As best we can. Im going to talk to you a little bit tonight about america the ingenious. This book i wrote. The best thing about writing books is hopefully you learned something. I learned a great deal writing this. Americansof how invented, developed or learned to exploit so many of the things exploit the world. What i found even more telling was how things are invented. How invention itself is encouraged and nurtured. At least how it has been encouraged and nurtured in this country in the past. , as i do in myy book, that we are a nation of tinkerers. We americans like to think of ass natural adventurers, risktakers and entrepreneurs. But what does that mean exactly. I am a believer in american exceptionalism. It hasnes like to say, to be earned, never given. How did we earn it . How did we do what we did and how could we get back to doing it right . As the first nation to exist wholly in the modern age, United States has also insisted when making things when we were extracting them from the earth. We have constantly reinvented almost everything as we deemed it necessary, including our institutions, our customs and laws. Definition of who is america and what that means. This is not to say that americans, as we retire in grammar school, invented everything. First from the left in the second row of 1830. S history, very little was invented solely in one nation or by one person working. Many of the american inventions eyesight were inspired by ideas, theories and prototypes from other places and other times. Definitiong, by some , goes all the way back to ancient greece and rome where it consisted of dipping tokens and the public laboratories. A steady stream of revenue. Sorry about that. The rotary printed press was chinaed in america, but had Printing Presses going back to the seventh century. Yankees from a couple of places you all have heard of, nantucket and new bedford dominated around the world in the years before the civil war using techniques largely borrowed. The iron chained suspension bridges are first run across the heyman limit himalayans. Notse forgive me if i did pronounce that correctly. Engineers were a little bit more lax than. Ageoutset of the industrial was a particular hotbed of invention, even in foulness where the Smith Brothers invented thes close ringer and elevator safety guard and the envelope folding machine. Americans were all over the place and they did all kinds of things like that. So credit for dress who did what often remains disputed to this day. Here is john with his hand puppets. Said to haveany invented televisions, mechanical televisions and perus the internet with the idea that everything in the world was english, which is to say a scotsman. We are often just as arrogant. Andsne of these invented inventions, styles, enterprises and entertainments were fully realized in america. If they were not wholly invented in the United States, it was here that they were made commercially viable. Widespread. In america, we have included many things that are not generally included in books about inventions. , thelues and jazz Tennessee Valley authority. The Transcontinental Railroad. Frank lord right. Chicago of new york, and los angeles. Why not . They were invented by people just as much as anything else in this book and they are constantly cited by other people as some of our greatest creations. But of all of these conventions, many more are inextricably linked to the american experiment. They were made possible by the character of our country. So, what did we do right. Six big things i think. Six. Ig six things to our inventiveness that i can identify. First, freedom. Yes you did build that. Well comes across that every turn in studying the history of American Innovation is that this is what freemen and women can do when afforded the liberty to pursue what they wish. Whether its the genius of an the late graham bell dr. Patricia who invented the tool by which we remove cataracts. The persistence of the Thomas Edison or Samuel Morris, or matty knight, it inventor of the paperback. The entrepreneurship of an Andrew Carnegie are a henry ford. Curtis whoouise found a way to invented dress pattern business and used it to fight slavery. The courage of a neil armstrong. I have to go back a little bit here. Neil on strong or walter reed. Sorry, a little mechanical glitch here. Dr. Charles, who gave came over the process for blood transfusion. That he, who made white out in a household word. The dazzling aesthetic of the thompson who built coney island. Or the inventor of some of our most incredible movie houses. And invented the machine to imitate the intended nightfall across those palace feelings. Palace feelings. Even the eccentricity of a , inventor of almost everything, right down to the safety pin. Them, the value of the individual shines through. Was in america, more than any place else in the world, were these individuals can find the freedom, encouragement and f to go where their dreams could take them. The vision of the Transcontinental Railroad was promoted more than anyone else in the beginning. Like the drygoods merchant in new york city, who saw that it would put us in the center of the row, compelling europe on one side and asia and africa on the other to pass through us. History when it seemed completely impossible when whoever the majoring trading partners were with us only had one preschool one warm oneroom preschool stool house schoolhouse. He could market to market on time for the privately owned toll roads of upstate new york. But the idea of such ordinary individuals could be heard as well as anyone else. We all do that, sorry republicans. I think one or two of these guys are still in office. Obvious heroes and they are