Making business in michigan. Hes not married. So he sits down with his mom to write out his final will and testament now. He is a fairly talented individually starts off as a Company Commander after two years a war though. Now he is the colonel of the fourth, michigan. Between the battle of gettysburg in the battle that happens right before gettysburg two months prior harrison goes home on leave. So he has a vacation of about two weeks while hes home the town members join him as he gets ready to hop on the train and head back to his unit and they present the unit with a brand new flag and you can see the battle flag in this picture about a flags are important the American Civil War and a time when command and control is as loud as you can yell as fast as you can ride a horse or send around with a note in the smoking noise of battle when the big flag goes forward. Wed go forward when the big flag goes back we fall back so you never wanted to lose your flag. Not only because of the ensuing confusion that would cause all so because we had all joined as a Community People from our community had died defending that flag, and you never your flag. After two years of war the fourth michigan flag was fairly shot up. And so the townspeople show up and present Harrison Jeffords with a brand new flag for his regiment and he pledges to them all to be its special guardian and defender. Now on july 2nd at about 7 in the evening the second day of the battle of gettysburg Harrison Jeffords in the fourth michigan would find themselves back in the wheat field and you can see it there for the second time that day in fact theyd be fighting some georgians that were coming over a wall when one of his soldiers are turned over and say sure ill be if were not facing the wrong way and theyre looking ill see some georgians coming over a hill hell refuse his flank that is bend it back into his hoary realizes the battle flag is out in front of his line hell draw a sword run out there and run it through a confederate whos just about to grab a confederate will shoot him in the leg one of his mental shoot him down three confederates will rush forward knock over Harrison Jeffords and theyll bayonet at him to the ground Harrison Jefferson will be the senior Ranking Union officer to be killed by a bayonet in the middle in the American Civil War as they carry him from the battlefield with the flag i might add his final words are what that flag represents. His final words are mother mother now we can talk about symbols and how they evoke emotions on how emotions inspire us to think powerful thoughts and those lead us to do powerful actions, but what i want to start today is how we communicate theres a very old study that says when we communicate only about seven percent of our communication or the words we speak. 38 is the tone tenor and tempo of how we speak and fully 55 of our communications is what you already know. It is our facial expressions. It is our body motions our actions speak louder than our words. Was Harrison Jefferson carried from that field . Theres no one who does not understand what he meant by special guardian. Offender good afternoon. My name is doug dowds. Im a professor from the department of military strategy planning operations. I teach the advanced Strategic Art Program seminar. Im a retired colonel and im going to give you the prerebrief today for your gettysburg staff ride. This is some of the prework we do before we go visit the battlefield. Now staff rides have been a historic part of the military tradition helmet von mulkey the elder used to take his staff put them on a train. They would ride out to a key piece of terrain and because of staff was riding on horses. It became a staff right now. They were looking for key terrain that they would ultimately fight on at the turn of last century. Even swift would take some army majors that were at the command and Staff College down to chickamauga battlefield, and that would begin the american tradition of using staff rides to educate future leaders. Now a staff right is different than a Historical Tour a Historical Tour what we do is we look at the past from the lens of today in a staff ride we look at today from the lens of the past and so effectively what we want to do is do some priest study to determine facts and then we want to go visit the field we want to walk on the ground establish cause and effect and then make some analysis or more simply what i would offer were trying to do is to determine the what the so what and the now what what happened . What did it mean back then . What does it mean to us today . This is the west point class of 1915 there on their staff ride to gettysburg sitting on the church of sitting on the steps of Christ Lutheran Church in downtown gettysburg. This is the class that the stars fell on 287 members of that class will graduate 59 of them will become general officers, including two fivestar generals general eisenhower and general omar bradley. They use gettysburg as a Leadership Laboratory and we will do the same. What i ask is make it your day be interactive and engage with the staff ride guide but also part of the way this works is only a guide gives some of the imp. The successful today will be determined by your ability to engage bring your experiences and your study to bear. Okay in order to make this successful, what i want to do is provide us some context in my intent here is not to insult anyones intelligence, but this is going to be a bit of an eighth grade civics class mostly because what i want us to do is when we get to our first stop i want to be on july 28th 1863 so that we can all understand how we arrive there. Lets just catch ourselves up. So first lets start with some simple questions about the American Civil War what caused it . Was it about slavery or states rights . It was absolutely about slavery in fact of all the Political Institutions that could have mollified the disaster that is the American Civil War they all break down over the issue of slavery the Democratic Party the Lutheran Church the Methodist Church the Baptist Church all of which why they see the institution of slavery much of what we talk about over time states rights economic differences between the north and south cultural differences between the north or south were only symptoms the American Civil War is actually about slavery. And in fact, its really about africanamerican slavery and the spread of that slavery into new states in the west. And so we should ask ourselves. How does this happen . It requires us to go back in time to the Constitutional Convention in 1887. There they are trying to put together a nation if you think about it, theres 3. 