The modern world. What i found even more telling was how things are invented. How invention itself is encouraged and nurtured. At least how it has been encouraged and nurtured in this country in the past. Its easy to say, as i do in my book, that we are a nation of tinkerers. We americans like to think of ourselves as natural adventurers, risktakers, entrepreneurs. But what does that mean exactly. . I am a believer in american exceptionalism. But as marines like to say, it has to be earned, never given. How did we earn it . How did we do what we did and . And how could we get back to doing it right . As the first nation to exist wholly in the modern age, United States has also insisted when timeed wholly in that making things when we were extracting them from the earth. We invented almost everything about america. We have constantly reinvented almost everything as we deemed it necessary, including our institutions, our customs, our laws. Above all, our definition of who is american and what that means. This is not to say that taught in as we were grammar school, invented everything. Inat least as i was taught grammar school. I am first from the left in the second row of the class of 1830. You who went to school recently were probably taught something accurate. Throughout history, very little was invented solely in one nation or by one person working. Many of the american inventions eyesight were inspired by ideas, theories and prototypes from other places and other times. Dry cleaning, by some definitions goes all the way , back to ancient greece and rome where it consisted of togas in theping public laboratories. This provided a steady stream of revenue. Sorry about that. The rotary printed press was Printing Press was invented in america, but china had Printing Presses going back to the seventh century. Yankees from a couple of places you all have heard of, nantucket new bedford, came to dominate around the world in the years before the civil war using techniques largely borrowed. Times. Dieval the iron chained suspension bridges are first run across the himalayas. Me if i am not pronouncing that correctly. A buddhist saints. Dress codes for engineers were a. Dress codes for engineers were a little bit more lax then. The outset of the Industrial Age was a particular hotbed of invention, even where the Swift Brothers invented the close ringer and elevator safety guard ing envelopem folding machine. Americans were all over the place and they did all kinds of things like that. So credit for just who did what often remains disputed to this day. Here is john with his hand puppets. Hes one of many said to have invented televisions, mechanical television that is. Peruse the internet with the idea that everything in the world was invented by the english, which is to say a scotsman. We are often just as arrogant. Every one of these inventions, i have written about, structures, styles, enterprises, and entertainments were fully realized in america. If they were not wholly invented in the United States, it was here that they were made commercially viable. Widespread. Affordable. Beloved. In america the ingenious, we have included many things that are not generally included in books about inventions. The blues and jazz, the Tennessee Valley authority, the Transcontinental Railroad. Frank lloyd wright. The city of new york, chicago, and los angeles. Why not . They were invented by people just as much as anything else in this book and they are constantly cited by other people as some of our greatest creations. But of all of these conventions, inventions many more are , inextricably linked to the american experiment. They were made possible by the character of our country. So, what did we do right . Six big things, i think. The big six. Six keys to our inventiveness that i can identify. First, freedom. Yes, you did build that. Well comes across that every turn in studying the history of American Innovation is that this is what free men and women can do when afforded the liberty to pursue what they wish. Whether its the genius of an Alexander Graham bell the late dr. Patricia who invented the tool by which we remove cataracts. The persistence of the thomas or matty samuel morse knight, the inventor of the paperback. The entrepreneurship of an Andrew Carnegie or a henry ford. Ford ella Louise Curtis who found a way to invent dress pattern business and used it to fight slavery. The courage of a neil armstrong. Sorry. Missed one. The courage of a neil. I have to go back a little bit here. Neil armstrong or walter reed. Sorry, a little mechanical glitch here. Dr. Charles, who came up with the process for blood transfusions on the battlefield. Betty who made white out in a work. Sehold the dazzling aesthetic of the Frederick Thompson who built coney island. The most beautiful Amusement Park there ever was. Or the inventor of some of our most incredible movie houses. Movie palaces. And invented the machine to enchanted nightfall across those palace feelings. Even the sheer exasperating eccentricity of a walter hunt, inventor sorry. Walter hunt, inventor of almost everything, right down to the safety pin. With all of them, the value of the individual shines through. It was in america, more than any place else in the world, were where these individuals can find the freedom and encouragement and capital to go