heroes. I have tried here to demonstrate to the countless unnamed individuals who made our progress a reality. The generation of anonymous theeers who adjusted into Prairie School over the course of decades. One of the great examples of lowtech examples. The trail of the extraordinary craftsman on the 18th century frontier who did so much to win the revolution. The fearless chinese realworld workers lowered themselves down to set off glass tubes of nitroglycerin and blowout the tunnels to the Transcontinental Railroads. The nameless irish men who dug out the erie canal by man. One of the first integrator workforces in america who risks every day to build a rail rate Railway Network that is used to this day. Irish and native americans who danced with death hundreds of feet above the sidewalk. Their contributions, and those of countless others were as valuable as anyone in making us what we are today. Three. Government matters. History of american invention shows again and again that governments, which is democracy, is vital. Juris government is needed to set the rules. Its a myth that we americans only way and become litigious people. Hatfield mccoy feud killed 15 people. But the two clients suing each other, hundreds, maybe even thousands of times over everything, as latest 2002 they were still suing each other over access to a cemetery. Americans have long been the most litigious people, and we are never quicker to go to court them only think someone is taking a milliondollar idea. It took government to settle and resolve what otherwise would have been endless legal battles involving dozens of litigants over just to inventions, the , then gin, the automobile phonograph, and the movie projector, among many, many others. Tos not something we want believe today, but again and again its been up to the government to prevent forces from ripping off individual enforcers and giving them their due. It was the federal judiciary the kept rca from robbing credit for inventing the electronic television. It took the courts to protect the sewing machine patent when isaac singer tried to beat him. Totook a traditional system protect his rights after his years of back breaking work. When they tried to steal the mri at the invention. Protecting the rights of the individual, the government encouraged untold numbers of future inventors. Setting the rules meant stopping monopoly power with all sorts of wonderful and intended consequences. Federal antitrust laws force the breakup and let loose 10,000 tod cutters across the land spread the oil strike at a little texas field. Spindle top at its peak. After a team headed by William Shockley as Stanley Morgan developed a transistor, the Justice Department refused to let at t keep their phone patent there and their on transistors. At t trained and licensed 25 Domestic Companies and 10 Foreign Companies to use the transistor for just 25,000 a pop. In honor of Alexander Graham bells lifetime devotion of finding a way for his wife to hear, they gave the patent to any Company Working on methods to restore hearing. In a week of discover meant mandated dissemination, William Shockley recruited many of the best and brightest engineers and physicists working and started semiconductors in palo alto california, putting silicone valley up for business. So what else does government do for us besides setting the rules . If provides the money. It does this by building what we take for granted today as one of the most fundamental requirements of modern civilizations. A universal system for public education. This is Something Else that was largely pioneered to the United States. Something that was built from kindergarten to high school by 1000 smalltown School Board City councils. Act rightthe moral through the grants and loans provided under Lyndon Johnsons great society. It guaranteed widespread access to higher education. But we are also talking about government directly subsidize so many of our greatest developments and inventions. The men who built the Transcontinental Railroad were not willing to lay a single foot of rail without government guarantees that they would not lose money. The National Government provided them every other railroad ever built with exactly that. The transcontinental received 16,000 to 48,000 a mile to government loans. Received 20 million three acres of land along the railroad. Thats a lot of real estate. Indirectly, the federal government also subsidized the railroads of the homestead act, which handed out land virtually free to anyone willing to work, which was an already made population for the railroads to cart out west and settle there. Its true that during all that government money led to an immense financial scandal. Senators a meshed nine and 13 congressmen from both major parties. To Vice President s, a leading president ial contender, future of the house and the future president. Think of a single scandal involving both clintons, andrew cuomo, mike pence, Mitch Mcconnell and donald trump. That is not so hard to imagine. You get my drift. A railroad across 1750 miles across empty desert and planes, not to mention the two greatest mountain ranges. Who was going to pay for that . Only the government. In the end all that scandal and misused money was paid back 100,000 times over by the ribbon of rail that tied the nation together. That enabled us to move tremendous numbers of people, goods, male and troops across the country and leave us was what was with what is still the best trade rail system in the world. Government backing was essential everywhere. With the telegraph and the hoover dam. In the running of the space race and the cold war, and all the intendant inventions that created our electronic, computerized world