Its the oldest existing ranch building in all of west texas. If you see this, all these british ranches all the way from texas, all the way up to western canada. You still see the houses, the remnants of these houses. All the way up into canada. The largest ranch, some of you may have heard it was the ex i. T. Ranch. Three acres. It took 6000 miles of fence and thats a six trend barbed wire fence, folks. Thats 1000 miles to encircle it with one strand. We do have a photograph of the barbed wire fence. You can help yourself. It was enormous. It was primarily found to sell public land in exchange for the building of a Texas Capital building. Its a kind of a complicated story involving chicago penance years. The brothers were the contractors and when the survivors came out and looked at this they said oh no. So one of the people they hired, youll see has one of his main rules was that no employee should be permitted to own any stock. I will get to that in just a minute. This is mr. Boyd, is a strong methodist man. Heavily influenced. They could not carry sidearms, drink or gamble. They would get fired all the time. That ruins all the western movies youve ever seen. He xit sold their cattle in kansas city stocky art all the time. They did business with Livestock Mission agents here in kansas city. Huge archive of the xit ranch, most of which were documents from kansas city. The Franklin Landon kettle company. You can see that here. Archibald philip, was one of the primary stockholders. It was named from the soninlaw who held the mortgage on the ranch. They ran about 70 to 100,000 cattle. It grew to 700,000 acres and they controlled another 600,000. 1. 3 million acres at one time. They were one of the first to bring in angus cattle from kentucky, because their manager was from kentucky. It eventually goes belly up and it eventually gets sold op off. Espuela is much further south at the texas panhandle, but bought by british investors in 1884. 242,000 acres for half 1 million dollars. As you can see from this photograph would, it look like out there, there didnt seem to be a whole lot of grass out there. The standard rule of thumb is 40 acres per cow. Its about 160 acres per cow in that part of the country. You could find grass there. Its dry country. They brought in their own scottish manager from scotland. Thats his saddle. Fred horse bergh. Heres a nice photograph of the Matador Ranch cattle. Matador ranch becomes one of the largest and best known. We like to think these cowboys were able to pack all these cows and its coming to kansas city. They did not get Train Service till 1907, so we know theyre probably coming up from kansas city. They hire one of the best named people in all of western history. Maria mackenzie, to be their manager. He worked for the Cattle Company initially in colorado, but he initially he agrees toward for the matadors and takes over almost immediately. He says that obviously hes cowboys are not to own their own cattle. Youre not to be playing cards. Youre not to be drinking or going into the salon. Once again, kills all the western. By the time he is running the matador for decades hes the most important cattleman. He improved the herds. The dakotas in canada. He was also president of the texas and southwestern cattle raisers association. In any case, it becomes a growing concern. The Matador Ranch. Let me back up here just a second. Eventually it is purchased by the koch family. The Koch Brothers now own most of the original Matador Ranch and it is relatively still successful to a certain point. One of the few that did not completely go belly up. Its important to remember. This is my favorite. The rocking chair ranch. The distinguished letter he at the end to make it look like something. In 1881 kansas city investor solicit to a group of london businessmen and they decide that they were going to create a vast British State and eastern texas panhandle. Heres the primary shareholder, edward banks. His little brother caused all the trouble. This is another part of the investor group. The second largest owner of the rocking chair ranche. He is part of the ruling class and Great Britain. Its his little brother archie. They called him archie the old marshy. He gambled most of the time. He did very little to earn his salary as a ranch manager. Eventually, what happens is the stockholders sent the representative to the rocking chair to see that the books are in fact not matching up. This story is actually told on several different branches theres all kinds of shenanigans that could go on. They show up. It didnt seem they had as many cattle in the book account is the book account said. So the manager on site who was not scottish and not from Great Britain was probably doing some underhanded things. He actually had them set up on the managers from scotland, from london, sorry. They came. They drove the cattle around the hill. Several times they counted the cattle several times until they came up with the appropriate head count. That story is told for other rangers across the plains, and who knows how many times that happened. If its not true it ought to be. But in any case, the rocking