where their dreams could take them. The vision of the Transcontinental Railroad was promoted more than anyone else in the beginning by whitney, the drygoods merchant in new york city, who saw that it would put us in the center of the world compelling europe on one side , and asia and africa on the other to pass through us. This at a moment in history when it seemed completely impossible that africa and asia would be Major Trading partners with us. They only had oneroom preschool schoolhouse back in 1800. Toan could not get his goods market on time for the privately owned toll roads of upstate new york. But in america the idea of such , ordinary individuals could be and such extraordinary thinkers could be heard as well as anyone else. Key number two. We all built that. Sorry republicans. , i think one or two of these guys are still in office. Obvious heroes and they are heroes. Beyond the obvious heroes, and they are heroes, i have tried here to demonstrate how much we owe to the countless unnamed individuals who made our progress a reality. The generations of anonymous pioneers who gave us the wagon and adjusted into the Prairie School over the course of decades. One of the great examples of lowtech inventions ever perfected. The trail of the extraordinary craftsmen on the 18th century frontier who did so much to win the revolution. Gave us the long rifle, which did so much to win the revolution. The fearless chinese realworld workers lowered themselves down to set off glass tubes of nitroglycerin and blowout the tunnels for the Transcontinental Railroads. The nameless irish men who dug out the erie canal by hand. One of the first integrator workforces in america who risks ed every day to build a Railway Network beneath new yorks rivers that is used to this day. The irish and native americans who welded together our skyscrapers in their dance with death hundreds of feet above the sidewalk. Their contributions, and those of countless others, were as valuable as anyone in making us what we are today. Number three. Government matters. The history of american invention shows again and again that governments, which is in a democracy means all of us, is vital. The government is needed to set the rules. Its a myth that we americans only way and become litigious recently became litigious people. The famous Hatfield Mccoy feud killed 15 people. But the two clans suing each other, hundreds, maybe even thousands of times over everything no matter how minor. As late as 2002, they were still suing each other over access to a cemetery. Americans have long been the most litigious people, and we are never quicker to go to court than when we think someone is taking a milliondollar idea. It took government to settle and resolve what otherwise would have been in endless legal battles involving dozens of litigants over just to inventions, the cotton gin, the automobile, the phonograph, and the movie projector, among many, many others. Its not something we want to believe today, but again and again its been up to the government to prevent forces powerful and ruthless forces from ripping off individual enforcers and giving them their due. It was the federal judiciary that kept david and rca from robbing someone from credit for inventing the electronic television. It took the courts to protect the sewing machine patent when that brilliant thug isaac singer tried to literally beat him to submission. It took a traditional system to protect dr. Raymonds rights after his years of back breaking generaln generall electric tried to steal the mri he invented. Protecting the rights of the individual, the government encouragement and hope to untold numbers of future inventors. Setting the rules meant stopping monopoly power with all sorts of wonderful unintended consequences. Federal antitrust laws force the forced the breakup of standard oil and let loose 10,000 wild cutters across the land to spread the oil strike at a little texas field. Spindle top at its peak. After a team headed by William Shockley and Stanley Morgan developed a transistor in the late the Justice Department 1940s, refused to let at t keep their phone Company Monopoly and their patent on transistors. In at t trained and licensed 25 1952, Domestic Companies and 10 Foreign Companies to use the transistor for just 25,000 a pop. In honor of Alexander Graham bells lifetime devotion of finding a way for his wife to hear, incidentally, they gave the patent to any Company Working on methods to restore hearing. Just gave it away. In a week of discover meant mandated dissemination, William Shockley recruited many of the best and brightest engineers and physicists working and started semiconductors in palo alto , california, putting silicone opening Silicon Valley up for business. So what else does government do for us besides setting the rules . It provides the money. It does this in part by building what we take for granted today as one of the most fundamental requirements of modern civilizations. A universal system for public education. Lets hope we can take it for granted starting in september. This is Something Else that was largely pioneered to the United States. Something that was built from kindergarten to high school by 1,000 smalltown school board s and city councils. This was president lincoln signing the moral act right through the grants and loans