Moment. But first, joining us in our studios is ambassador michael owen, the author of after ike on the trail of the centuryold journey that changed america. How did it change america . Well, this was really the first time that a convoy, an official convoy, had driven all the away aCross Country and it attracted a lot of attention. All along the route, thousands of people came out to cheer the convoy on, to look at the vehicles, to talk to the men who were in the convoy, and it really spurred a lot of interest in travel by motorized vehicles, which were just coming into vogue at this time. Were going to watch the film. It is 25 minutes. But did it get a lot of attention in the press . It did get a lot of attention. They had a major sendoff at the white house. President wilson was in europe at the time, but secretary of war newton baker waved them off. There were speeches. The press was all there. And it was really there was really quite a scene at the white house before they took off to drive up through the district, through maryland, to frederick, maryland, where they spent the first night. And you explained how it changed america but walk us through the genesis of this idea and why 80 vehicles as part of this convoy. You have to look at it in the context of the time. World war i had just concluded a few months earlier, and the American Military leadership realized that in future warfare, motorized vehicles would play a very important role. Now, they had a number of different motorized vehicles, but they wanted to know what were their capabilities, how would they perform under difficult circumstances, could they get up hills, could they really drive aCross Country . If it was necessary to move troops or equipment from one coast to another, would they be able to do it . How long would it take . And so they really were interested in the condition of the vehicles and which ones performed well, which ones didnt. They also were interested in the condition of the roads, because west of chicago, until you got to california, there were no paved roads at the time. So, they wanted to know how long would it take and will there be some difficulty in getting quickly across the country. A young Army Lieutenant colonel who would go on to serve as president of the United States, dwight david eisenhower, what was his role in this . Well, its an interesting story because at the time, he was very disappointed that he didnt get to europe during world war i. Most of his west point classmates did get to europe, so he was disillusioned and he was actually contemplating resigning from the military. And then he heard about this trip. He heard about it at the last minute and so he had to rush to join the trip. They couldnt he couldnt even get to the starting point. He had to go to the camp site where they spent the first night. But it really kept him in the military, and of course that changed his life and changed the history of the u. S. So, lets watch this film, the u. S. Army motor convoy, and who had the idea of filming this and turning this into a 25minute silent film . Documentary. Well, the u. S. Military wanted to film it, because first of all, they wanted to be able to show people back in washington the military leadership, heres the condition of the roads. Heres the condition of the vehicles and which vehicles perform well and not, and they wanted to record it for history, because they realized that this would be an historic trip, and so they wanted to have a record of it for everyone who would be interested. As we watch this film, when did you first hear about it . I read a Magazine Article in an American History magazine about 20 years ago, about this trip, and i have been really it piqued my interest. Ive been fascinated but it wasnt until i retired from my first career that i was able to take the time to follow in the footsteps of the trip. Were going to jump in from time to time but what are we looking at right now . This is the Zero Milestone marker right across from the white house. The cameraman is standing with his face immediately to the white house. Newton baker, there, you see in the white suit, he was the secretary of war at the time. President wilson was in europe, so newton baker sort of waved them off and he dedicated the Zero Milestone marker and its still there today. And you can see the backdrop of the washington monument. Thats right, yes. Now were at is it camp megs . Camp meigs. At the time, it was a fairly substantial military camp up on florida avenue northeast, and all the vehicles had assembled there and so they drove from there down to the white house and then took off. Again, its important to understand just how primitive the road and bridges were as we see right here. Exactly. There were several there were quite number of covered bridges at the beginning of the trip in the east and those were fairly precipitous and of course these bridges were built for horse and buggy, not for a tenton mac truck so some of the bridges had to be reinforced and the covered portion was not large enough to allow the trucks to go through. That had to be modified. So the engineers, you can see there, they had to actually take off part of the top of the bridge so the trucks could come through. So, the engineers were really busy at each of those bridges. And did they have drivers license . What was the regulation . Operating these vehicles . Not everybody, interestingly enough, had a drivers license. They drafted into Service People who said that they could drive, and its interesting, eisenhower later wrote some of the men were more familiar with horse and buggy than they were with motorized vehicles. But they did learn as they went along and they became better, but in the early going, some of the drivers were a bit erratic. Again, we talk about primitive. These