8 Million People in the United States at that time 700,000 of them are slaves their slavery in every state in the nation with the exceptions of massachusetts and the districts of vermont and maine. As they try and clues together this nation from whole cloth they make some compromises and really this shows up in our constitution in three places one the threefifths compromise how are we going to count slaves for representation in the house of representatives this is the three fists compromise the second place we find it is in a fugitive slave law that says even if youre a slave and you make it to a free state you are still a slave and the third place we see it is regardless of what people think about slavery at the time most everyone agrees that the slave trade is wrong and so what they do is they put a stake in the ground that says 20 years from now. We will get out of slavery on january 1st. 1808. The United States is out of the slave trade. Nonetheless why slavery doesnt show up in our constitution with the word slavery . Its persons of labor persons of service. This is the fuse that 75 years later leads to the American Civil War and what we really do is have this march this series of compromises in crisis that lead us there it starts with the 1820 compromise again trying to figure out whats going to mean for New Territories to come in. Will they be slavery free the 1820 compromise the missouri compromises every time we add a slave state, missouri, were gonna add a free state maine so that we can maintain parity in the United States senate at the time. They also say no slaves above 36 30 latitude 1831 the nat turner slavery rebellion. This is a problem for many states in the south where there are more slaves than whites 1832 the nullification crisis South Carolina doesnt believe they should have to pay federal tariffs Andrew Jackson thinks otherwise, but that states might push back against federal authority has now been established. We jump forward to the american mexican war 1846 to 1848. This is going to add all kind of territory to the United States most of which is in the southwest a congressman from pennsylvania. Wilmot will put together provider that says no slaves should be allowed to go in that New Territory if youre a southern you believe the washington dc is now against your interests 1850 compromise now what we do is we add a free state california but no corresponding slave state we bear we break parity in the senate never to be reestablished for that they get a very powerful fug slavery law 1852 Harriet Beecher stowe writes Uncle Toms Cabin now the abolition or the end of slavery is not just a political issue. It becomes a social issue. The 1854 compromise the kansasnebraska act we do away with all the compromises weve had up into this point and now it is popular sovereignty determines whether a territory comes into slavery free this gives us things like bleeding kansas 1857 the dred scott decision which reaffirms that slaves will not be free even in free territory if youre a conspiracy theorist and you live in the north you believe washington dc is against your interest. 1859 that john brown rate now of a sudden its not just about a slavery billion. Its about northern whites coming to incite a slavery billion. And then finally the straw that breaks the camels back is the 1860 election if you think we live in contentious political times Abraham Lincoln wins the 1860 election with 39. 8 of the popular vote, which really isnt too bad if you consider that hes not on the ballot in 10 states in the south effectively. What happens back then is you are elected in november, but you didnt get inaugurated until march during that time lincoln gets elected in november seven states all in the deep, south, florida georgia, alabama, mississippi, louisiana, texas, they will secede and they will take all of the federal arsenals. All except for two fort sumter and charleston South Carolina and fort pickens in pensacola florida North Carolina virginia kentucky and arkansas are going to wait and see how the new guy does now Abraham Lincoln will establish another president followed to this day where he will ignore his best military advice and not give up those two forts ultimately he will tip his hand to the south and says i wont send one more man not one more grain of powder i will just send food and water you couldnt be against men getting food or water. Could you . The south recognizing this will leave to an inevitable stalemate on the 12th of april 1861 will fire the first shot of the American Civil War Abraham Lincoln maneuvers the south into firing the first shots with that. He will call up 75,000 volunteers to put down the rebellion and with that four other Southern States will secede thats 11 Southern States that have seceded all of whom have representatives at gettysburg. Fighting against 24 union states 18 of which will have represent. At gettysburg now because you are at the army war college, we need to talk about some of this stuff. So when we talk about our policy strategy formulation model this may give us a model to use why were out on the battlefield and lets talk through how first of all we know strategy. You guys have been studying to the greeks. This is the art of the general if we were down in the pentagon today. This would be a prudent set of ideas for the synchronization of integration of instruments and National Power to achieve theater nash or theater regional and multinational objectives. This is a bit of a honor and maybe not terribly accurate because if its a prudent set of ideas, wed never have a bad strategy. What i would argue perhaps a better definition of strategy comes from helmet von mulkey the elder he says strategy is more than a science it is the application of knowledge to practical life it is the development of a thought capable of modifying the original idea in light of everchanging circumstances it is the art of making decisions under the most extreme pressure now thats a good