chair is also the place known as the great panhandle indian scare. This is 1894. Give or take the red river wars gun over for 18. Years the rocking chair ranche cowboys they caught it and said it on fire. A settler women in a nearby homestead heard all this carrying on and saw the smoke and became convinced that the command shes had decided to come back. The next thing you know the Texas Rangers are coming up on a train and it all turned out to be a complete hoax. Or a misinformation that was shared that the rocking chair and had a terrible reputation and eventually they sell out to local ownership, because their books never measured up. So the texas panhandle ranches, i talked about a few. Heres one there. Its more useful when you look at it this way. Every one of those in color was british owned. So that is basically the entire texas panhandle. They had holdings. Does this have a pointer . The lazy f when he separated from corny liu there, that ultimately was part of the original ja ranch. That was part of the british investment. Cowboys out here that worked in this part of the country looked a lot like this. This photograph is in our exhibition. Looking down a dutch city in the 1890s. The cowboys, what they looked like. I think its useful to remind us who is doing all the work while these people in london and edinburgh were counting their money, or supposedly counting their money. This extends all the way down to south texas, that wellknown king ranch owned by richard king. They were actually involved in the shipping business. Eventually, they separate their holdings in south texas. Kennedy owned this part appear. The king family held on to the rest. The king ranch is eventually sold to the texas land and Cattle Company out of dundee. Underwood clark and kansas city handles all the company records. Just so you get an idea, this is how big it. Is that part of texas. This is where the driving cattle all the way up to the north. Eventually texas, well meaning texas legislators get involved and decide that they have to pass a series of laws designed to control Foreign Investment. That eventually is overturned, declared unconstitutional. It resurrects overtime and will eventually by 1921, Foreign Investment is completely welcome. All the way up in wyoming was the swan Cattle Company found in the 18 seventies. Late 18 seventies. It is registered in scotland after being sold to scottish businessmen in 1883. They paid the shareholders a dividend of nine to 10 . 83 to 84, and that started the ball. 84, an average price per head was about 40dollar letters 40 dollars. A trunk to 33. Prices fell again to 26. In 1886 they paid no dividend, and as you can see the shareholders were not happy. They hired it sent out a scotsman to straighten things out. John clay. Well get to him in just a minute. He wrote a memoir of his time on swan. All the way up in alberta in the oxley ranch. Lord hill established the oxley in western alberta. Its still there. Was recently taken over by the Nature Conservancy of canada to preserve that Native Prairie that is up there. Part of my Team Includes my friend bill dunn who lives in alberta. Thats him. As you can see you could see on the back of his horse. Lucky boy. He sends me all kinds of strange and wonderful things from western canada. I learned how to speak canadian one of these days. But threats to the beef bananas that were many, the homestead act. The timber culture act of 1873, which give you 300 know, 160 acres if you planted a quarter of trees. Really that grass was useless. We needed farmers out there. Farmers need trees for orchards and stuff. Of course they did not increase the water, all the rain follows the plow, youve heard that before. The desert land act. That land increases to 23 acres for every single man. 640 acres to a married couple if you promised irrigate within three years. All of this comes together to something that results in the cowboy strike of 1983. This pushing back against the managers, and we have this original documents, some of the things they were concerned about but not listed here was something about owning their own stock. Standard cowboy weighs between 1880 and 1930 was 30 dollars a month. One dollar a day. It went up and down a little bit, but this is all they wanted, they wanted 50 dollars. It was reasonable. There was mavericking. Any cowboy who found an branded calf could brand them on their own. They kept their own small hurts. They also let their own horses mix in with the overall ranchers. The scottish and british investors put a stop to that. So mavericking was done away with. He gets his name from texas cattleman named maverick. He and branded animal so mavericking was something that was very common. These are the strikers. The cowboys strike. Every one of them was fired. They did not own their own horses. So you put a cowboy on foot wearing high heeled boots. Thats not a good thing. This is a list of branches where they struck. Ill remind you, british owned, british owned, this will be british owned and when you. This will be the cedar valley by 1985. Theyre already involved with this and they, again, more hired men on horseback