are very primitive trucks. But how did they train on them . How did they learn how to operate the trucks . They had very limited training. Remember, were right after world war i so they had not been able to train really very much in preparation for this trip. They did do some training there at camp meigs where the trip started but they had not driven Long Distances. As we watch this, had to be a big deal in ohio or elsewhere as the convoy made its way through these small communities. It was a big deal all across the country. People lined the roads all across the country and cheered them on. It was front page headline in virtually every newspaper of the day. And people really found this source of National Pride and sort of in the aftermath of the war, sort of like a victory lap. You can see in the foreground somebody waving as they were making their way through this part of the trip. The roads go from concrete and asphalt to dirt roads as we see in franklin grove, illinois. Thats right. Yes, and once they got to illinois, just west of chicago, the concrete ended or asphalt ended and they were on bidirt roads all the way to San Francisco or midcalifornia and you can see a problem there was the dust, which was really troublesome, but when it rained, they had mud so it was one or the other. And what is this here . This is one truck that overturned. The roads, remember, were really built for horse and buggy so they were quite narrow, had precipitous dropoffs and the drivers were not the most experienced. This driver lost control of the vehicle and it rolled over and landed upside down off the road but they were able to right it and with block and tackle get it back up and manpower, get it back up on to the road. Today, when you travel aCross Country, there are hotels and restaurants and a lot of gas stations. What did these folks do . They camped out. They had a couple of kitchen wagons, so they cooked all their own meals. Their orders, marching orders, were to be selfsufficient, and so they tried very hard to be selfsufficient. They had to stop for gasoline along the way but they had two tanker trucks, each of which held 750 gallons, so they were pretty well prepared. And this looks like a pretty impressive bridge in iowa. Well, it was a wooden bridge, and the engineers with the convoy were very concerned that all of those trucks would be too heavy for the bridge so they sent them across one or two at a time. So it took several hours for everybody to get across that bridge. Your book, after ike, explain the genesis of your research. I was interested in this trip. I think its really a very important trip in the history of the u. S. , and i was interested in the fact that eisenhower went along on this. He was only 28 years old at the time, and of course, he later, i think, partly because of his inspiration from this trip, was the driving force behind the interstate highway system, and so i just wanted to see the actual route that they followed, which i was able to follow their exact route. This is in just west of lexington, nebraska. Again, these roads, obviously, there had been rain so theyre pretty muddy, difficult to make their way through. Yes. And you can see a truck sort of slipping and sliding there. They had one, as i said, artillery tractor, known as the militor, which was able to pull them out in most places but sometimes it was really slow going. On this particular day, according to the log, they traveled 34 miles in 10 hours. And what if the tires broke down, if they were flat, did they have enough materials . They had two trucks that carried only spare parts and they stopped at military bases along the way to replenish those parts but they had to make do sometimes with just the best they could. Of the 81 vehicles that started the trip, 75 made it all the way through so thats a pretty good track record considering the conditions. And all enlisted in the army at the time . Part of the convoy . They were. There were some civilians who followed them for part of the way and in fact, for part of the way, there was a civilian who led the way. He had actually henry oeserman, he had driven the route several times before so he led the way part of the way. Did anyone write a diary about what was happening during this time . Several people kept diaries, but the most complete one was kept by a lieutenant by the name of el well jackson and interestingly, he was from the east. He lived in pennsylvania, new jersey, and he never had been to the west so this was quite an adventure for him. But he kept a very detailed diary, and thats how i was able to follow the route because he said precisely which towns they came through along the way. As you mentioned before, they were selfsustaining. We dont have any film of them camping out. But how far would they travel on any given day and what were their evenings like . What was their routine like . It really varied depending on the Road Conditions, with Road Conditions like that, as i said, on some days, they only went 30 or 40 miles. When they were on concrete, they went quite a bit farther, but still it was fairly limited because there were breakdowns with vehicles. The inexperienced drivers caused some problems. So, even on the best days, they didnt go much more than a hundred miles. And you told a story before we began about how some thought they were riding horses instead of operating a vehicle. Well, and thats something eisenhower wrote about. He said some of these drivers had more experience with horse and buggy than with a motorized vehicle and he said he heard some of them, when the truck stalled, hollering, giddyup, giddyup and go. And some of the drivers, it was discovered, didnt know what a clutch was, which is why their vehicles kept stalling out. Do you have any sense of how many vehicles, cars, and trucks