definition for strategy we have art and science we have the idea that its not just this ethereal set of ideas eventually we got to put rubber in the road and make actions happen he talks about the idea thats very cognitive we have to make decisions and then we may have to change them based on changing circumstances and of course it covers the last thing that leaders have to do and that is make decisions so our strategy policy formulation modeled starts with and during values and beliefs and those drive our interests in interest drive policy and policy drive strategy combines and ways and means and assess it against risk we know we have this pyramid as policy comes down through instruments of National Power. Well use an acronym like dime diplomacy information military and economic instruments. That will now translate through a strategy operational and tactical series of roles for our staff ride when we talk about the strategic level. I want you to think about winning the American Civil War. At the operational level. I want you to think about the whole Gettysburg Campaign from the time the Confederate Army leaves, virginia on the 3rd of june 1863 until they cross back over the Potomac River on the 14th of july and that the tactical level. This is every little fight in battle from the calvary battles at upperville and middleburg and aldi to the fight for Little Round Top the wheat field or gettysburg itself. In this idea direction comes down and results come back up and there is some imperatives here. Strategy provides some rigor to what we do at the operational and tactical level everything we do at the operational or tactical level should take us to our strategic end and if it doesnt its waste. Which means we will accept suboptimal activities at the operational and tactical level that get us to our strategic end. Over optimal ones that do not i think as military professionals we struggle with this bit now, theres also some rigor put here and thats why i have the picture of clausewitz on the slide and what hes saying is this idea of the value of the political object applies as much to you and i if were trying to lose weight as it does to an army at war you would say the value of political object determines the magnitude and duration of sacrifice if you want to lose weight. Well how much weight is determined by the magnitude how hard you work and the how long the duration for a nation at war the magnitude of sacrifice is the cost in lives dollars and prestige and of course time. This puts some parameters on our strategy as surely strategy put some rigor on the operational and tactical. Activities now, i know tom bushino is going to be pushing back on me. But there is this little mathematically equation that clause which uses as a book that talks about the power resistance is means times will which means theoretically and i mean this theoretically if you go to war you got to pick what side of that equation you want to target. Ultimately you will target both if youre gonna target the mean side, that would be annihilation either all at once or attrition over time. Thats like 95 of the american way of war or you can target the adversaries. Will this would be a war of exhaustion not foreign to us as americans are American Revolution was a war of exhaustion. We didnt break all the british stuff. We just wore out there willingness to continue to fight here in america will continue to talk about this. We go. Now lets talk about National Policy objectives. So on the left of this slide as you look at thats president Jefferson Davis, so the confederacy his principal military advisor is robert e. Lee their goal is independence and a territorial sovereignty of the south. What i put below that is the seal the confederacy and if you look at the center of that seal you might recognize george, washington. The second war of independence is what they would often call it and this is an appropriate model perhaps for the south all they have to do is not lose. And if they could get a european power to come in on their side, that would make all. Difference for Abraham Lincoln advised by his principal military advisor at the start of the war Winfield Scott. Is goal is to preserve the union in fact as late as august 1862 he writes to horace grievances my paramount object in this war is to preserve the union. It is not to save or destroy slavery if i could free. None of the slaves and preserve the union. I would do that if i could free all the slaves and preserve the union i would do that if i could free some and leave the others alone and preserve the union i would do that too. Remember lincoln is a lawyer. He doesnt believe the south is seceded because he would say that no sovereign nation has a provision in its organic law for its own termination. Theres no suicide claws in the constitution the constitution that allows states to leave. So we can imagine and spoiler alert when the union wins the battle of gettysburg George Gordon meade will write a note to his army. He says he looks forward to increased exertions to drive the enemy from our soil abraham. Lincoln is beside himself. Its all our soil. Okay, so lets talk about how instruments of National Power are playing out here. There is a diplomatic element of this if we think about it, the confederacy has representatives in england and france. So James Slidell and james mason are over there trying to get those european powers to come on the south. They are offset by the United States ambassadors to england Charles Adams and William Dayton in france. Trying to keep them out of the war. This is at play all throughout the American Civil War. Informational elements. I think we struggle with this by degree, but perhaps the greatest example is the emancipation proclam. Emancipation proclamation it goes into effect on january 1st 1863 when Abraham Lincoln signs this it frees none of the slaves in the border. Its leave some freeze. None of the slaves and territory already occupied by the union. But what it says is in the 90 days before it takes effect. If a Southern State comes back into proper relation to the federal government no harm. No foul. However, after january 1st if they do not. For every inch that the union army any slaves that come . In their line are then then. Worth and forever free. Its an executive power. Its a war power what hes recognizing is. That slave labor is freeing up white southerners to come and fight on the front lines. Hes attacking their economic base. However, what does it do across the for england that had gotten out of slavery in the 30s and for france who had gotten out of it in the 1840s all the sudden he puts a Value Proposition in front of the economic interest of those nations recognize the south with the stroke of a pen. He frees at slaves in north america. But almost independently. He keeps england and france out of. War brilliant, and finally, theres an economic aspect and this is where the south really hung its hat at the beginning of the war. No one will go to war with king cotton. We should look at how this takes effect back at the writing of the constitution in 1790 the United States produces about 3,000 bales of cotton in 18. 