today, government money was indispensable at building our great subway systems and suspensions. The transatlantic and the erie canal. And it will be indispensable in building our future. That is to say if we still want to. Everything from solar energy to magnet transportation to gene therapy, all developments that will continue to change our world for the better. If you think elon musk or anyone else is going to get to mars and build something there without massive government support, think again. Pickings entail winners . You bet it has. No one picks winners better than abraham lincoln, who not only gave us the nationwide rail system, but overrode the democracy of civil war to put weapons he liked into production. One of these is the repeating rifle, which he tested himself on washington mall. Or teddy roosevelt, who not only chose the engineers to build the cap build the panama canal, you chose the country they would build it through. Dwight d. Eisenhower, john f. Kennedy and lyndon b. Johnson, not sure who that other guy is, that show us the city would permit and on the moon. Overnment is unavoidable liberals, conservatives, no matter what they tell you. Its another reason why who you pick matters. They sponsored an educated workforce and it allows private industry to take risk. And asrtant as it is, vital as it is, even more important is what government does to build the framework of capitalism. We see over and over again the great multiplier effect, the well thought out, well realized infrastructure. Magic word, infrastructure. Enterpriseure hasnt , by pushing the erie canal to the great lakes and new york city in the cockpit of the western world, at the height of the industrial revolution, setting off an economic whom in making every town and city along the way a humming engine. To this day, 80 of everyone in new york state, in entity that stretches from the Atlantic Ocean to ohio, lives within 25 miles of some part of the erie canal system. Hisagos first mayor built city into the nations First Industrial hub, almost singlehandedly creating a network of steamship and itlroad lines that connected to everything. Getting the first great manufacturer. He set up shop. Red farming shiny machine going on on the railroads and all the bounty of the nation pouring back in. Making modern los angeles as blue as this desert by bringing the water. Noris andorge president Franklin Delano roosevelt, a republican and a democrat, transform the south by bringing the region cheap and abundant electricity. A remarkable arrangement that was and is a tennessee value. This was the beautiful region of america that had been suffering under what seemed like a biblical array since the civil war and before. Constant flood, disease, ignorance, deforestation, soil erosions, all problems that seem wholly in a radical. The tva, the largest Public Power Company in the United States, changed that almost overnight. With its hydroelectric dams being placed. Not only because it served as a Massive Public works program, which it did, cheap public power and the tva drove down the price of power all over the country, much to the chagrin of private utilities. Cheap public power meant that all of a sudden you has electrical power, think of how that must have felt going from a nearly medieval existence to the 20th century, people can now by electric stoves, refrigerators, washing machines, water heaters, all made available through lowcost financing provided by the federal government. The dams produced were used to treat the legs and it became a major tourist trough. A program for unemployed youth. Soon you could bring in the power lines and the airconditioning that made Major Business enterprises and mass manufacturing viable in the deep south for the first time. You could start everything from bottle factories to the space center to the atomic Power Research labs at oak ridge, tennessee where they seemed to be handing out free atoms. My favorite on anticipated benefit, was provided by a tennessee librarian who was in charge with providing Reading Materials to the workers who built the tva. She started Public Libraries where previously there were none. General stores, post offices, everywhere she could. 80 years later, those libraries remain permanent and much expanded, a testament to how much we dont even know we are doing for ourselves when we build for the future. What else is key to our success in inventing so much . Number four. Immigration is crucial. In researching americas ingenious, i was struck by how much of this country was made by immigrants. Many of these where those anonymous men and women, freed and slave, who did the hard work of digging and welding, but so many contributed their brains as well. There are 76 inventions in this book and among those inventors are at least 65 immigrants and another 15 children of immigrants. What would america have been without them . Im not just talking about the more famous ones such as Alexander Hamilton or carnegie or henry fords father. But also croatians. Carla briere, son of a german immigrant who led a revolution in car design and possibly the most gorgeous automobile ever built. A slovakian who helped give us some of the First Electric guitars. Or in english immigrant printer who gave us the rotary press. Or the two young jewish men came to america, changed their names, and gave us bluejeans. The list of immigrant contributions is almost endless, in every field of endeavor, but nowhere are they more evident than in the decades long residentnt of Magnetic Imaging of mri. It started with a jewish immigrant who liked to say, had we stayed in new york, i probably had we stayed in europe, and probably would have become a tailor. Instead, because