were in the u. S. In this time period of 1919 versus how many horses were still operating . Approximately . There were many more horses than horse and buggies than there were cars. At the time of the convoy, there were about 400,000 motorized vehicles. That includes cars, trucks, everything that was a motorized vehicle. But that quickly surged in the years following, so that by just a few years later, in the mid20s, there were millions of motorized vehicles on the roads. Were seeing a lot of these trucks off the side of the road. That seemed to be prevalent. Yes. Where would this film have been shown, and what would those in theaters have thought as they watched this silent film in 1919 or 1920 . There was a lot of National Pride. Remember, the u. S. Had just come out of the first world war, playing a victorious role. There was a feeling like america had become a world power. There was a lot of curiosity about other parts of the u. S. Only a handful of people had actually driven in their individual automobiles from one coast to the other, so this was the first real crosscountry convoy that was officially sanctioned, and it was front page headlines in all the newspapers along the way. It was really a big event for americans, and its estimated that a lot of people lined the route, about 3. 5 Million People actually witnessed the convoy firsthand and that was about 3. 5 of the entire population at the time. Again, this journey took place from july 7th until september 7th, 100 years ago, in 1919, but who mapped out the journey . How did they know which route to go . Well, there was a highway, a nascent highway, known as the lincoln highway, which some civilians who were enthusiasts for motor trips had sort of mapped out. It went from times square in new york all the way to lincoln park in San Francisco. And that route was established, but in many places, especially west of chicago, it was not much more than just two ruts across the prairie, as some people called it, so it was a difficult route, but it was a route that they could follow, and they tried to follow that with a few minor detours all the way. And as we looked at that train just a moment ago, you wonder if the train was moving a lot faster. Thats a Union Pacific railroad and of course the u. P. Had been there for over 50 years, and they chose the u. P. Tracks because they wanted a flat surface which they could go in a Straight Line so it made sense that the road would be close to the u. P. Tracks. Also, of course, this would have been the height of the summer, no airconditioning, of course. No. What were the conditions like for them on these trucks . It was hot and sweaty, and of course, they had to stop and push and exert a lot of effort along the way. And so it was difficult, and of course, its hard to know what was worse, the heat and the sweat or the dust, as you can see, that was swirling. With the dust, they decided to space out the convoy so theres a Long Distance between vehicles because the dust was just so bothersome. What are we looking at here . This is wyoming and this gives you an example of the condition of some of the bridges out west. Again, as i said earlier, these bridges were built for horse and buggy. They were never designed to hold a tenton mac truck, so a lot of them had to be reinforced or rebuilt, and the engineers, to their credit, did a great job. If any of the bridges were damaged, they rebuilt them. Michael owen, do you know who made these trucks, where they were manufactured . Packard made a lot of them. Ford made some of them. And there was a big manufacturer of vehicles then, so you have some manufacturers that are no longer in business but were big automobile and truck manufacturers at the time. Did these men and they were all men at the time have a sense of what this mission was all about . What they were trying to accomplish . Well, they did. Some of the diaries that i have read suggest that it was only at the end, when they got to california, that they realized what they had actually done, and they saw the headlines, and they realized, gosh, this was really something. And i actually write in my book that i wondered, years later, if some of the men looked back and said, that was a the greatest experience of my life. Because weve obviously been celebrating the anniversary of the first man on the moon, neil armstrong, and im wondering if, for this generation, that was comparable to what we saw in 1969. It was. It was sort of the moon shot of 1919. Thats right. Or of the early 20th century. We often associate the interstate highway system with president eisenhower in 1956, 1957. But explain how it all came about as we look at these films and see just how antiquated it was a hundred years ago. But it didnt start with eisenhower. Well, no, there were other people who had ideas for our for an interstate highway system. Fdr promoted an interstate highway system and he had fairly specific ideas about what it should look like, that there could be a transcontinental road that everyone could travel on from the east coast to the west coast. But it wasnt until eisenhower was president that actual legislation was passed. The interstate highway act of 1956. Ike really lobbied very hard for that to be passed, and he considered that one of his major accomplishments. So the bill passed in 1956, and construction started pretty soon after that. You know, as i look at these tires, i mean, they really look so thin. Im wondering how they were able to sustain the weight of the vehicle, the truck, and also the journey from washington to San Francisco. Well, its interesting. Frank a man by the name of frank seberling, the ceo of goodyear, rode a fairly significant part of this trip along with the convoy and i think he learned a lot. He later wrote that he learned a lot about the need for