provided under Lyndon Johnsons great society. That guaranteed widespread access to higher education. But here we are also talking about government directly subsidizing so many of our greatest developments and inventions. The men who built the Transcontinental Railroad were not willing to lay a single foot of rail without government guarantees that all but assured they would not lose money. The National Government provided much every other railroad ever built with exactly that. The transcontinental received 16,000 to 48,000 a mile to in government loans. About the equivalent of 3 billion in todays they dollars. Also received 20 million three acres of land along the railroad. Thats a lot of real estate. Indirectly, the federal government also subsidized the railroads of the homestead act, which handed out land virtually free to anyone willing to work, which was an already made population for the railroads to cart out west and settle there. Its true that throwing all that government money led to an immense financial scandal. One that a meshed nine senators and 13 congressmen from both major parties, including two Vice President s, a leading president ial contender, future speaker of the house, and the future president. Think of a single scandal involving both clintons, andrew cuomo, mike pence, mitch mcconnell, and donald trump. That is not so hard to imagine. You get my drift. Who else was going to plant a railroad across 1,750 miles across empty desert and plains, not to mention the two greatest mountain ranges . Who was going to pay for that . Only the government. In the end all, that scandal and pocketed and misused money was paid back 100,000 times over by the ribbon of rail that tied the nation together. That enabled us to move tremendous numbers of people, goods, mail, and troops across the country and leave us with what is still today the best trade rail system in the world. Government backing was essential everywhere in the development of electric lighting and the telegraph and the hoover dam. In the running of the space race and the cold war and all the intended inventions that created our electronic, computerized world today, government money was indispensable at building in building our great subway systems and suspension bridges. The transatlantic cape and the erie canal. And it will be indispensable in building our future. That is to say if we still want to build our future. Everything from solar energy to magnet transportation to gene therapy, all developments that will continue to change our world for the better. If you think elon musk or anyone else is going to get to mars and build something there without massive government support, think again. Does this entail picking winners . You bet it has. No one picked winners better than abraham lincoln, who not only gave us the nationwide rail them, but repeatedly overrode repeatedly overrode the democracy of civil war to put weapons he liked into production. One of these is the repeating rifle, which he tested himself on washington mall. Or teddy roosevelt, who not only chose the engineers to build the panama canal, but also chose the country they would build it through. Dwight d. Eisenhower, john f. Kennedy, and lyndon b. Johnson, not sure who that other guy is, choose theho would city that would permit on the moon. Government is unavoidable. Liberals, conservatives, no matter what they tell you. Its another reason why who you pick matters. They sponsored an educated workforce and puts up the cash that allows private industry to take risks. Beyond all that important as it , is, as vital as it is, even more important is what government does to build the framework of capitalism. We see over and over again the great multiplier effect, the well thought out, well realized infrastructure. Magic word, infrastructure. We will have infrastructure someday. I know it. Infrastructure has an enterprise, by pushing the erie canal to the great lakes and new , to put new york city in the cockpit of the western world, at the height of the industrial revolution, setting off an economic boom in making every town and city along the way a humming engine. Of commerce. To this day, 80 of everyone in new york state, an entity that stretches from the Atlantic Ocean to ohio, lives within 25 miles of some part of the erie canal system. William ogden, chicagos first mayor, built his city into the nations Central Industrial hub, almost singlehandedly creating a network of steamship and Railroad Lines that connected it to pretty much everything. Bringing in stockyards and gra in silos. Getting the first great manufacturer to set up shop. You have the shiny red farming machine going on on the railroads and all the bounty of the nation pouring back in. Losiam mulholland made angeles blue in the desert by bringing the water. Senator george noris and president Franklin Delano roosevelt, a republican and a democrat, transform the south by bringing the region cheap and abundant electricity. A remarkable arrangement that was and is the Tennessee Valley authority. This was the beautiful region of america that had been suffering under what seemed like a almost a biblical array of curses since the civil war and before. Constant flood, disease, ignorance, deforestation, soil erosion, all problems that seem ed wholly ineradicable. The tva, the largest Public Power Company in