1793. Eli whitney develops the cotton gin then all the sudden we can short Staple Cotton all across the south three seasons a year so that by 1840 its five cents a pound by 1850. Its 11 cents a pound itll double again by 1860 when . Produce 4. 5 million sales of cotton and nobody will go to war with king cotton and the south provides 80 of the worlds of the cotton. They provide 80 to england who has six Million People tied to the textile industry. Thats as many whites as exist in the south at the time and they provide 90 of francis. Now a couple of things happen time when the war starts the south south embargoes the cotton they dont send any out because they want europe to feel the pinch. The problem is there was a cotton glut in 1859 and 1860 warehouses are bulging all over europe. Nobody thinks the war is gonna go very long. So who if youre in europe you think what a good time get rid of inventory . About the time the south determines we could really use the income from the sale of cotton the north historic started to put in a blockade moreover. The markets have already shifted. England is now getting caught in for places like egypt in india. Fact if you look at that slide the blue line shows what the cotton trade looks like in 18. I believe and then by 1862 look at how the markets have already shifted. Thats how dynamic theyve been. Moreover on the timing issue a couple things happen. Theres a drought in the early 1860s in england and if you think about where does england get its grain from it gets it from the northeast so about the time that it has a well if we look at maslows hierarchy the need for people to eat is more basic than the need for people to go to work and about that time. They might want to recognize the south they have to feed their people and their ties are closer. The union we can come back to this. Now, lets talk about the military objectives initially Abraham Lincoln informed by his principal military advisor Winfield Scott Winfield Scott does a no kidding traditional twopage information paper to the boss that says look, truth be told he was from virginia loyal to the union. He says we dont want to invade the south well end up with 15 devastated provinces. Well have to occupy for decades and it will clear drupal the cost that would take to occupy them. Then they would contribute to our nation in taxes. We dont want to do that. What we should do is blockade the coastline send a force down the mississippi river. We will isolate them and calmerheads will prevail and theyll come back into the union now, theres some problems with this. Thats a 3500 mile coastline at the time the United States navy has about 60 ships. Readiness was really important to the navy back then too. So at any one time 12 of them could go to see for the time that it would take to build the navy would take years. Also for that drive down the mississippi thats going to take almost 60,000 Union Soldiers at the start of the war the United States navy its size is 16,000. It would take a long time to build an army like that and scott actually recognizes in his paper. He says the problem we will run into. A patients of our loyal and Patriotic Union and hes absolutely right politically lincoln could wait for years to do this so he sends this very green army into battle in the summer of 1861 they lose the first battle of bull run and off to the races by the end of the war, of course, there will be over a million men in union blue. They will almost execute this exact game plan and the United States navy will number 664 ships the largest navy in the world. While they are trying to execute this another idea comes up onto richmond and heres really a thought of this during the mexican war 10,000 United States soldiers landed veracruz mexico cross 175 miles of desert, and they capture mexico city and subduination of nine Million People richmonds only 90 miles south of washington dc. Why dont we just go take richmond . And this will define strategy at least in the east. Leader for nearly the first years of the war now on the Southern Side we should ask ourselves. Should they target means or should they target the will of the union . Well, lets just take a look at the disparity between the in the south if you look at population in the 1860 census, theres about 31 Million People in the United States 21 million of them live in the north 10 million of them live in the south but of those 10 million 4 million are slaves. And if they fight for you, youre not who you say you are. So youre outnumbered even if you look at urbanization of all the largest cities in the United States only one of them is in the south. Its new orleans and they lose that in 1862. If you think about industrialization about 84 of the industrial capacity of the nation is in the north and you can use any metric. You want a 25 mile circle around new york city. Theres more industrial capacity in that circle than there isnt all the south. Theres more factories in the north than there are factory workers in the south and you go wait a minute. Ive been to tread grier iron works in richmond and i saw they made you know, 31,000 small arms during the war and thats remarkable the Springfield Armory produces 20,000 a month and they contract with another 15 firms to do. Same the industrial capacity of the north is significantly great. That of the south this translates to things like transportation railroads. About 30,000 miles worth of Railroad Tracks in the United States about 20,000 in the north about 10,000 of