better tires so i think better tires came out of, as a consequence out of this trip. Just as so many other things became a consequence of this trip. Now were heading even further west, past the rockies, in utah, and as this film depicts right now, they are going very slowly. They are. That was ive been on that road, and its theres a precipitous vertical dropoff on the left side there. And even though theres a small guardrail, a truck that size would easily breakthrough a guardrail if somebody lost control. So they went very slowly there. The road is only one lane, so they had to and they had to sort of stretch out a little bit because of the dust. But fortunately, they got through that and over the pass. This is close to a high pass going over the sierras and down into california. I think the top of its at around 7,600 feet. They were able to get over the pass and back down with no mishaps. Were there other vehicles that they had to be aware of at the time . Very few other vehicles. And in this stretch, actually, the police and the Highway Patrol did not allow other vehicles on that highway while they were crossing over that pass. So that was fortunate because they would have had a difficult time passing another vehicle as narrow as the road was. And what are they doing here . Well, this is in utah. The road was very bad there. Theyre actually cutting sage brush to put underneath the vehicles to get some traction for the vehicles, because they were in this deep sand. They had difficulty getting through the sand. In fact, they said some some of the vehicles were so heavy, they sunk down two feet into the sand, so they were putting down sagebrush as you see there so they could get some traction to get going. But again, a journey that lasted a couple of months. You mentioned earlier they were selfsustaining but how did they wash their clothes . How did they make sure they had enough food to eat . What if they had any medical issues . How did they deal with all that . They had a couple of medical cars with medical supplies, and as i said, really, remarkably, there were very few serious injuries. A few people had to drop out because of injuries but no really lifethreatening injury along the way. In terms of keeping clean, i think they stayed pretty dusty, especially out in the west, once they got west of chicago. When they got to San Francisco, there was a big wash down. And now were even further west, almost in San Francisco. But again, this is a pretty barren part of utah. Yes, it is, and as you can see, no service stations, no towns in sight. This is why they had to be selfsufficient. They brought along of course, they had a couple of kitchen wagons and you can see one kitchen wagon there just on the left. Here, you can see it a little bit better. Theyre preparing a meal there. Pretty primitive way to cook, but thats how they did it. And of course, cooking for 81 men on a contraption like that was not easy. And they had to be hungry. They did. They had a lot of complaints about the food in the beginning, and thats, in part, because the person who was doing the cooking was also a supply officer, and in omaha, they got a fulltime cook and the food improved quite a bit there. And how did they determine who was on this journey . How were they selected . Well, they asked for volunteers, and then they selected people who said that they had some knowledge of vehicles and were prepared to take the time to drive aCross Country. As i said earlier, it turned out some of the drivers really had a very limited experience with driving. We are so connected today with cell phone technology. How did the leaders of this convoy communicate with the military, ask for more supplies in what was all of that like . The person who kept the diary, jackson, whenever possible, once they got to the camp site for the night, he would go back to the nearest town if he could reach it and send a telegram back to washington reporting on the days progress and how far they had come, difficulties they had had, how the vehicles were. So, Elwell Jackson really was the one responsible for staying in touch and its those submissions that really make up a key part of his daily log. In terms of the timeline, did they have a certain schedule that they were determined to meet . Did they want to be in San Francisco by Early September . How did that work out . They they had kind of an openended commitment. They wanted to get there as quickly as possible. As i said, part of the goal, objective of the trip was to see how difficult it would be, since nobody had tried Something Like this before. And see the the military wanted to see how quickly could we get troop trains and trucks out to the west coast if we needed to get them there. Have any of these trucks been preserved . These particular ones, i dont believe they have. They were, at the end of the line, once they get to you see going through the sierras here. Once they got to San Francisco, they were cleaned up and refurbished and sent off to Different Military bases all over the western part of the u. S. So they were separated then. But they had to deal with every type of terrain and weather conditions, heat, rain, probably no snow at that time of year. No. But a lot of potential storms. Yes. And the Elwell Jackson actually writes, complaining about the dust, but he wasnt aware, but the alternative to dust was heavy rain in which they would have sunk down into the mud and had to drag vehicles out of the mud. So the dust was preferable to the rain and the mud. What surprised you the most in researching this journey . I think the thing i was most surprised by was the fact that so few people knew about this trip. It seems to me it was such an important part of American History, and really sort of laid the foundation for motorized travel in the u. S. , but