the United States, changed that almost overnight. Its hydroelectric dams werence put in place. Not only because it served as a Massive Public works program, which it did, cheap public power and the tva drove down the price of power all over the country, much to the chagrin of private utilities. Cheap public power meant that all of a sudden you has electrical power. Think of how that must have felt going from a nearly medieval existence to the 20th century,. People can now by electric stoves, ice boxes refrigerators, washing machines, water heaters, all made available through lowcost financing provided by the federal government. The nitrates the dams produced were used to rejuvenate the soil. It became a major recreational and tourist draw. A program for unemployed youth. Soon, you could bring in the power lines and the airconditioning that made Major Business enterprises and mass manufacturing viable in the deep south for the first time. You could start everything from bottle factories to the space center to thece music to the atomic Power Research labs at oak ridge, tennessee, where they seemed to be handing out free atoms. That day. My favorite on anticipated benefit was provided by a tennessee librarian who was in charge with providing Reading Materials to the workers who built the tva. She started Public Libraries where previously there were none. In general stores, filling stations post offices, everywhere she could. 80 years later, those libraries remain permanent and much expanded, a testament to how much we dont even know we are doing for ourselves when we build for the future. What else . What else is key to our success in inventing so much . Number four. Immigration is crucial. Over and over, in researching america the ingenious, i was struck by how much of this country was made by immigrants. Many of these where those anonymous men and women, freed and slave, who did the hard work of hauling and digging and welding, but so many contributed their brains as well. There are 76 inventions in this book, and among those inventors are at least 65 immigrants and another 15 children of immigrants. What would america have been without them . Im not just talking about the more famous ones, such as Alexander Hamilton or carnegie bell or carnegie or henry fords father for that matter. Croatian who did so much to give us those oil rigs. Carla briere, son of a german immigrant who led a revolution in car design and possibly the most gorgeous automobile ever built, the lincoln zephyr. A slovakian who helped give us some of the First Electric guitars. Or richard, an english immigrant printer who gave us the rotary press. That is the modern newspaper. Or the two young jewish men came who freed themselves from europe came to america, changed their , names to jacob davis and levi strauss, and gave us bluejeans. The list of immigrant contributions is almost endless, in every field of endeavor, but nowhere are they more evident than in the decades Long Development of magnetic resident imaging, or the mri. It began with a dedication of a remarkable young jewish immigrant who liked to say, had we stayed in europe, and i probably would have become a tailor. Instead, because his family went to america, he became a Nobel Prize Winner and quintessential american. With an enduring love for the work of jack london. He gave us back so much more than he received, working to the and scraping to the point where as a student, his teeth began to fall out of his head from malnutrition. He went on to become one of the founders of the Brookhaven National laboratory and the Particle Physics Laboratory in geneva and led one of the greatest University Physics departments in our history in , mankinds history at columbia university. He passed on this work to colleagues who would come to include three more Nobel Prize Winners from immigrant families fleeing war and oppression in europe. Felix and arthur and nicholas. Finally, innovations were taken up by dr. Raymond who emigrated emigrated from armenia and who would bring the doctors theories to fruition in the forms of the mri. All we got in return from these remarkable individuals was that mri, plus the satellites, laser beams, microwave oven, and the space telescope. Americas lifeblood is immigration. Twto ever shut it off would be fatal. Number five. A mind is a terrible thing to waste. The oldest invention in america the ingenious is a sort of corn mill devised in 1715, designed by an immigrant from bermuda. To colonial philadelphia. First recorded woman inventor in the United States, predating the United States itself. Her patent had to be filed in her husbands name. Law at the timet the time woman could not patent anything , a in her own right. The earliest american patent for a drycleaning process was in new york city by Thomas Jennings in 1821. It was also the first patent known to have been earned by an africanamerican in our history. Whites put up the cry that no slave was allowed to hold a patent. They learned young mr. Jennings had always been a free man. How many enslaved African Americans were deprived of the fruits of their labor for things they actually invented . How many women saw their achievements purloined by husbands, fathers, bosses . We shall never know, but it is constructive to note that 100 years ago, women could only claim 1 of all patents issued