them in the south but in the south are different gauges meaning. With of the rails and so its harder for them to transport goods across the south moreover because they dont have industrial capacity. Theyre unable to repair that infrastructure during the war. The north will be way more efficient at sending good. So lets talk about things like perhaps agriculture and go there well theres a place the south should have an advantage theyre an agricultural nation and thats right but what do they grow in the south cotton indigo tobacco rice and corn and you can only eat two of those. For the north, although only 40 of it is agricultural. They are buying off on technology that john deere stainless steel self scouring plow because the railroads work theyre starting to specialize theyre growing bumper crops and because they can get them to the cities. They way out produce the south agriculturally during war if we talk about things like finances the American Civil War gives us our National Legal tender act our National Banking act. We pay income taxes because the American Civil War and out of that Abraham Lincoln keeps the inflation weight to about 80 which we should say is not bad in world war ii its about 84 and in World War Two its about 70 so well say thats pretty good what about the inflation rate in the south . By the end of the war the inflation rates nearly 5,725 percent. They are taxing people. Mankind and so what we we find is the south decides to go. Reunion will the problem is we know today wars of exhaustion usually take 12 or more theyre not sure. Are going to get there but you read Jefferson Davis and robert e. Lees accounts. They talk about this growing war weariness. This idea that the Union Population after two years of the war are convinced that the value of the political object is no longer worth it. We are not showing progress. Theres hundreds of thousands of dead and theres no end in sight. Thats what theyre going to try. App into ultimately two weeks after the battle of gettysburg. There are draft riots in new york city again that feeling that theres this growing feeling in the north. This isnt working and we see it in the midterm elections in 1862. The democrats will win some 22 seats in the house. Representatives thats what theyre going to. So heres the strategic situation in may of 1863 robert e lee after his greatest victory at chancellorsville where he violates all kind of military principles. He divides his force three times in the face of a larger army and he still wins out number two to one. He goes to richmond and they have this conference saying what should we do if you look at the map the red line is the territorial integrity of the south at the beginning of the war. The blue line is where the southern border is. After two years of war and what you can see is notice the anaconda plan is in effect. You can see some of the ports on the coastline have been taking you can see new orleans has fallen we can see ulysses us grant is driving down the mississippi river. In fact the south only holds 200 miles of that vital line of communication. So there are options are should we send some troops out there to try and stop grant well one, theyre not sure theyre gonna get there in time to the commander at vicksburg is guy named john pemberton. Hes pennsylvania not even sure hes on our side and actually theyre worried that he would incompetently use them thats taken off the table the Second Thought is maybe we give them to Braxton Bragg in the middle of the country to drive up towards, ohio and perhaps pull some of grants troops back to help defend those northern states. Now remember this is the 1800s if you want a battle. And even though the result was in your favor, but then you left the battlefield. You left the field that was considered a loss braxton. Bragg has done. Twice already if you look at the map again, the blue splotches are union, victor. The red one are confederate victories you can see in the eastern. Theater a confederacy is holding their own. And robert e. Lee would say we might lose the war in the west, but we cant win it in. Rest we could win it in the east though we should do is scrape all the troops we could from the east. Theater give them to me. Let me invade the north and if i win a crushing victory in the this will help us the war and thats the course that they agree upon. So when we think about robert e lee and his army of Northern Virginia being on the Gettysburg Campaign, their objectives are to win the war. Yes, there are aspects of this being arrayed. Yes. Hes trying to get the war out of virginia to let them be able to harvest one seasons worth of crops. Yes. Hes gonna feed his army out of pennsylvania thats been untouched by the hard hand of war, war, but this is not a rape. Although he has continued to win at the Eastern Theater every time he defeats that union army. They slide back across the Rappahannock River and he cant get at those people. What he wants to do is lure that union army out in the open and annihilated in one climactic battle and provide the ultimate evidence to that northern population that the sacrifice for this war. Longer worth it. There are some who believe that another victory in the east would bring with it european recognition. Neither Jefferson Davis nor robert e lee. This so when we get out on the field understand why robert e lee is there to annihilate the union army that he might win the okay, heres his plan. On this map this is the Eastern Theater the United States the confederates are in red the union and blue you can see washington to the north and richmond of the south the two army separated by the Rappahannock River starting on the third of june 1863 robert e lee will throw his army over the Appalachian Mountains and use the Shenandoah Valley as an avenue of invasion he always believed the union army will follow me in fact he shares his vision for how this whole thing will go on the 27th of june he says i believe the union army will come up probably through frederick theyll be hungry strung out by hard marching and much demoralized and as they enter into pennsylvania i will throw an overwhelming force against their front and follow up my success crush one core and drive it pack up on another and through success of repulses and surprises before they concentrate i will create a panic and