very few people knew about it, and i stopped in libraries in every town along the way and looked up in the log of newspapers, of the newspaper that was published the day after the convoy had been there, and it was always front page headlines and each of those newspapers all along the way. But yet, few people nowadays really know about this trip. As we look at this journey through the mountains in nevada, did they have somebody who was ahead to make sure that they knew exactly what the Road Conditions were like . And just how treacherous they were as they made their way from this part of the country out to california . Yes, and thats an important point. There were two men on harleydavidson motorcycles and they went ahead of the convoy all along the way so they could see, first of all, they could mark if there was a fork in the road, which is the correct way to go, so they would mark that for the convoy and if they saw difficulties, they would sort of take a look at how theyre going to deal with this difficulty and come back and consult with the convoy. So those two men on harleydavidsons really played a key role. How fast or how slow are they going right here . They averaged, in the west, about 6 miles an hour. So it was pretty slow. And do you know who shot this film . They had some publicity people along with them to take film, because they really wanted to have a good record of the film. If you grew up in the east and youre heading out right above lake tahoe in nevada, some spectacular sights. Thats right. And here you can see lake tahoe in the background there. Today, still a spectacular sight. Such a bright blue. That was kind of a milestone for the men, because they knew they were right on the border of california. Theyre still in nevada here. But very close to california. And soon, there would be paved roads. So they had a sense that they almost reached the finish line. Thats right. Yes. And they were keenly aware of that. We mentioned earlier, the role and here they are now, west of meyers, california. This is still eastern california. Right along here, they got on paved roads. In fact, they might well, lets see. It looks like thats not yet paved but very soon, they will be on paved roads. Look at that. What a view that is. This is in eastern california. Very small town, even nowadays. I saw they have a sign, welcome, now entering, now leaving, right next to one another. And we can see some of the flags and some of the people as they arrived. Here were on paved road again. They knew it was going to be paved all the way to San Francisco. We talked about then Lieutenant Colonel eisenhower. Was he one of the leaders . No. He was not. I mean, he was one of the officers. There were only about 30 or so officers, but the leader, commanding officer, was colonel charles mcclure, who retired after this trip. So this is his final sort of mission in the military. We just saw a moment ago in sacramento, looked like a parade of sorts. Yes, they had they knew they were coming. The governor of california met them at the nevada state line and welcomeed them, and he prepared welcomes along the way through major towns, so they had a big welcoming parade and committee in sacramento and even larger one in San Francisco. So, now, were midway between the capital of california, sacramento, and its about an hour and a half today from sacramento to San Francisco. It took them a little bit longer, quite a bit longer, and they had to take a ferry, no bridges then, they had to take two ferries to get across from oakland to San Francisco. But you see there were power lines there, so theyre back into civilization. And you can only speculate but theyre waving. What do you think they were thinking . I think they were thinking, its almost over. Weve done the worst part. Now theyre in oakland, they knew the end was in sight. They were quite excited about getting there. And here, theyre at the port in oakland. Theyre getting ready to get all of the trucks on two ferries that would cross the bay there. Again, by now, they had 75 vehicles. Big news. There were plenty of people who turned out. This is the bridge that you were talking about a moment ago . These are ferries. No bridge. The ferries, sorry. These are the ferries i was talking about. So, they went across from oakland to the water front in San Francisco. And did somebody make this journey in advance of the convoy just to get a sense of how they would map out the route . Well, different individuals had driven coast to coast previously in their own private automobiles, so they had some experience from them. And just incidentally, one of the most fascinating individuals to drive Cross Country was the etiquette guru emily post. Thats hard to believe, but she drove with her cousin and son aCross Country. So they had some experience. Explain what were looking at now. This is the sort of closing ceremony. They were greeted by military personnel. Thats the mayor there in the top hat. This was the Ferry Terminal there in San Francisco. They are coming around that and driving up toward lincoln park, which is where they parked the vehicles. You can see them going down toward lincoln park. Thats the sort of the water going off to what is now the golden gate bridge. Your overall assessment of this film and its impact on history . Well, i think the trip, first of all, was what had the greatest impact on history, because so many people saw this, and this was the dawn of the automobile age, and it really led people to think automobiles are really the wave of the future. So, i think that really had a major impact. I think the film is interesting as an historic artifact and just to remind us how far weve come in only a century because it was exactly a century ago. This, of course, had a major impact on eisenhower, and he said himself that