in the United States. Today, they earn 7 . Not nearly enough, but a big leap forward. The role of individual africanamerican inventors includes dr. Charles drew who against almost impossible odds and prejudice invented a system to get dried blood plasma to the battlefield and have it reconstituted there, saving countless lives in world war ii. Dr. Patricia bass emerged from a working class to revolutionize removing cataracts and healing our eyes. Her mother literally scrubbing floors to center to school. It is imperative to note the men and women of color who gave what much of the world considers to be the very greatest of american accomplishments, our music. Blues and jazz. Women were long held back from inventing anything that was considered to be outside the realm of household economics. At the most, the office and the classrooms. Even within these confines, they would produce inventions that shaped our lives. How many of us prefer to live with dishwashers, the disposable diaper, the paper bag . Margaret hamilton produced not only the Software Engineering that took apollo 11 to the moon , but the term Software Engineering. The synthetic fabric that constitutes bulletproof kevlar vests was invented by the daughter of a polish immigrant. It has saved the lives of 3000 an estimated 3,000 police officers. She never saw a sent from an cent from an invention that probably earned her company several billion dollars, but she never seemed to regret that. I dont think there is anything like saving someones life to bring you satisfaction and happiness, she liked to say. To broaden the pool of talent we have is to enrich us all. Key number six. It takes a village. Again and again, bringing brilliant and talented people together produces magic. This is not just true of american colleges and universities, though they have certainly played an invaluable role in so we have invented. It applies as well to all sorts of other more informal settings, some of them quite unexpected. It can mean those practical individuals willing to gather around and support someone fixated on an idea, by which i include the longsuffering families. The tormented Samuel Morris was samuel morse was able to give us the telegraph, not just because of a generous government grant but also because of friends and acquaintances who helped him. Every step of the way. A fellow congregants at the church not only got his father to invest 2,000 in 1840 into the invention, but also build a working model of it at his ironworks. He talked morse into using the key that made the telegraph easily heard as it was read, and helped develop the binary system of morse code, that is one reason why historians have called telegraph the victorian internet. A fellow nyu professor, leonard gale, introduced morse to joseph henry, the leading scientific genius at the time, who introduced morse to the most powerful electromagnet which he invented and met a mechanic who shrewd mechanic who convinced morris to forget about telegraph wires under the ground where they kept shorting out and stringing them from pole to pole. Instead. Telegraph poles are a great metaphor for American Ingenuity. One great enterprise sparking another. Cornells personal fortune would combine with the federal land grant to found Cornell University of course and seen here in new york city on roads, Roosevelt Island putting out the , technology of the future. Even mr. Morse would use some of his money to cofound a college in 1861 while joseph henry would run the Smithsonian Institution for decades and turn it into a citadel of american knowledge and learning. He would also help inspire the efforts of one of our greatest inventors, Alexander Graham bell. And so it goes, on down through edisons workshops, bells labs , the space center, Silicon Valley, route 128 in massachusetts, which im sure you are familiar with, the Microsoft Lab in washington state, concentrations begun by government or corporate or individual initiatives or pure serendipity where all sorts of intelligent people have created vital nodes of creation and commerce. The same can be said for detroit with the river here and the midwest in the first decades of the automobile industry. Delta in newpi orleans during the evolution of the blues and jazz, chicago and the skyscraper began to rise, new york when america itself came into being, proximity matters. Six key elements of invention, i am sure there are more, but the perhaps the truly singular thing about American Ingenuity is how many different ways we have invented collaboration, education, government funding, immigration, innovation, hard work, obstinacy, obsession, persistence, irrational optimism, and the occasional earthshaking epiphany. It all works. Giving us a built in redundancy to our experiment in modern democracy. Despite how things may seem right now, with hard work and an awareness of how things have succeeded in the past, we will make it work again. Thank you. Thanks for having me. I will turn it back to mark. Mark thank you you very, very much. Sincerely thanks to your wife for keeping up all those slides. Mr. Baker she was terrific. Mark a woman right there. I am impressed. You obviously covered a tremendous spectrum of american inventors and a whole realm of people. Look. I think anybody could interpret betty nisbet. Nd for those who do not know, that