virtually annihilate the an army now thats a vision statement, right . It captures the environment. It captures the enemy and it captures what hes going to do and gang were gonna talk about all kind of ranges out on the battlefield. Well that rifled can and could shoot a mile and a half and that rifle musket could shoot 300 yards and of all the distances on a battlefield the most critical ones are the three inches or the six inches between peoples ears if you think about it robert e lee with that last line, i will create a panic. And annihilate the he is playing in the moral sphere. Now, what does he have . Hes got about 75,000 soldiers. This is almost the most hes had since he took command of this army a year ago. Hes added troops to his army. Now. There are some things that are different though. Up to this point. His success has always been based upon this organization that had robert e lee at the top. Jeb stuart as his calvary commander James Longstreet is one core commander and Stonewall Jackson is another in the battle before gettysburg a chancellorsville in the beginning of may stonewall. Jackson is robert e. Lee is going to reorganize his army. His assumption is with the new organization i will be just as effective as ive always been. Is that a sound assumption we should ask ourselves why were out on the battlefield. Because thats not the only change that sits out there. So two of his three core commanders are new four of his Nine Division commanders are new 12 of his 37. Brigade commanders are well, if you are familiar with the peter principle of basically you will be promoted until you are incompetent. The peter principle is massively in effect on all Civil War Battlefields of almost a third of all commanders serving in positions. Theyve never served in before the gentleman on the right of that slide is abner perrin from South Carolina. Imagine in fredericksburg in december. He is a Company Commander responsible for perhaps 35 men. In may a chancellorsville. Hes now a Regimental Commander responsible for 350 men. In gettysburg in july, hes now a Brigade Commander responsible for 1500 men what prepares him from december to july to go from commanding 35 to commanding 1500 men. Robert e. Lee recognizes, not only are they running out of manpower as a resource . Running out of leadership. In fact, hell write to John Bell Hood one of his division commanders. Will say i too believe this army would be if only it could be properly organ. Eyes there never was such men in an army before but there is the difficulty proper command where can they be obtained . What we should take out of all this is in every fight up to this point. Robert e. Lee has been outgunned and outnumbered and up to this point he is 40. He was one four campaigns hes never lost and im calling the ant campaign a tie im sure youve seen this picture before this is a picture of confederate prisoners taken after gettysburg during the and during the pursuit i put those two comments on there just to get an idea of the flavor of the army of Northern Virginia. The first is from an englishman whos observing the war and his idea that says of the profound contempt for the enemy that they have beaten so often and then the other one maybe more important to me Edward Porter alexanders probably the best artillery in the confederacy during the American Civil War and he says we look forward to victories under Robert Robert e. Lee like successive sun rises. The south feels it like they can win under robert e lee and robert e. Lee believes he can win with that army. Now for the union options once robert e lee starts to move the commander of the army of the potomac the Principal Union army in the Eastern Theater says, hey, this is great. Now that the armys out of the way, lets go on to richmond. Now Abraham Lincoln the beginning of war would make suggestions to his generals. But hes been bowing up on his strategy over there reading at the library of congress and at this point the war hes done making suggest units he will now say. Lees army and not richmond is your true objective and roger that on to richmond like it says no, no. I need you to go after robert e lee and he goes right right onto richmond and hes no no you need to go get lees army lincoln already started to understand if he goes and gets leaves army. You can go get richmond. Whatever. And to take richmond with robert e lee in that army still out there wouldnt end the war at all. Now the union army of the potomac this is the Principal Union army in the Eastern Theater the federals the blue the northerners their job. Anomaly is to guard washington dc about every three months. They fight the Confederate Army that robert e lee commands and surely as robert e lee is 401 they are oh four and one and every time they lose or tie they get a new commander. Going into the battle of gettysburg. Theyre gonna have about 93,000 men, but we should keep something in mind. Its the army so we dont count the same. The confederates will only count people that can pull triggers infantry men artillerys calvary men. On the union side. We count everybody cooks bakers and candlestick makers. So if you think about it the combat powers actually more even than you know. Now you should ask yourself. How did this happen the union usually way outnumbers the Confederate Army. Well, they lose 17,000 men at the battle of chancellorsville. And then the states of new york. And maine had signed up two year enlistments those expire between chancellorsville and gettysburg. So during that two month period 28,000 men march out of the union army and this is what allows us to have near parody on this battlefield. Gettysburg, of course. They also have new core commanders Winfield Scott hancock, george sykes are new to their command positions, too. Ill show you this picture. Youre gonna meet these gentlemen your first stop or most of you will meet them at your first stop. Depending how your guide does this, but if you read that quote, remember lees assumption that they will be much demoralized. Because of their many losses because of the disruption of units that have fought next to each other with all these men that have left. But if you read that quote. Kind of get an idea that perhaps perhaps theyre not that. They just need a heres how this is going to go down again confederates and red union in