his family went to america, he became a Nobel Prize Winner and quintessential american. He gave us back so much more than he received, working to the point where as a student, his teeth began to fall out from malnutrition. He went on to become one of the founders of the Brookhaven National laboratory and the Particle Physics Laboratory in geneva and led one of the greatest University Physics department in mankinds history at columbia university. He passed on this work to colleagues who would come to include three more Nobel Prize Winners from immigrant families fleeing oppression in europe. Finally, innovations were taken up by dr. Raymond who emigrated from armenia and would being who would bring the doctors theories to fruition in the forms of the mri. All we got in return from these remarkable individuals was that mri plus the satellites, laser beams, microwave oven, and the space telescope. Americas lifeblood is immigration. To shut it off would be fatal. Number five. A mind is a terrible thing to waste. The oldest invention in america the ingenious is a sort of corn in 1750 1715, designed an immigrant from bermuda. Her patent had to be filed in her husbands name. A woman could not patent anything in her own right. The earliest american patent for a drycleaning process was in new york city by Thomas Jennings in 1821, it was also the first patent known to have been earned by an africanamerican in our history. Whites put up the cry that no slave was allowed to hold a patent. They learned young mr. Jennings had always been a free man. How many enslaved African Americans were deprived of the fruits of their labor for things they actually invented . How many women saw their achievements purloined by fathers, husbands, bosses . It is instructive to note that 100 years ago, women could only claim 1 of all patents issued in the United States. Today, they earn 7 . Not nearly enough, but a big leap forward. The role of africanamerican inventors includes dr. Charles drew who against impossible odds invented a system to get dried blood plasma to the battlefield and have it reconstituted, saving countless lives. Lives in world war ii. Dr. Patricia bass emerged from a workingclass to revolutionize removing cataracts. Her mother literally scrubbing floors to center to school. It is imperative to note the men and women of color who gave what much of the world considers to be the greatest of american accomplishments, our music. Blues and jazz. Women were held back from inventing anything that was considered to be outside the realm of household economics. Route the most, the office in the classrooms. Even within these confines, they would produce inventions that shaped our lives. How many of us prefer to live with dishwashers, the disposable diaper, the paper bag . Margaret hamilton produced not only the Software Engineering that took apollo 11 to the moon but the term Software Engineering. The synthetic fabric that constitutes it bulletproof kevlar vests was the daughter of a polish immigrant. It has saved the lives of 3000 police officers. She never saw a sent from an invention that probably earned her company several billion dollars, but she never seemed to regret that. I dont think there is anything like saving someones live someones life to bring you satisfaction and happiness, she liked to say. Too broad and did pool of talent we have it to enrich us all. Number six. It takes a village. Bringing brilliant and talented people together produces magic. This is not just true of american colleges and universities, though they have played an invaluable role in so much. It applies as well to all sorts of informal settings, some of them unexpected. It can mean those practical individuals willing to gather around and support someone fixated on an idea, by which i include the longsuffering families. The tormented Samuel Morris was able to give us the telegraph, not just because of the government grant but also because of friends and acquaintances who helped him. Congregants at the church not only got his father to invest 2000 in 1840 into the invention, but also build a working model of it at his ironworks. He talked maurice into using the key that made the telegraph red, andard as it was helped develop the binary system of morse code, that is one reason why historians have called telegraph the victorian internet. A fellow nyu professor, leonard gale introduced morris to joseph henry, the leading scientific genius at the time, who introduced morris to the most powerful electromagnet which he invented and met a mechanic who convinced morris to forget about telegraph wires under the ground where they kept shorting out and stringing them from pole to pole. Telegraph poles are a great metaphor for American Ingenuity. One great enterprise sparking another. Cornells personal fortune would combine with the federal land grant and seen here in new york city on roads, putting out the technology of the future. Even mr. Morris would use some of his money to cofound a college in 1861 while joseph henry would run the Smithsonian Institution for decades and turn it into a citadel of american knowledge and learning. He would inspire the efforts of one of our greatest inventors, Alexander Graham bell. And so it goes, down through edisons workshops, the space center, silicon valley, route 128 in massachusetts, which im sure you are familiar with, the Microsoft Lab and washington state, concentrations begun by government or corporate or individual initiatives where all sorts of intelligent people have created vital nodes of creation and commerce. The same can be said for detroit in the midwest in the first decades of the automobile industry. The mississippi delta during the evolution of the blues and