who invented whiteout. Mr. Baker you are able to use the phrase, low tech. But not every invention has to be the microchip. Sometimes its the paper bag or the paperclip. As you are compiling this list, there had to be some favorites that you really like. You know that you really wanted to focus on. Who really jumped off the page to you . Who really resonated with you . Mr. Baker exactly. Suv. S the size of an you walked across half the continent in this thing and you could take the top off it and get it across the river. You could bring it up mountains. The wheels were specially made so they could go up mountains and down. Its a tremendous innovation. One of my favorites of course was dr. Robbie who lived long enough to see his idea become the mri, which is an amazing machine. I love that whole thing. Walter hunt is fascinating. The guy who created the safety invented the safety pin. He was constantly inventing Amazing Things and basically giving them away. You know, a sort of rifle, a a way for streetcars to , single when they were turning corners to help pedestrians constantly coming up. He invents the safety pin and he owes somebody 15 and gives them the patent to do that. Mr. Otis inventing the Otis Elevator was an amazing story that really helped make skyscrapers possible. He was somebody who has gone through all the troubles. His wife had died. He was going to take his kids and go out west. He starts working on this safety guard for an elevator. It would come down safely and stop at floors and he would demonstrate this at the crystal palace. It was sort of a worlds fair thing in new york at the time. He would go up in this elevator and then cut the rope holding the elevator with an axe. The elevator would come down in and his guard would stop it and it was an amazing demonstration. He made an Amazing Company out of it. There are so many Great Stories in this. Mark just a reminder for people, if you got a question, at the bottom of your computer , it says chat. Type in your questions there. I thought it was clever. I never wouldve considered the Tennessee Valley authority or land rights as inventions, yet they were. Somebody went through the landgrant college and somewhere down in the Tennessee Valley and understands how electricity is so important. I thought that was a very ingenious use of the word invention. It was not always the telegraph. Mr. Baker right. Thats the amazing thing. An entire city. With chicago, it really is this vision of this one guy going out there to look at this land that his brotherinlaw has bought in. This place is a dump. It is a terrible swamp. There are a few hundred people there that are usually half starved. He sees a way to make it the centerpiece of america. Its an incredible story. Mark got some questions coming in here. I understand that eli whitney invented the cotton gin but later learned it was eli whitneys sister. Who actually invented it. Was it because women could not apply for patents in those times . Mr. Baker no. It is not his sister. I think what that question is referring to. The cotton gin was very disputed. Other people claimed to have a cotton gin. Eli whitney went through years and years of litigation. And finally won. But he got so disgusted with the process that he went to springfield and became one of the entrepreneurs there that went into making rifles. He made his money off that. But he was an incredibly inventive guy. He went down south. He was going to be a tutor and the tutoring gig got canceled, but in the meantime he fell in , love with this woman, almost everybody did. She was the wife of nathanael greene. He was one of the best revolutionary generals. The state of georgia had given him a plantation in thanks for is service. He went down and promptly died of sunstroke. Do not do so well in that climate. She was left with how to run this plantation. He fell in love with her and lived on the plantation. But it was too late. She was getting married to the overseer. She had this whole problem with a certain type of cotton. It was just too timeconsuming and expensive. , even with enslaved people, to make profitable. So eli whitney goes ahead and comes up with this machine and invents the cotton gin. Isribly in some ways, this what probably kept slavery going for more years than that might have otherwise. At the same point he invented some of the rifles that will be used in the civil war. Kind of the unintended consequences. But yeah he was a connecticut , yankee who went down there. Because kitty green was a very bright and winning individual, some people think she might have invented it. The rumors spread. But there does not seem to be any indication of that. Hes another one of these mechanical geniuses like the residents we were talking about before. Mark are most inventions today patented by individuals or corporations . Mr. Baker that is a good question. I dont know. Probably corporations who have moved up tremendously in getting smart and welleducated people to come on board and getting part or all of their patents. Garagethere are fewer guys working away and coming up with patents on their own. As there used to be. Because its harder now to do that. But im sure there are still individuals patenting a lot of stuff. Mark what about inventions that did not work . Here in massachusetts, the tunnel and canals. Not everything makes