blue. Theyre gonna start to move north and as we predicted the union army will follow him. Lees calvary three types of troops in the American Civil War. We have our calvary guys riding around on horses. Those are your eyes and ears gathering intelligence and screening the enemy so they cant gather intelligence on you. You have your artilleryist firing long range artillery canon in support of infantry and artillery and finally have your infantry. Guys marching around with their rifled muskets for abreast and they are the decisive arm in the American Civil War those small arms account for anywhere between 71 and 95 of all all casualties on Civil War Battlefields. Lees calvary, his intelligence arm has asked for permission and is giving it to ride around a piece of the union army because theyre guarding the mountain passes and what hes trying to do is get back on the leading edge now his calvary officers already ridden entirely around the union army twice before he was gone for three and four days respectfully and was wildly successful. When he gets permission this time, he starts to ride around a piece of the union army, but thats when the entire union army starts to move north and now hes not cutting off a piece. He has to ride all the way around it. So when you see that map and you see the little red piece over there by washington dc robert e. Lee loses his eyes and ears not for three or four days, but for eight days including the first two days the battle of gettysburg you keep our eye on that. Now on the 28th of june George Gordon meade is the commander of the fifth corps. Hes in frederick. He falls asleep a member from the War Department staff will come up and wake him up at three clock in the morning and he says ive come to bring you trouble and his trouble is hes now in command of the army of the potomac and imagine one of our greatest operational military commanders in our nation history. Robbery lee is now raging through the north the fate of the republic hangs in the balance and you have three days to try and unforkle this whole situation. Thats what George Gordon meade is handed on the 2. June we should ask ourselves. Why would lincoln take the risk of changing the commanders now . He didnt know theres gonna be a battle fought in three days, but he knows theres going to be thought soon well his thought is if the commander has a different vision onto richmond then i have that strategic if i swap commanders, thats an operational or a tactical risk. Im willing to take that. And so he changes the commander on the june now meade isnt lincolns first choice. Hes arguably his second or his fourth depending how much credibility you put in the conversations between other generals. And when other generals would turn it down always the next question was if not you who and to a man. They all say i trust George Gordon meade. Now his orders are fine robert e. Lee fight robert e lee and stay between robert e lee and washington and baltimore now. Hes giving a special power unique of hes allowed to ignore seniority at this point. The war the senior rank is a twostar general in the middle of a battle if we all got up on the hill alone. Hey, were all two stars. Thats awesome. Whos in charge . We would go. Well i got promoted last week and you got promoted last month and you got promoted two months ago four months ago. Youre six. Yeah. Oh youre the senior guy. Youre in charge straight seniority. Meade is allowed to ignore that its a powerful tool in his toolkit. Well see how he uses it during this campaign. The other thing he does is he keeps a list. Im sure you all do too. You know, we all carry around our little green government issue notebooks, you know the last page or phone numbers and emails for you to keep up with the second to last page or book recommendations that people make and you dutifully write down and are never going to read and then the third to last page though is someday when im king and you guys know this we spend a whole life time standing in formations and you listen to a commander who gives some sage advice and you go wow, thats brilliant someday when im okay. Im gonna say that theres a flip side of that coin. Weve all so stood enough formations to hear senior commanders speak and go thats the dumbest thing ive ever heard someday when im king. Im never gonna say that and what George Gordon me does on the day he gets command as he takes three young calvary captains and he promotes them to Brigadier General besides being a really sweet pay raise what he wants is young aggressive calvary commanders to try and match that of jeb stuart and his confederate counterparts. Now the other thing he does is he starts to be very meticulous about when he would get he used to as a core commander. Just get his march orders, but not know what anybody else was doing now. He starts to issue march orders when you got your march orders, you got everybody elses and when i got my markers i got everybody else. We would call this today building a common operational picture. And finally, he starts to develop things that we would call today as branch plants. As he starts to march north he goes what if we ran into it, could we fight there and he starts to study these things in case things go, awry. Now the idea of the control of time space and forces that are interaction we know is a key prerequisite for successful military planning and operations, but if you think about where George Gordon meade is on the 28th the orders that he gets defend washington and defend baltimore thats inherently defensive, but youre all so the army of operation to operate against robert e lee. Well, those are not overlapping missions and each one provides constraints on the other if im going to be an army of an operation. I still got a defend baltimore washington and oh by the way if im defending baltimore and washington, i dont have that much leeway to be an army of operation. This is his. Explicit tasks. He has some implied tests too. And we find him as he writes his wife. He says, i believe i have to rescue harrisburg. No union state capital has fallen to the south yet. He believes that hes got to keep his troops in close proximity. In fact when he gets command, he thinks theyre too sparse spread out so hes got to provide protection for his force. And he needs to preserve options. Both for the