jazz, chicago and the skyscraper began to rise, new york when america came into being, proximity matters. Six key elements of invention, i am sure there are more, but the singular thing about American Ingenuity is how many different ways we have invented grits, collaboration, education, government funding, immigration, innovation, hard work, obsession, persistence, irrational optimism, and the occasional earthshaking epiphany. It all works. Hearing the redundancy to modern democracy. Despite how things might seem right now, with hard work and awareness of how things have succeeded in the past, we will make it work again. Thank you. Thanks for having me. I will turn it back to mark. Mark thank you. Sincerely thinks to your wife for keeping up all those slides. Mr. Baker she was terrific. Mark a woman. Covered asly tremendous spectrum of american ofentors and a whole realm people. I think anybody could interpret betty nesbitt, she invented whiteout. You are able to use the phrase, low tech. But not every invention has to be the microchip. Sometimes its the paper bag with a paperclip. List, are compiling this there had to be some favorites that you really like. You know that you really wanted to focus on. Really jumped off the page to you . School really jumped off the page to you . Who really jumped off the page to you . Mr. Baker you walk across half the continent in this thing and you could take the top off it and get it across the river. You could bring it up mountains where wheels were specially made zika go up and down mountains. Its tremendous innovation. All of my favorites was dr. Tobie who lived long enough see his idea become the mri, which is amazing. Walter hunt is fascinating. The guy who created the safety pin. He was constantly inventing Amazing Things and basically giving them away. I think a way for streetcars to single when they were turning corners to help pedestrians constantly coming up. Pin and hethe safety owes somebody 15 and gives them the fifth patent to do that. Mr. Otis inventing the Otis Elevator was an amazing story that really helped make skyscrapers awesome. He was somebody who has gone through all the troubles. His wife is died. He was going to take his kids out west. He starts working on this safety card for an elevator. Open it would come down safely and stop of floors and he would demonstrate this at the crystal palace. It was sort of a worlds fair thing in new york at the time. He would go up in this elevator and then cut the rope holding the elevator with an ax. The elevator would come down in his guard would stop it and it was an amazing demonstration. Amazing he made an Amazing Company out of it. Mark just a reminder for people, if you got a question, at the bottom of your computer there is a chat. Type in your questions there. Thever wouldve considered Tennessee Value Authority as inventions, yet they were. Somebody went through the college and somewhere down in the Tennessee Valley and understood how electricity is so important. At that that was very ingenious. The word invention was not always the telegraph. Mr. Baker thats the amazing thing. An entire city. Of thisy is this vision one guy going out there to look at this land that his intherinlaw has bought this place is a dump. Its a terrible swamp, there are a few hundred people there that are usually half starved. He sees a way to make it the centerpiece of america. An incredible story. I understand that eli whitney invented the cotton gin but later learned it was eli lillys desk eli whitneys sister eli whitneys sister. Mr. Baker i think what that thetion is referring to cotton gin was very disputed. Other people claimed to have a cotton gin and ui whitney went three years and years of eli whitney went through years and years of litigation. He went to springfield and became one of the entrepreneurs there that went into making rifles. He made his money off that. But he was an incredibly inventive guy. He went down south, he was going to be a tutor and the tutoring gig got canceled, but he fell in love with this woman, almost everybody did, she was the wife of nathanael greene. He was one of the best revolutionary generals. The state of georgia had given him a plantation and thanks in thinks for his service and he died of sunstroke. Was left with how to run this plantation. He fell in love with her and lived on the plantation. It was too late because she was getting married to the overseer. She had this whole problem with cotton, a certain type of cotton. It was just too timeconsuming and expensive. Even with enslaved people to make profitable. To outlookey goes this machine and and vince the cotton gin and invents the cotton gin. This is what kept slavery going for more years. At the same point he invented some of the rifles that will be used in the civil war. Kind of the unintended consequences. Yankeewas a connecticut who went down there. Veryse kitty green was a right and winning individual, some people think she might have invented it. But there does not seem to be any indication. Hes another one of these mechanical geniuses like the residents we were talking about before. Mark our most inventions today patented by individuals . Mr. Baker i dont know. Probably corporations who have in gettingemendously smart and welleducated people to come on board and getting part of all their patents. There were a few guys coming up with patents on their own. Because its harder now to do that. Mark what about inventions that did not work . Here in massachusetts we have a couple. Not everything makes it. Mr. Baker canals were a part of it. Workedhat erie canal it tremendously well. Everybody was building canals everywhere whether or not it was profitable or a good idea. Of the thingsone