it. Mr. Baker sure canals were a , part of it. After the erie canal, which was a tremendous idea and worked tremendously well, everybody was building canals everywhere whether or not it was profitable or a good idea. You know, there were other things. For instance, one of the things you always hear about is the flying car. There are still people working on the flying car. The trouble with things like flying cars, this is why a lot of inventions dont work. That would be a fascinating book. The elements that go into making a great car and a great plane are not the same. You put those together and you end up with a bad car and a bad plane. Plus, there is really just no point to it. Where are you going to come down with your plane . On the highway . Thats all we need, traffic accidents at skyscraper level that would have to be completely computercontrolled. So this is not really a viable thing. Same thing with what mustve been a terrific way to travel on the original zeppelins, these airships which were very briefly a great luxury way from going to go from europe to america. It mustve been like a cruise line in the air. They werent great flying devices and there were constant accidents. The hindenburg was the most spectacular. So that was sort of the end of it. Mark did you include walt disney and his mouse . Mr. Baker know. I dont have walt disney in here. I figured he was famous enough already. He is another case. What i do have is mr. Thompson, the inventor of coney island. Kind of really the modern Amusement Park coney island. ,it is incredibly beautiful. The three first real Amusement Parks that are out there. These are one of the things you disney learned from and took from in a lot of ways. Mark this kind of goes a little to the flying car, looking at the future. I see the future of innovation developing technology to the form that humans will become 2001. T like hal from do you see this as a problem . Mr. Baker it is a problem. There are various ways we could do it that would be disastrous. People talk about the great plague. Making these nano robots. These tiny robots that would get away from us and run amok, that would be awful. On the other hand, we probably can easily become and probably will become, if we dont manage to blow ourselves up, to become much more robotic. Dore are things you could things you already have. , its amazing to see what these new mechanical legs are, how well they work. Think about the things to put in your brain that would deal with brain injuries and all. We can become tremendously resilient as people if we used this right. I dont think we have to really worry about the robots taking over. Although you never know. Sometimes i think they should what peopleen i see are capable of doing. Mark one of the slides you mentioned was the woman who invented dress patterns to help end slavery. Tell me more about that. Mr. Baker there is a name she took up. She was this very young upstate new york woman who came to new york, married this widower who is in the dress business. She came up with the idea of making paper patterns that you could then mail out across the country and people would buy them for very little money and make dresses out of them. This is at a time before the civil war when americans mostly made their own close. Clothes. You have the latest fashions from paris, new york, or wherever, you could going get them and make them into dresses and all kinds of other things. She put out catalogs that advertise whats going on. As filler in between the dress patterns she has all of these , various essays and things on Different Development of the day pressing of them are for an end to slavery. She is a committed abolitionist. She and her husband, their firm is probably almost the only one at the time where they hired people of color, as well as white people, and paid them the same amount of money and gave them top positions. As well. She was really just a remarkable person. Person, just ahead of her time. How long did you research all of this and how long did it take you . I did it fairly fast. There is a lot of it on the internet and a lot of it from other. Other books. But one of the great things out of, the invention of the internet despite whatever you might see on facebook any given day, the fact that you can get information that quickly, it took me a matter of a few months. So it was a lot of fun to do. I want to thank you for joining us. Fornt to thank your wife being the bionic mouse clicking away. I want to thank everyone for joining us tonight. You are watching American History tv all weekend on cspan3. Up next, Patrick Odonnell talks about his book the unknown, the untold story of americas unknown soldier and world war is most decorated heroes that brought him home. He chronicles combat stories of eight men that were selected to escort the remains. The National Archives hosted this hourlong. Event. Long David Ferriero military records in National Archives document the actions of individuals and National Cemetery in arlington is the resting place of 400,000 people, including 5,000 unknown soldiersment 1921, a single unknown soldier chosen to represent those who have died without being identified. He was laid to rest in a solemn ceremony. Document progress of a soldiers remains from france to the United States. And newly built tomb of the unknown soldier