defensive role and as the army of operation problem is he doesnt actually know where the Confederate Army is. So heres how its going to go. Hes going to break his army up into three wings and hes gonna advance them very much keeping mutual support between those parallel columns napoleon would refer to the battalion curae always a days march distance away from one another that they might support one another protection. And thats where they would be by the 30th he would put his Calvary Divisions his best Calvary Division on his left flank because thats where he expects to find him his next best Calvary Division on his right flank because your flanks are vulnerable and his new Cavalry Division out in front eyes and ears are looking for the enemy. And then what hes going to do if you think about the approaches that were from where the confederate positions are generally known to be should they go towards baltimore or washington look at how hes arranged in his army. So hes advanced to be the army of operation, but hes also shielding, baltimore and washington. Next what hes going to do is he comes up with a branch plan the pipe creek line in maryland if all things go wrong if we run into the enemy we can always fall back to that position and you can see again from the map how that covers both the approaches to baltimore and washington and the last thing hes going to do is hes going to take his base of supply and hes going to move it from frederick. To westminster is moving it because hes going to shift his lines of operation north and if you see where that is sitting in westminster, it supports both of those missions. I would argue George Gordon meade in three days is showing to be an operational artist as he controls his force over that space in time knowing that they all have to be in close support of one another okay, heres where were going to be on our first stop when we get out at gettysburg on the 28th of june robert e. Lee and his army spread out on a 55 mile arc from chambersburg in the west to carlisle in the north and even over to york in the northeast when he gets word from harrison the spy because he doesnt have his calvary remember hes low they get information from a spy, but he tells him guess what the union army is just across the maryland border and they have a new commander robert lees army is spread out over that 55 miles. He knows hes out numbered. We cannot fight this way. So hes gonna issue his orders that evening. I need us to concentrate, but dont bring on a battle until were all together. Ironically enough. This is why it gettysburg the Confederate Army will come from the north and west and the union army will come from the south. Of course, we know that same day is the same day that George Gordon meade gets command of the union army and well start to go after them. Now i said robert e. Lee has no calvary. Lets just do one little vignette we can break apart. When jeb stuart rides around the union army he takes three brigades of calvary but robert e lee has four other calvary brigade, he doesnt lose all his eyes in years. So we should ask ourselves what happens . Well, first of all, he takes the best three Brigade Commanders with them. Even James Longstreet says, why dont you leave wade hampton behind he goes. Nope. Im taking him with him. So who does he leave behind . Well, he leaves behind impotent and jenkins cavalry. These are irregular calvary that are used to operating in western, virginia. Theyre not used to operating with the army of Northern Virginia. Robert lee is not very big on these guys and theyre the ones that are largely guarding his artillery supplies. Theyre the ones gathering up the tens of thousands of horses and cattle and sheep and goats and all that stuff that they are pilfering out of pennsylvania and sending back to richmond. Okay. Okay. She still got two others. Okay. So the two others are first one is Beverly Robertson. Thats Beverly Robertson in the middle of the three pictures Beverly Robertson was once engaged to flora jones cook. Thats the young lady on the very left of the bottom slot. She was a beauty from carlisle pennsylvania. Beverly robertson was once engaged to her. But she doesnt marry Beverly Robert ill give you a guess on who she actually marries. She marries jeb stuart jeff stewart. They date for about two months. Hes famously says i came i saw i was conquered and she marries him. Do you think jeb stuart and Beverly Robertson get along . Of course, they do not so he cant go on jeb stuart try and the last person that leaves is kind of the the guy there with the dark beard looking rather grumpy and his name is grumble jones. Now if your nickname is grumble, what do you think . Youre interpersonal skills are like, yeah. Jeb stuart doesnt write long letters. Unless grumble jones is up for promotion and then he writes very long letters on why he should not be promoted. All of this is to say that lee did have options but personalities matter. Jeb stuart takes all the best calvary with him. And ultimately these other resources do not get used we say you had better know whats going on two levels above you and this makes sense if i can make my bosss boss successful. We will be successful. And moreover in our profession. Youre only ever two bullets away from standing on those shoes. You should think at that level. But we should also caution ourselves. We had better know whats going on. Levels below too because i would argue 9 times out of 10 are subordinates are acting on their own prejudice rather than our organiz. Objectives jeb stuart is a truth be told here, you know, we often talk about that. We are swimming in sensors and drowning in data. Imagine a Civil War Battlefield all the calvary men riding down these back farm lane sending back notes and little strips of information. Its jeb stuart who takes all those and goes well, thats not important. Thats not important. Ooh thats valuable and of all those pieces coming in. Hes the one that feeds them to robert e lee and that robert e. Lees floro and and so its almost as if it is entire calvary arm is encapsulated in man, and that one man. Notdr. Goldstein enlisted in the army in 1942 and soon joined the b17 crew as a waste gunner he flew 25 combat missions as a Staff Sergeant over germany as part of the eighth air force. And then ill just briefly introduce kernel c a