trip really led him to be interested in an interstate highway system. So, it had a major impact in that way. He wrote a summary report, november 5, 1919, so about two months after arriving in San Francisco. Let me just share with you part of what he wrote. Extended trips by trucks through the middle western part of the United States are impractical until roads are improved, and then, only light trucks should be used on the long hauls. It is believed that the Motor Transportation corps should pay more attention to disciplinary drills for officers and men in that all should be intelligent, snappy soldiers before giving them the responsibility of operating trucks. Yes. So, two different points there. Right. Well, the first one, i think, eisenhower, like all the other people of the convoy, saw how bad the roads were. I think they were shocked at how bad the roads were, and they realized, you know, the army was the military was interested in finding out, can we move trucks, equipment, men across the country quickly, and they saw, no, we cant, its going to be quite an effort. So, we need improved roads in the west. Not only for the military but more and more civilians were getting automobiles. On the second one, eisenhower wrote about the lack of discipline early on, especially in the first few weeks of the convoy. As i said earlier, a lot of men who were not used to driving vehicles, they were more used to horse and buggy, and they werent really able to follow orders very well. And he also faulted some of the officers who didnt really get the discipline that they should have had from the men. And this is 1919, and the interstate highway system wasnt created until 1956. So, why nearly four decades later . Why did it take so long . Well, there was interest, but i think the Great Depression came along and there was no money for that and then world war ii came along and there were other priorities. But fdr did say, you know, we need to have this crosscountry highway system, and then after the war, truman was interested and in fact, under truman, there were some roads built but it wasnt until eisenhower came along that a full interstate highway act was passed that allocated the money necessary to start to build a nationwide system. I know youre about to make the journey again along the lincoln highway. For those who want to recreate the route, how can they do that . Well, they can read my book, first of all, but theres the lincoln Highway Association has a couple thousand very active members. They have annual conferences. And theyre very, you know, theyve been very busy promoting the lincoln highway, keeping the sort of knowledge of the lincoln highway active, so i would say go to the lincoln Highway Associations website, look at what they have for information there. You can get a detailed map, and in each of the states along the way, the tourist bureaus have information on the lincoln highway as well. The roads are certainly better today, but for those who make the route, would they see similar topography that these soldiers saw a hundred years ago . Absolutely. Theyd see more farms and more small towns coming up, and more buildings along the way, but the topography is certainly the same. Of course, nowadays, you have the interstate so if you want to do this fast, you can get right out there in just a few days over the interstates. But i found it a lot more fun and interesting to go on the small roads because they still go right through right down main street of all the small towns just like the convoy did. Two final points. First of all, as they made their way through those communities and we saw some of that, the reaction among the towns people was what . Was very enthusiastic. And of course they had the two advance men on the motorcycles going ahead and saying, the convoy will be here in three hours, and they knew it was coming at some point, but they got the real precise advance notice from the two people on the harleydavidsons, so they could bring the people out and really have a little parade as the convoy passed through. So that was an important factor. And finally, you touched on this, obviously, on a number of occasions, but the importance of this convoy, this trip was what . Several things. First of all, it showed that a trip like this could be done but it was challenging and if the military wanted to get military vehicles Cross Country quickly, they needed to improve the roads. Also, there were a number of civilians who were interested in better roads. Several of them had started something called the good roads movement. Some of those people from the good roads movement drove along with the convoy for portions, and they used this as a means to sort of recruit more people to the good roads movement, but also to press different state governments to allocate more money for highways and improve their highways along the way. So, it was a concerted effort by both military and civilians to really improve the highways in the west. And for you, personally, retired from the Foreign Service . Yes. It was a great adventure. It was a lot of fun. I met a lot of people along the way. And it was gratifying for me to be able to tell this story, because as i said, so many people had never heard about this. The book is titled after ike on the trail of the century old journey that changed america. Michael owen, our guest here in our studios, thank you very much for joining us on cspan3s American History tv. Thank you. My pleasure. Youre watching American History tv. All weekend, every weekend on cspan3. Author and former Classical Musician Jonathan Rosenberg talks about his new book dangerous melodies Classical Music in america from the great war through the cold war. It explores the intersection of politics and music in the first half of the 20th century. Mr. Rosenberge