you always hear about is the flying car. There are still people working on the flying car. This is why a lot of inventions dont work. Elements that go into making a great car and a great plane are not the same. You put those together and you end up with a bad car and a bad plane. Were you going to come dowager plane . Highway . Thats all we need, traffic accidents at skyscraper level that would have to be completely computercontrolled. So this is not really a viable thing. Same thing with what mustve onn a terrific way to travel the original zeppelins, these briefly that were very a great luxury way from going to america from europe. It mustve been like a cruise line in the air. They werent great flying devices and there were constant accidents. The hindenburg was the most spectacular. So that was sort of the end of it. Mark did you include walt disney and his mouse . Mr. Baker i dont have walt disney. I figured he was famous enough already. He is another case. What i do have is mr. Thompson, coney island. F the three first real amusement parks that are out there. Are one of the things you learn from and took from in a lot of ways. Mark this goes to the flying car. I see the future of innovation developing technology to the form that humans will become redundant. Mr. Baker it is a problem. There are various ways we could. O it that would be disastrous people talk about the great plague. These tiny robots that would get away from us and run amok, that would be awful. We probably hand will become, if we dont manage to blow ourselves up, to become much more robotic. There are things you could do the things you already have. Its amazing to see what these new mechanical legs are, how well they work. Think about the things to put in your brain that would deal with brain injuries and all. We can become tremendously if we useds people this right. I dont think we really have to the robots taking over. Although you never know. Sometimes i think they should take over. Mark one of the slides you mentioned was the woman who invented dress patterns to help and slavery. She was this very young upstate new york woman who married thisork, widower who is in the just business. She came up with the idea of patterns that you could then mail out across the country and people would buy and for very little money make dresses out of them. This is at a time before the mostlyar when americans made their own close. You have the latest fashions from paris, new york or wherever, you could going get them and make them into dresses and all kinds of other things. She put out catalogs that advertise whats going on. And she has all of these various essays and things on Different Development of the day embarassed patterns. All of them are pressing for an end to slavery. She is a committed abolitionist. Is probably the only one at the time where they hired people of color, as well as white people, and played and paid them the same amount of money and gave them top positions. She was a remarkable person. She was ahead of her time. Mark how did you research all of this and how long did it take you . Mr. Baker i did it fairly fast. A lot of it on the internet and a lot of it from other books. Of the great things of our time, the invention of the yournet, despite whatever might see on facebook on any given day, the fact that you can get information that quickly. Matter of a few months. It was a lot of fun to do. I want to thank you for joining us. I want to thank your wife for being the silent mouse thats their clicking away. I want to thank everyone for joining us tonight. Off. Epared to cast youre watching American History tv, covering history style. With event coverage, eyewitness accounts, archival films, lectures in College Classrooms and visits to museums and historic places. All weekend, every weekend on cspan three. Every saturday at 8 00 p. M. Eastern on American History tv on cspan3, go inside a Different College classroom and hear about topics ranging from the american revolution, civil rights and u. S. President s to 9 11. Thanks for your patience and logging into class. With most College Campuses closed, watch professors engage with their students. Gorbachev did most of the work to change the soviet union. When reagan met him halfway, reagan encouraged him and supported him. Madison originally called it freedom of the use of the press, and it is freedom to print things and publish things, not what we refer to as institutional in the press. Every saturday at 8 00 p. M. Eastern. Is availableistory as a podcast. Find it where you listen to podcasts. Historyweek, american tv reel america brings you archival films that provides context for todays issues. 2020 has been a very unusual year and with the pandemic, schools and businesses shut down, a president ial election, hurricanes, fighters and Racial Justice protests, its hard to know the impact on our Mental Health. Next, two films about Mental Health. Irst, we, the mentally ill posted by a patient with a mental illness. This broadcast includes a play staged by patients from the hospital and washington, d. C. And a visit to the new jersey state hospital. In 30 minutes, a 1965 Police Training film reduced by the Louisiana Health department. Under pressure features for policeman in cleveland, ohio and the difficult situations they face. 60 minutes, the inside story, a 1944 u. S. Coast guard training film traumatizing the most common emotional problems a new recruit might experience in first entering military service. Conclude our look at Mental Health in 90 minutes with a 1953 film from the Puerto Rico Health apartment. It was shot in the areas of the island and contrasts a happy family where the father respects and loves his wife and [heartbeat]